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Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoformulation of the Broad-Spectrum Enzyme Inhibitor Mancozeb by Polyethylene Glycol Capping and Its Dissipation Kinetics in Water Using TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by Wafa Mahmoud Daqa, Adil Alshoaibi, Faheem Ahmed and Tentu Nageswara Rao

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122733 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2631

Abstract

The poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) capped mancozeb nanoformulation was prepared by the ultrasonic method using a 1% mancozeb solution and 20% capping agent, PEG-4000. The synthesized nanoformulation was characterized using UV-visible, FTIR, SEM and TEM techniques. The photolytic and photo catalytic experiments were carried out in a Borosil glass bottle in the presence of sunlight, varying the pH proportions at a single fortification level (1.0 g/mL) in ground water, under sunlight. The optimal catalyst concentration for complete degradation was observed to be 0.1 percent. The mancozeb nanoformulation in water was determined using the HPLC-PDA method, and the rate constant and the 50% degradation (DT50) values were calculated based on the results. The photolytic results show that there is no significant loss of residues due to adsorption. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was discovered to be an excellent decontaminating catalyst in a variety of water samples. The compound survives for several days in the absence of a catalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)

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15 pages, 2581 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Ecological Approach to Control Pathogens of Lycopersicon esculentum L. by Slow Release of Mancozeb from Biopolymeric Conjugated Nanoparticles

by Ravinder Kumar, Vikash Nain and Joginder Singh Duhan

J. Xenobiot. 2022, 12(4), 329-343; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12040023 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2931

Abstract

To control insects, weeds, and infections in crops, old-fashioned pesticide formulations (with massive quantities of heavy metals and a variety of chemicals) are used. By biological amplification via the food chain, many of these established pesticide formulations have accumulated in living systems and caused environmental pollution. To form a nanoparticulate matrix with a diameter ranging from 322.2 ± 0.9 to 403.7 ± 0.7 nm, mancozeb was embedded in chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) biopolymers and loadings were confirmed via TEM and FTIR. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out as part of the investigation. Inhibition of Alternaria alternata by nanoparticles (NPs) with 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb (CSGA-1.0) was 85.2 ± 0.7 % at 0.5 ppm, whereas for Stemphylium lycopersici it was 62.1 ± 0.7% in the mycelium inhibition method. NPs demonstrated antimicrobial action in pot house environments. After ten hours, the mancozeb was liberated from the nanoformulations due to polymer matrix diffusion and relaxation, compared to 2 h for commercial mancozeb. Even while drug-loaded conjugated nanoparticles have equivalent antifungal activities, they have a lower release rate and, hence, reduced toxicology compared to commercial mancozeb. Therefore, this method can be employed to implement sustainable farming techniques in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Aquatic Emerging Contaminants and Their Ecotoxicological Consequences)

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24 pages, 4524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Antifungal Efficacy and Release Behavior of Fungicide-Loaded Chitosan-Carrageenan Nanoparticles against Phytopathogenic Fungi

by Ravinder Kumar, Agnieszka Najda, Joginder Singh Duhan, Balvinder Kumar, Prince Chawla, Joanna Klepacka, Seweryn Malawski, Pardeep Kumar Sadh and Anil Kumar Poonia

Polymers 2022, 14(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010041 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5138

Abstract

Biopolymeric Chitosan-Carrageenan nanocomposites 66.6–231.82 nm in size containing the chemical fungicide mancozeb (nano CSCRG-M) were synthesized following a green chemistry approach. The physicochemical study of nanoparticles (NPs) was accomplished using a particle size analyzer, SEM and FTIR. TEM exhibited clover leaf-shaped nanoparticles (248.23 nm) with mancozeb on the inside and entrapped outside. Differential scanning calorimetry and TGA thermogravimetry exhibited the thermal behaviour of the nanoform. Nano CSCRG-1.5 at 1.5 ppm exhibited 83.1% inhibition against Alternaria solani in an in vitro study and performed as well as mancozeb (84.6%). Complete inhibition was exhibited in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 1.0 and 1.5 ppm with the nanoformulation. The in vivo disease control efficacy of mancozeb-loaded nanoparticles against A. solani in pathogenized plants was found to be relatively higher (79.4 ± 1.7) than that of commercial fungicide (76 ± 1.1%) in pot conditions. Nanomancozeb showed superior efficacy for plant growth parameters, such as germination percentage, root–shoot ratio and dry biomass. The nanoformulation showed higher cell viability compared to mancozeb in Vero cell cultures at 0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL in the resazurin assay. CSCRG-0.5 showed slow-release behavior up to 10 h. Thus, these green nano-based approaches may help combat soil and water pollution caused by harmful chemical pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Chitosan-Based Composites II)

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