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Keywords = exponential smoothening

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17 pages, 4652 KiB  
Article
Economic Valuation of Metal Recovery from Mobile Phones in India
by Pushkal Jaiswal, Shalini Verma, Akshoy Ranjan Paul, Nawshad Haque and Warren Bruckard
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030259 - 1 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 959
Abstract
This study analyses Indian export–import and domestic production data of mobile phones and smartphones to quantify historically generated e-waste from discarded devices over a 20-year period (2001–2021). An exponential time smoothing method was used to forecast the waste generation trends for 2022–2035. The [...] Read more.
This study analyses Indian export–import and domestic production data of mobile phones and smartphones to quantify historically generated e-waste from discarded devices over a 20-year period (2001–2021). An exponential time smoothing method was used to forecast the waste generation trends for 2022–2035. The metal recovery and embedded values of the metals (precious metals, base metals, and rare earth battery metals) in the PCBs and displays of mobile phones and smartphones were assessed for the same period. The findings indicate that in the PCBs, Au and Pd contribute the most, while Ag is the dominant contributor in displays of mobile phones. The potential economic value of metals varies mainly because of the fluctuating prices of metals in the international market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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18 pages, 4287 KiB  
Article
Output Power Smoothing and Voltage Regulation of a Fixed Speed Wind Generator in the Partial Load Region Using STATCOM and a Pitch Angle Controller
by Kanasottu Anil Naik and Chandra Prakash Gupta
Energies 2018, 11(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010058 - 29 Dec 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5470
Abstract
The output power and terminal voltage of the fixed speed induction generator fluctuate in the partial load region where the wind speed is below the rated vale, resulting in fluctuations in the grid frequency and voltage. In this paper, a novel pitch angle [...] Read more.
The output power and terminal voltage of the fixed speed induction generator fluctuate in the partial load region where the wind speed is below the rated vale, resulting in fluctuations in the grid frequency and voltage. In this paper, a novel pitch angle control strategy has developed by introducing an exponential moving average (EMA) concept from which the controller reference power (signal) can be set for below-rated wind speeds. Therefore, the employed pitch angle controller together with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), named the unified voltage and pitch angle controller (UVPC), addresses the objective of smoothing the output power and terminal voltage regulation of a wind generator, subjected to below-rated wind speed variations. Moreover, an interval type-2 fuzzy logic technique has incorporated in the pitch angle controller design, since it is more efficient in handling the uncertainties in membership functions and rules than its traditional fuzzy logic counterparts. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed UVPC effectively smoothens out the generator output power and also regulates the terminal voltage at its constant magnitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Generators Modelling and Control)
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