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Among the causes of bee colony death, viruses are among the number of pathogens that can contribute to the ill health of a colony. This study focuses on two of the several honeybee viruses, Slow Bee Paralysis Virus-1 (SBPV-1) and Deformed Wing Virus B (DWV-B), both belonging to the Iflavirus genus. To date, there is limited information available on the presence of these viruses in Italy. For this research project (IZS LT 04/19 RC), funded by the Ministry of Health, the presence and positivity of several honeybee viruses were evaluated in Italy using molecular methods. Convenience sampling was used, and these samples were analyzed for the two viruses and/or other main honeybee viruses, using specific PCR protocols and Sanger sequencing when necessary. A statistical analysis was conducted to study the independence between the viruses. Our data demonstrate for the first time the presence of SBPV-1 in Italian territory with a rather low number in most of the regions investigated, except for Emilia-Romagna and Lazio where it was detected more frequently, while DWV-B was detected at a higher level in all the regions investigated. Full article

A substantial body of literature has well-documented and demonstrated the potential of using three-dimensional (3D) virtual worlds (VWs) across various learning subjects and contexts in primary and secondary (K-12) education. However, little is known when it comes to issues related to child-interaction research and the impact that design decisions have on the user experience (UX), especially when game-based learning approaches are employed in 3DVWs. Hence, in this systematic literature review, we appraise and summarize the most relevant research articles (n = 30) conducted in K-12 settings, published between 2006–2020 and that elicit information related to (a) the interaction design (ID) of game events and trends associated with game elements and features that were utilized for the development and creation of game prototypes, (b) the research methods which were followed to empirically evaluate their teaching interventions, and (c) the design-related issues and factors affecting ID and UX by identifying the most frequent set of learning and game mechanics that were adopted in various game prototypes in different learning subjects. The vast majority of game prototypes enhanced students’ engagement and participation, affecting their achievements positively. This systematic literature review provides clear guidelines regarding the design decisions that educational stakeholders should consider, and provides recommendations on how to assess and evaluate the students’ learning experience (i.e., performance, achievements, outcomes) using 3DVWs. Full article