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Keywords = McAdams coefficient

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16 pages, 1274 KiB  
Article
Speech Watermarking Method Using McAdams Coefficient Based on Random Forest Learning
by Candy Olivia Mawalim and Masashi Unoki
Entropy 2021, 23(10), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/e23101246 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2532
Abstract
Speech watermarking has become a promising solution for protecting the security of speech communication systems. We propose a speech watermarking method that uses the McAdams coefficient, which is commonly used for frequency harmonics adjustment. The embedding process was conducted, using bit-inverse shifting. We [...] Read more.
Speech watermarking has become a promising solution for protecting the security of speech communication systems. We propose a speech watermarking method that uses the McAdams coefficient, which is commonly used for frequency harmonics adjustment. The embedding process was conducted, using bit-inverse shifting. We also developed a random forest classifier, using features related to frequency harmonics for blind detection. An objective evaluation was conducted to analyze the performance of our method in terms of the inaudibility and robustness requirements. The results indicate that our method satisfies the speech watermarking requirements with a 16 bps payload under normal conditions and numerous non-malicious signal processing operations, e.g., conversion to Ogg or MP4 format. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Hiding and Coding Theory)
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