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Keywords = chemical defensome

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14 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
The Chemical Defensome: A Survey of Environmental Sensing and Response Genes in Copepods
by Vittoria Roncalli, Daniela Ascione, Chiara Lauritano and Ylenia Carotenuto
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041546 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Highly conserved among eukaryotes, the chemical defensome protects organisms against chemical stressors and helps to reestablish the altered homeostatic state. The defensome includes genes such as transporters (e.g., adenosine triphosphate ATP-binding cassette), phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. [...] Read more.
Highly conserved among eukaryotes, the chemical defensome protects organisms against chemical stressors and helps to reestablish the altered homeostatic state. The defensome includes genes such as transporters (e.g., adenosine triphosphate ATP-binding cassette), phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. During their life cycle, planktonic copepods, the most abundant and ubiquitous metazoans on Earth, are exposed to many environmental stressors that impair their survival and fitness. Here, using high-quality publicly available transcriptomic data, defensome genes were searched in copepods belonging to different orders and living in different environments (e.g., Antarctic, Subarctic, Mediterranean). Gene expression responses were investigated in four calanoids exposed to different stresses to identify a common and species-specific detoxification system. Our results confirm that the defensome is highly conserved among copepods but also report differences in the relative contribution of genes among species living in different habitats, suggesting a fitness adaptation to environmental pressures. The genes provided here can be used as biomarkers of chemical defense and can also be tested in other planktonic organisms to assess the “health” of marine organisms, which is useful for understanding environmental adaptations and they can be used to assess changes and make predictions at the population and community levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stressors in Marine Organisms)
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11 pages, 559 KiB  
Communication
Insecticide Exposure Triggers a Modulated Expression of ABC Transporter Genes in Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s.
by Valentina Mastrantonio, Marco Ferrari, Agata Negri, Tommaso Sturmo, Guido Favia, Daniele Porretta, Sara Epis and Sandra Urbanelli
Insects 2019, 10(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10030066 - 5 Mar 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4128
Abstract
Insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. The urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved [...] Read more.
Insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. The urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in insect defence against xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we have investigated if ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a major component of the defensome machinery, are involved in defence against the insecticide permethrin, in susceptible larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Bioassays were performed with permethrin alone, or in combination with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Then we have investigated the expression profiles of five ABC transporter genes at different time points following permethrin exposure, to assess their expression patterns across time. The inhibition of ABC transporters increased the larval mortality by about 15-fold. Likewise, three genes were up-regulated after exposure to permethrin, showing different patterns of expression across the 48 h. Our results provide the first evidences of ABC transporters involvement in defence against a toxic in larvae of An. gambiae s.s. and show that the gene expression response is modulated across time, being continuous, but stronger at the earliest and latest times after exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrative Mosquito Biology: From Molecules to Ecosystems)
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