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A Novikov–Poisson algebra $(A,\circ ,·)$ is a vector space with a Novikov algebra structure $(A,\circ )$ and a commutative associative algebra structure $(A,·)$ satisfying some compatibility conditions. Give a Novikov–Poisson algebra $(A,\circ ,·)$ and a vector space V. A natural problem is how to construct and classify all Novikov–Poisson algebra structures on the vector space $E=A\oplus V$ such that $(A,\circ ,·)$ is a subalgebra of E up to isomorphism whose restriction on A is the identity map. This problem is called extending structures problem. In this paper, we introduce the definition of a unified product for Novikov–Poisson algebras, and then construct an object ${\mathcal{GH}}^2(V,A)$ to answer the extending structures problem. Note that unified product includes many interesting products such as bicrossed product, crossed product and so on. Moreover, the special case when $\dim \left(V\right)=1$ is investigated in detail. Full article

The Lie algebraic scheme for constructing Hamiltonian operators is differential-algebraically recast and an effective approach is devised for classifying the underlying algebraic structures of integrable Hamiltonian systems. Lie–Poisson analysis on the adjoint space to toroidal loop Lie algebras is employed to construct new reduced pre-Lie algebraic structures in which the corresponding Hamiltonian operators exist and generate integrable dynamical systems. It is also shown that the Balinsky–Novikov type algebraic structures, obtained as a Hamiltonicity condition, are derivations on the Lie algebras naturally associated with differential toroidal loop algebras. We study nonassociative and noncommutive algebras and the related Lie-algebraic symmetry structures on the multidimensional torus, generating via the Adler–Kostant–Symes scheme multi-component and multi-dimensional Hamiltonian operators. In the case of multidimensional torus, we have constructed a new weak Balinsky–Novikov type algebra, which is instrumental for describing integrable multidimensional and multicomponent heavenly type equations. We have also studied the current algebra symmetry structures, related with a new weakly deformed Balinsky–Novikov type algebra on the axis, which is instrumental for describing integrable multicomponent dynamical systems on functional manifolds. Moreover, using the non-associative and associative left-symmetric pre-Lie algebra theory of Zelmanov, we also explicate Balinsky–Novikov algebras, including their fermionic version and related multiplicative and Lie structures. Full article