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Keywords = autotriggering

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14 pages, 3936 KiB  
Review
Patient–Ventilator Dyssynchrony in Critically Ill Patients
by Bruno De Oliveira, Nahla Aljaberi, Ahmed Taha, Baraa Abduljawad, Fadi Hamed, Nadeem Rahman and Jihad Mallat
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4550; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194550 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8083
Abstract
Patient–ventilator dyssynchrony is a mismatch between the patient’s respiratory efforts and mechanical ventilator delivery. Dyssynchrony can occur at any phase throughout the respiratory cycle. There are different types of dyssynchrony with different mechanisms and different potential management: trigger dyssynchrony (ineffective efforts, autotriggering, and [...] Read more.
Patient–ventilator dyssynchrony is a mismatch between the patient’s respiratory efforts and mechanical ventilator delivery. Dyssynchrony can occur at any phase throughout the respiratory cycle. There are different types of dyssynchrony with different mechanisms and different potential management: trigger dyssynchrony (ineffective efforts, autotriggering, and double triggering); flow dyssynchrony, which happens during the inspiratory phase; and cycling dyssynchrony (premature cycling and delayed cycling). Dyssynchrony has been associated with patient outcomes. Thus, it is important to recognize and address these dyssynchronies at the bedside. Patient–ventilator dyssynchrony can be detected by carefully scrutinizing the airway pressure–time and flow–time waveforms displayed on the ventilator screens along with assessing the patient’s comfort. Clinicians need to know how to depict these dyssynchronies at the bedside. This review aims to define the different types of dyssynchrony and then discuss the evidence for their relationship with patient outcomes and address their potential management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Intensive Care)
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8 pages, 1745 KiB  
Article
Phase Optimized Photoacoustic Sensing of Gas Mixtures
by Mario Mordmueller, Simon Edelmann, Markus Knestel, Wolfgang Schade and Ulrike Willer
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020438 - 7 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the progress of the auto-triggered quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique which operates without external frequency generators and ensures permanent locking to the current resonance frequency of the tuning fork. This is obtained by incorporating the tuning fork [...] Read more.
In this paper, we report on the progress of the auto-triggered quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique which operates without external frequency generators and ensures permanent locking to the current resonance frequency of the tuning fork. This is obtained by incorporating the tuning fork in an oscillator circuit that autonomously oscillates at the present resonance frequency that shifts with changing environmental conditions, e.g., density and viscosity of the surrounding gas, temperature, and pressure. Both, the oscillation amplitude as well as the frequency can be read from the oscillator circuit. The photoacoustic signal appears as an offset of the electrically induced signal amplitude. Since the sum amplitude depends on the phase relation between the electrical and photoacoustic driving forces, the phase is permanently modulated, enabling the extraction of the photoacoustic component by use of a second lock-in amplifier stage which is being referenced with the phase modulation frequency. The functionality of this method is demonstrated for methane detection in a carbon dioxide atmosphere in a concentration range from 0 to 100% and ammonia in synthetic air employing a pulsed mid infrared QCL around 1280 cm−1. The gas mixtures are motivated by the demands in biogas-analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy)
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