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Keywords = precocious differentiation of T cells

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9 pages, 610 KiB  
Review
Challenges of COPD Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Sheng-Wen Sun, Chang Qi and Xian-Zhi Xiong
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121484 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3066
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe systemic infection that is a major threat to healthcare systems worldwide. According to studies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with COVID-19 usually have a high risk of developing severe symptoms and fatality, but limited research [...] Read more.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe systemic infection that is a major threat to healthcare systems worldwide. According to studies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with COVID-19 usually have a high risk of developing severe symptoms and fatality, but limited research has addressed the poor condition of COPD patients during the pandemic. This review focuses on the underlying risk factors including innate immune dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, smoking status, precocious differentiation of T lymphocytes and immunosenescence in COPD patients which might account for their poor outcomes during the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, we highlight the role of aging of the immune system, which may be the culprit of COVID-19. In brief, we list the challenges of COPD patients in this national pandemic, aiming to provide immune-related considerations to support critical processes in COPD patients during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and inspire immune therapy for these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Broad Spectrum Antivirals against Beta-Coronaviruses)
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19 pages, 10983 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Programmed Cell Death and Senescence Markers in the Developing Retina of an Altricial Bird Species
by Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán, José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez, Ismael Hernández-Núñez, Alfonso Marzal, Yolanda Gañán, Gervasio Martín-Partido, Joaquín Rodríguez-León and Javier Francisco-Morcillo
Cells 2021, 10(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030504 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3170
Abstract
This study shows the distribution patterns of apoptotic cells and biomarkers of cellular senescence during the ontogeny of the retina in the zebra finch (T. guttata). Neurogenesis in this altricial bird species is intense in the retina at perinatal and post-hatching [...] Read more.
This study shows the distribution patterns of apoptotic cells and biomarkers of cellular senescence during the ontogeny of the retina in the zebra finch (T. guttata). Neurogenesis in this altricial bird species is intense in the retina at perinatal and post-hatching stages, as opposed to precocial bird species in which retinogenesis occurs entirely during the embryonic period. Various phases of programmed cell death (PCD) were distinguishable in the T. guttata visual system. These included areas of PCD in the central region of the neuroretina at the stages of optic cup morphogenesis, and in the sub-optic necrotic centers (St15–St20). A small focus of early neural PCD was detected in the neuroblastic layer, dorsal to the optic nerve head, coinciding with the appearance of the first differentiated neuroblasts (St24–St25). There were sparse pyknotic bodies in the non-laminated retina between St26 and St37. An intense wave of neurotrophic PCD was detected in the laminated retina between St42 and P8, the last post-hatching stage included in the present study. PCD was absent from the photoreceptor layer. Phagocytic activity was also detected in Müller cells during the wave of neurotrophic PCD. With regard to the chronotopographical staining patterns of senescence biomarkers, there was strong parallelism between the SA-β-GAL signal and p21 immunoreactivity in both the undifferentiated and the laminated retina, coinciding in the cell body of differentiated neurons. In contrast, no correlation was found between SA-β-GAL activity and the distribution of TUNEL-positive cells in the developing tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Retina in Health and Disease)
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