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Keywords = spent TRISO fuel

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18 pages, 2161 KiB  
Review
Management of Radioactive Waste from HTGR Reactors including Spent TRISO Fuel—State of the Art
by Katarzyna Kiegiel, Irena Herdzik-Koniecko, Leon Fuks and Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031099 - 1 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5290
Abstract
In light of the increasing demand for energy sources in the world and the need to meet climate goals set by countries, there is growing global interest in high temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs), especially as they are known to be inherently safe [...] Read more.
In light of the increasing demand for energy sources in the world and the need to meet climate goals set by countries, there is growing global interest in high temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs), especially as they are known to be inherently safe nuclear reactors. The safety of HTGRs results, among other, from the nature of the nuclear fuel used in them in the form of coated TRISO particles (tri-structural-isotropic) and the reduction of the total amount of radioactive waste generated. This paper reviews numerous methods used to ensure the sustainable, feasible management and long-term storage of HTGR nuclear waste for the protection of the environment and society. The types of waste generated in the HTGR cycle are presented as well as the methods of their characterization, which are important for long-time storage and final disposal. Two leading nuclear fuel cycle strategies, the once-through cycle (direct disposal or open cycle) and the twice-through cycle (recycling or partially closed cycle), are discussed also in relation to TRISO spent fuel. A short review of the possibilities of treatment of TRISO spent nuclear fuel from HTGR reactors is made. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Storage and Disposal Options for Nuclear Waste)
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19 pages, 1978 KiB  
Review
Management of Radioactive Waste Containing Graphite: Overview of Methods
by Leon Fuks, Irena Herdzik-Koniecko, Katarzyna Kiegiel and Grazyna Zakrzewska-Koltuniewicz
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184638 - 7 Sep 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6821
Abstract
Since the beginning of the nuclear industry, graphite has been widely used as a moderator and reflector of neutrons in nuclear power reactors. Some reactors are relatively old and have already been shut down. As a result, a large amount of irradiated graphite [...] Read more.
Since the beginning of the nuclear industry, graphite has been widely used as a moderator and reflector of neutrons in nuclear power reactors. Some reactors are relatively old and have already been shut down. As a result, a large amount of irradiated graphite has been generated. Although several thousand papers in the International Nuclear Information Service (INIS) database have discussed the management of radioactive waste containing graphite, knowledge of this problem is not common. The aim of the paper is to present the current status of the methods used in different countries to manage graphite-containing radioactive waste. Attention has been paid to the methods of handling spent TRISO fuel after its discharge from high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) reactors. Full article
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