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Keywords = Fst/Ldr family

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13 pages, 1589 KiB  
Article
Charged Residues Flanking the Transmembrane Domain of Two Related Toxin–Antitoxin System Toxins Affect Host Response
by Andrew Holmes, Jessie Sadlon and Keith Weaver
Toxins 2021, 13(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050329 - 1 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2324
Abstract
A majority of toxins produced by type I toxin–antitoxin (TA-1) systems are small membrane-localized proteins that were initially proposed to kill cells by forming non-specific pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. The examination of the effects of numerous TA-1 systems indicates that this is [...] Read more.
A majority of toxins produced by type I toxin–antitoxin (TA-1) systems are small membrane-localized proteins that were initially proposed to kill cells by forming non-specific pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. The examination of the effects of numerous TA-1 systems indicates that this is not the mechanism of action of many of these proteins. Enterococcus faecalis produces two toxins of the Fst/Ldr family, one encoded on pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmids (FstpAD1) and the other on the chromosome, FstEF0409. Previous results demonstrated that overexpression of the toxins produced a differential transcriptomic response in E. faecalis cells. In this report, we identify the specific amino acid differences between the two toxins responsible for the differential response of a gene highly induced by FstpAD1 but not FstEF0409. In addition, we demonstrate that a transporter protein that is genetically linked to the chromosomal version of the TA-1 system functions to limit the toxicity of the protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Toxins)
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12 pages, 1355 KiB  
Review
The Fst/Ldr Family of Type I TA System Toxins: Potential Roles in Stress Response, Metabolism and Pathogenesis
by Keith Weaver
Toxins 2020, 12(8), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080474 - 25 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3107
Abstract
The parpAD1 locus was the first type I toxin–antitoxin (TA) system described in Gram-positive bacteria and was later determined to be the founding member of a widely distributed family of plasmid- and chromosomally encoded TA systems. Indeed, homology searches revealed that the [...] Read more.
The parpAD1 locus was the first type I toxin–antitoxin (TA) system described in Gram-positive bacteria and was later determined to be the founding member of a widely distributed family of plasmid- and chromosomally encoded TA systems. Indeed, homology searches revealed that the toxin component, FstpAD1, is a member of the Fst/Ldr superfamily of peptide toxins found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Regulation of the Fst and Ldr toxins is distinct in their respective Gram-positive and Gram-negative hosts, but the effects of ectopic over-expression are similar. While, the plasmid versions of these systems appear to play the canonical role of post-segregational killing stability mechanisms, the function of the chromosomal systems remains largely obscure. At least one member of the family has been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus, while the regulation of several others appear to be tightly integrated with genes involved in sugar metabolism. After a brief discussion of the regulation and function of the foundational parpAD1 locus, this review will focus on the current information available on potential roles of the chromosomal homologs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria)
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