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Keywords = post-encephalitic parkinsonism

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15 pages, 1354 KiB  
Article
Postencephalitic Parkinsonism: Unique Pathological and Clinical Features—Preliminary Data
by Sabrina Strobel, Jeswinder Sian-Hulsmann, Dennis Tappe, Kurt Jellinger, Peter Riederer and Camelia-Maria Monoranu
Cells 2024, 13(18), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181511 - 10 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is suggested to show a virus-induced pathology, which is different from classical idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) as there is no α-synuclein/Lewy body pathology. However, PEP shows a typical clinical representation of motor disturbances. In addition, compared to PD, there is [...] Read more.
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is suggested to show a virus-induced pathology, which is different from classical idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) as there is no α-synuclein/Lewy body pathology. However, PEP shows a typical clinical representation of motor disturbances. In addition, compared to PD, there is no iron-induced pathology. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare PEP with PD regarding iron-induced pathology, using histochemistry methods on paraffin-embedded post-mortem brain tissue. In the PEP group, iron was not seen, except for one case with sparse perivascular depositions. Rather, PEP offers a pathology related to tau-protein/neurofibrillary tangles, with mild to moderate memory deficits only. It is assumed that this virus-induced pathology is due to immunological dysfunctions causing (neuro)inflammation-induced neuronal network disturbances as events that trigger clinical parkinsonism. The absence of iron deposits implies that PEP cannot be treated with iron chelators. The therapy with L-Dopa is also not an option, as L-Dopa only leads to an initial slight improvement in symptoms in isolated cases. Full article
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17 pages, 546 KiB  
Review
Prolactin: A Mammalian Stress Hormone and Its Role in Cutaneous Pathophysiology
by Ewan A. Langan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137100 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4735
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) is best recognised for its indispensable role in mammalian biology, specifically the regulation of lactation. Bearing in mind that the mammary gland is a modified sweat gland, it is perhaps unsurprising to discover that PRL also plays a significant [...] Read more.
The hormone prolactin (PRL) is best recognised for its indispensable role in mammalian biology, specifically the regulation of lactation. Bearing in mind that the mammary gland is a modified sweat gland, it is perhaps unsurprising to discover that PRL also plays a significant role in cutaneous biology and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of skin diseases, often those reportedly triggered and/or exacerbated by psychological stress. Given that PRL has been implicated in over 300 biological processes, spanning reproduction and hair growth and thermo- to immunoregulation, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between PRL and the skin remains frustratingly elusive. In an historical curiosity, the first hint that PRL could affect skin biology came from the observation of seborrhoea in patients with post-encephalitic Parkinsonism as a result of another global pandemic, encephalitis lethargica, at the beginning of the last century. As PRL is now being postulated as a potential immunomodulator for COVID-19 infection, it is perhaps timeous to re-examine this pluripotent hormone with cytokine-like properties in the cutaneous context, drawing together our understanding of the role of PRL in skin disease to illustrate how targeting PRL-mediated signalling may represent a novel strategy to treat a range of skin diseases and hair disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)
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11 pages, 522 KiB  
Review
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Parkinson’s Disease—Many Issues Need to Be Clarified—A Critical Review
by Tsepo Goerttler, Eun-Hae Kwon, Michael Fleischer, Mark Stettner, Lars Tönges and Stephan Klebe
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040456 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3768
Abstract
Neurological manifestations during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are of interest, regarding acute treatment and the so-called post-COVID-19 syndrome. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. Hence, the influence of SARS-CoV-2 and the [...] Read more.
Neurological manifestations during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are of interest, regarding acute treatment and the so-called post-COVID-19 syndrome. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. Hence, the influence of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 syndrome on PD patients has raised many questions and produced various publications with conflicting results. We reviewed the literature, with respect to symptoms, treatment, and whether the virus itself might cause PD during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in SARS-CoV-2-affected symptomatic PD patients (COVID-19 syndrome). In addition, we comment on the consequences in non-symptomatic and non-affected PD patients, as well as post-COVID syndrome and its potential linkage to PD, presenting our own data from our out-patient clinic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19, Parkinson’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders)
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9 pages, 1380 KiB  
Communication
No Metagenomic Evidence of Causative Viral Pathogens in Postencephalitic Parkinsonism Following Encephalitis Lethargica
by Dániel Cadar, Kurt A. Jellinger, Peter Riederer, Sabrina Strobel, Camelia-Maria Monoranu and Dennis Tappe
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081716 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3430
Abstract
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is a disease of unknown etiology and pathophysiology following encephalitis lethargica (EL), an acute-onset polioencephalitis of cryptic cause in the 1920s. PEP is a tauopathy with multisystem neuronal loss and gliosis, clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor, and oculogyric [...] Read more.
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is a disease of unknown etiology and pathophysiology following encephalitis lethargica (EL), an acute-onset polioencephalitis of cryptic cause in the 1920s. PEP is a tauopathy with multisystem neuronal loss and gliosis, clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor, and oculogyric crises. Though a viral cause of EL is likely, past polymerase chain reaction-based investigations in the etiology of both PEP and EL were negative. PEP might be caused directly by an unknown viral pathogen or the consequence of a post-infectious immunopathology. The development of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in conjunction with bioinformatic techniques has generated a broad-range tool for the detection of unknown pathogens in the recent past. Retrospective identification and characterization of pathogens responsible for past infectious diseases can be successfully performed with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. In this study, we analyzed 24 FFPE brain samples from six patients with PEP by unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Our results show that no evidence for the presence of a specific or putative (novel) viral pathogen was found, suggesting a likely post-infectious immune-mediated etiology of PEP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics: Virus Discovery, Ecology, and Evolution)
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