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The purpose of this paper is to investigate a class of novel symmetric coupled fuzzy fractional partial differential equation system involving the Caputo–Katugampola (C-K) generalized Hukuhara (gH) derivative. Within the framework of C-K gH differentiability, two types of gH weak solutions are defined, and their existence is rigorously established through explicit constructions via employing Schauder fixed point theorem, overcoming the limitations of traditional Lipschitz conditions and thereby extending applicability to non-smooth and nonlinear systems commonly encountered in practice. A typical numerical example with potential applications is proposed to verify the existence results of the solutions for the symmetric coupled system. Furthermore, we introduce Ulam–Hyers stability (U-HS) theory into the analysis of such symmetric coupled systems and establish explicit stability criteria. U-HS ensures the existence of approximate solutions close to the exact solution under small perturbations, and thereby guarantees the reliability and robustness of the systems, while it prevents significant deviations in system dynamics caused by minor disturbances. We not only enrich the theoretical framework of fuzzy fractional calculus by extending the class of solvable systems and supplementing stability analysis, but also provide a practical mathematical tool for investigating complex interconnected systems characterized by uncertainty, memory effects, and spatial dynamics. Full article