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Water conservation is crucial for sustainable ecosystem development in loess gully regions. The redlines of permanent basic farmland protection and ecological protection are key land use control zones in China, yet their impact on water conservation is understudied. The study focuses on Yan’an and constructs three scenarios: natural development (NDS), farmland protection (FPS), and ecological protection (EPS). Then, land use simulation for the three scenarios in 2025, 2030, and 2035 is carried out using the patch-generating land use simulation model. Finally, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs model is combined to calculate water conservation. The findings suggest the following: (1) From the temporal perspective, the water conservation of the three scenarios exhibits an incremental trend by period from 2025 to 2035, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.65‰ for the NDS, 0.60‰ for the FPS, and 0.64‰ for the EPS. (2) From the scenario perspective, from 2025 to 2035, the annual water conservation under the FPS is 0.35‰ less than that under the NDS, while the impact of the EPS is weak at only ±0.1‰. (3) Across all scenarios, the average water conservation depth of grassland surpasses that of forestland. This study provides scientific evidence to help optimize China’s land space governance policy as well as methodological and theoretical support for related studies. Full article

Territorial space classification (TSC) provides the basis for establishing systems of national territory spatial planning (NTSP) and supervising their implementation in China, thus has important theoretical and application significance. Most of the current TSC research is related to land use/land cover classification, ignoring the connection of the NTSP policies and systems, failing to consider the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land use superior territorial space functions (TSFs) and the dynamic coupling between land use and its superior TSFs on the result of TSC. In this study, we integrated the factors influencing the connection of NTSP policies and systems and established a theoretical framework system of TSC from the perspective of spatial form and functional use. By integrating the $q$-statistic method with spatiotemporal geographical analysis, we propose a method to construct a TSC system for Qionglai City of Sichuan Province in China based on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land use superior TSFs and the dynamic coupling between land use and its superior TSFs. It makes up for the deficiency of directly taking land use/land cover classification as TSC and solves the problems of ignoring the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land use superior TSFs and the dynamic coupling between land use and its superior TSFs. Using this method, we found that the TSC of Qionglai City consists of 3, 7, and 14 first-, second-, and third-level space types, respectively. The key findings from this study are that land use superior TSFs show spatiotemporal heterogeneity in Qionglai, and coupling effects in spatial distribution were noted between land use types and their superior TSFs, as was temporal heterogeneity in the coupling degree and the structure of the TSFs corresponding to the land use types, which show obvious dynamics and non-stationarity of the functional structure. These findings confirm the necessity of considering the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land use superior TSFs and the dynamic coupling between land use and its superior TSFs in TSC. This method of establishing a TSC system can be used to address a number of NTSP and management issues, and three examples are provided here: (a) zoning of urban, agricultural, and ecological space; (b) use planning of production, living and ecological space; (c) delimitation of urban development boundary, permanent basic farmland protection redline, and ecological protection redline. Full article