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Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. BC mortality is related to early tumor detection, highlighting the importance of early detection methods. This work aims to develop a robust, accurate and highly reliable, non-invasive, low-cost screening method for early detection of BC in routine screening using exhaled breath (EB) analysis. For this, exhaled breath samples were collected from 267 women: 131 breast cancer patients and 136 healthy women. After collection, the samples were measured using a commercially available electronic nose. The signals obtained for each sample were first processed and then went through a feature extraction step. An SVM model was then optimized with respect to the accuracy matrix using a validation set by applying a Monte Carlo cross-validation with 100 iterations, with each iteration containing 20% of the data. The validation set results were 80, 94, 88, and 95% for recall, precision, accuracy, and specificity, correspondingly. Once model optimization had concluded, 22 unknown samples were analyzed by the model, and an accuracy, precision, and specificity of 91% was achieved. Full article

Currently, a small number of diseases, particularly cardiovascular (CVDs), oncologic (ODs), neurodegenerative (NDDs), chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes, form a severe burden to most of the countries worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of efficient diagnostic tools, particularly those enabling reliable detection of diseases, at their early stages, preferably using non-invasive approaches. Breath analysis is a non-invasive approach relying only on the characterisation of volatile composition of the exhaled breath (EB) that in turn reflects the volatile composition of the bloodstream and airways and therefore the status and condition of the whole organism metabolism. Advanced sampling procedures (solid-phase and needle traps microextraction) coupled with modern analytical technologies (proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, e-noses, etc.) allow the characterisation of EB composition to an unprecedented level. However, a key challenge in EB analysis is the proper statistical analysis and interpretation of the large and heterogeneous datasets obtained from EB research. There is no standard statistical framework/protocol yet available in literature that can be used for EB data analysis towards discovery of biomarkers for use in a typical clinical setup. Nevertheless, EB analysis has immense potential towards development of biomarkers for the early disease diagnosis of diseases. Full article