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Keywords = aryne-generating fragmentation

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26 pages, 3805 KB  
Article
Ferrocene-Catalyzed Aromatization and Competitive Oxidative Ring Transformations of 1,2-Dihydro-1-Arylpyridazino[4,5-d]Pyridazines
by Dániel Hutai, Tibor Zs. Nagy, Veronika Emődi and Antal Csámpai
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080742 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1367
Abstract
This paper presents the expected and unexpected, but typically substituent-dependent, ferrocene-catalyzed DDQ-mediated oxidative transformations of a series of 5,8-bis(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines and 8-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines. Under noncatalytic conditions the reactions were sluggish, mainly producing a substantial amount of undefined [...] Read more.
This paper presents the expected and unexpected, but typically substituent-dependent, ferrocene-catalyzed DDQ-mediated oxidative transformations of a series of 5,8-bis(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines and 8-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines. Under noncatalytic conditions the reactions were sluggish, mainly producing a substantial amount of undefined tarry materials; nevertheless, the ferrocene-catalyzed reactions of the 5,8-bis(methylthio)-substituted precursors gave the aromatic products the expected aromatic products in low yields. Their formation was accompanied by ring transformations proceeding via aryne-generating fragmentation/Diels–Alder (DA)/N2-releasing retro Diels–Alder (rDA) sequence to construct arene-fused phthalazines. On the other hand, neither the noncatalytic nor the catalytic reactions of the 8-pyrazolyl-5-methylthio-substituted dihydroaromatics yielded the expected aromatic products. Instead, depending on their substitution pattern, the catalytic reactions of these pyrazolyl-substituted precursors also led to the formation of dearylated arene-fused phthalazines competing with an unprecedented multistep fragmentation sequence terminated by the hydrolysis of cationic intermediates to give 4-(methylthio)pyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazin-1(2H)-one and the corresponding 3,5-dimethyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazole. When 0.6 equivalents of DDQ were applied in freshly absolutized THF, a representative pyrazolyl-substituted model underwent an oxidative coupling to give a dimer formed by the interaction of the cationic intermediate, and a part of the N-nucleophilic precursor remained intact. A systematic computational study was conducted on these intriguing reactions to support their complex mechanisms proposed on the basis of the structures of the isolated products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Heterocyclic and Organometallic Synthesis, 3rd Edition)
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