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20 pages, 12941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enconv1d Model Based on Pseudolite System for Long-Tunnel Positioning

by Changgeng Li, Yuting Zhang and Changshui Liu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050858 - 28 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 708

Pseudolite positioning systems offer precise localization when GPS signals are unavailable, advancing the development of intelligent transportation systems. However, in confined indoor environments such as kilometer-long tunnels, where vehicles move at high speeds, traditional pseudolite algorithms struggle to establish accurate physical models linking signals to spatial domains. This study introduces a deep learning-based pseudolite positioning algorithm leveraging a spatio-temporal fusion framework to address challenges such as signal attenuation, multipath effects, and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects. The Enconv1d model we developed is based on the spatio-temporal characteristics of the pseudolite observation signals. The model employs the encoder module from the Transformer to capture multi-step time constraints while introducing a multi-scale one-dimensional convolutional neural network module (1D CNN) to assist the encoder module in learning spatial features and finally outputs the localization results of the Enconv1d model after the dense layer integration. Four experimental tests in a 4.6 km long real-world tunnel demonstrate that the proposed framework delivers continuous decimeter-level positioning accuracy. Full article

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25 pages, 8204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IPCB: Intelligent Pseudolite Constellation Based on High-Altitude Balloons

by Yi Qu, Sheng Wang, Tianshi Pan and Hui Feng

Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2095; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112095 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 939

Abstract

IPCBs (Intelligent Pseudolite Constellations based on high-altitude balloons) are a novel type of air-based pseudolite application with many advantages. Compared with ground-based pseudolites and traditional air-based pseudolites, IPCBs have a wider coverage and a lower energy requirement. Compared with LEO satellite constellations, IPCBs have a stronger signal, a lower cost, and a shorter deployment period. These merits give promising potential to IPCBs. In IPCB applications, one of the key factors is geometry configuration, which is deeply influenced by the balloon’s unique features. The basic idea of this paper is to pursue a strategy to improve IPCB geometry performance by using diverse winds at different altitudes and balloons’ capability of altering flight altitude intelligently. Starting with a brief introduction to IPCBs, this paper defines an indicator to assess IPCB geometry performance, an approach to adjust IPCB geometry configuration and an IPCB geometry configuration planning algorithm. Next, a series of simulations are implemented with an IPCB composed of six pseudolites in winds with/without a quasi-zero wind layer. Some IPCB geometry configurations are analyzed, and their geometry performances are compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the influence of the quasi-zero wind layer on IPCB performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Social Bots)

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