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Keywords = Menderes Massif

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23 pages, 16528 KiB  
Article
Mortars in the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis of Phrygia (Denizli, Turkey) from Imperial to Byzantine Age
by Matteo Maria Niccolò Franceschini, Sara Calandra, Silvia Vettori, Tommaso Ismaelli, Giuseppe Scardozzi, Maria Piera Caggia and Emma Cantisani
Minerals 2024, 14(11), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111143 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1495
Abstract
Hierapolis of Phrygia, an archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988. During archaeological campaigns, 71 mortar samples from public buildings were collected, dating from the Julio-Claudian to the Middle Byzantine period. The samples were analyzed using [...] Read more.
Hierapolis of Phrygia, an archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988. During archaeological campaigns, 71 mortar samples from public buildings were collected, dating from the Julio-Claudian to the Middle Byzantine period. The samples were analyzed using a multi-analytical approach including polarized optical microscopy (POM), digital image analysis (DIA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and SEM–EDS to trace the raw materials and understand the evolution of mortar composition and technology over time. During the Roman period, travertine and marble were commonly used in binder production, while marble dominated in the Byzantine period. The aggregates come mainly from sands of the Lycian Nappe and Menderes Massif, with carbonate and silicate rock fragments. Variations in composition, average size and circularity suggest changes in raw material sources in both Roman and Byzantine periods. Cocciopesto mortar was used in water-related structures from the Flavian to the Severan period, but, in the Byzantine period, it also appeared in non-hydraulic contexts. Straw became a common organic additive in Byzantine renders, marking a shift from the exclusively inorganic aggregates of Roman renders. This study illustrates the evolving construction technologies and material sources used throughout the city’s history. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Significance of Applied Mineralogy in Archaeometry)
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26 pages, 5808 KiB  
Article
Garnet Chemical Zoning Based Thermobarometry: Method Evaluation and Applications in the Menderes Massif, Western Turkey
by Thomas M. Etzel and Elizabeth J. Catlos
Geosciences 2021, 11(12), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120505 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3635
Abstract
The garnet chemical zoning method (GZM) is a reliable thermodynamic approach for forward modeling pressure-temperature (P-T) paths using observed garnet and bulk rock compositions. However, intracrystalline diffusion is known to compromise the integrity of GZM modeled garnet-growth P-T paths. For this reason, extracting [...] Read more.
The garnet chemical zoning method (GZM) is a reliable thermodynamic approach for forward modeling pressure-temperature (P-T) paths using observed garnet and bulk rock compositions. However, intracrystalline diffusion is known to compromise the integrity of GZM modeled garnet-growth P-T paths. For this reason, extracting reliable metamorphic estimates from garnet-bearing schists in the Central Menderes Massif (CMM), western Turkey, has been difficult. To evaluate the impact of diffusion on GZM, we simulate garnet growth and diffusion for an average metapelite using the program Theria_G. Modeled garnet compositions from four simulations are used to estimate P-T conditions and paths by GZM, which are compared against Theria_G specified P-T-t trajectories. Factors influencing results are heating/cooling rate, grain size, and peak T. At a maximum T of 610 °C, both undiffused and diffused garnet compositions returned estimates comparable to prescribed conditions regardless of heating/cooling rate. Diffused profiles from simulations reaching a maximum T of 670 °C also reproduced prescribed P-T paths if tectonism occurred at high heating/cooling rates (50 °C/my). From these insights and additional Theria_G simulation-derived observations for CMM garnets, we deduce that metamorphism in the region exceeded 650 °C and achieved a maximum burial P between 8–10 kbar prior to Cenozoic exhumation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Early Career Scientists’ (ECS) Contributions to Geosciences)
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