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To address the issues of energy wastage and uncertainty impacts associated with high levels of renewable energy integration, a multi-objective distributed robust low-carbon optimization scheduling strategy for hydrogen-integrated Integrated Energy Systems (IES) is proposed. This strategy incorporates a green hydrogen trading mechanism and low-carbon demand response. Firstly, to leverage the low-carbon and clean characteristics of hydrogen energy, an efficient hydrogen utilization model was constructed, consisting of electricity-based hydrogen production, waste heat recovery, multi-stage hydrogen use, hydrogen blending in gas, and hydrogen storage. This significantly enhanced the system’s renewable energy consumption and carbon reduction. Secondly, to improve the consumption of green hydrogen, a novel reward–punishment green hydrogen certificate trading mechanism was proposed. The impact of green hydrogen trading prices on system operation was discussed, promoting the synergistic operation of green hydrogen and green electricity. Based on the traditional demand-response model, a novel low-carbon demand-response strategy is proposed, with carbon emission factors serving as guiding signals. Finally, considering the uncertainty of renewable energy, an innovative optimal trade-off multi-objective distributed robust model was proposed, which simultaneously considered low-carbon, economic, and robustness aspects. The model was solved using an improved adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm. Case study results show that, after introducing the reward–punishment green hydrogen trading mechanism and low-carbon demand response, the system’s total cost was reduced by approximately 5.16% and 4.37%, and carbon emissions were reduced by approximately 7.84% and 6.72%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed multi-objective distributed robust model not only considers the system’s economy, low-carbon, and robustness but also offers higher solving efficiency and optimization performance compared to multi-objective optimization methods. Full article

This study evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with hydrogen production in South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) using water electrolysis. Korea aims to advance hydrogen as a clean fuel for transportation and power generation. To support this goal, we employed a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the emissions across the hydrogen supply chain in a well-to-pump framework, using the Korean clean hydrogen certification tiers. Our assessment covered seven stages, from raw material extraction for power plant construction to hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage, and distribution to refueling stations. Our findings revealed that, among the sixteen power sources evaluated, hydroelectric and onshore wind power exhibited the lowest emissions, qualifying as the Tier 2 category of emissions between 0.11 and 1.00 kgCO₂e/kg H₂ under a well-to-pump framework and Tier 1 category of emissions below 0.10 kgCO₂e/kg H₂ under a well-to-gate framework. They were followed by photovoltaics, nuclear energy, and offshore wind, all of which are highly dependent on electrolysis efficiency and construction inputs. Additionally, the study uncovered a significant impact of electrolyzer type on GHG emissions, demonstrating that improvements in electrolyzer efficiency could substantially lower GHG outputs. We further explored the potential of future energy mixes for 2036, 2040, and 2050, as projected by Korea’s energy and environmental authorities, in supporting clean hydrogen production. The results suggested that with progressive decarbonization of the power sector, grid electricity could meet Tier 2 certification for hydrogen production through electrolysis, and potentially reach Tier 1 when considering well-to-gate GHG emissions. Full article