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Search Results (4)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = Bunker-C oil

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24 pages, 6684 KiB  
Article
Solvolysis and Mild Hydrogenolysis of Lignin Pyrolysis Bio-Oils for Bunker Fuel Blends
by Antigoni G. Margellou, Fanny Langschwager, Christina P. Pappa, Ana C. C. Araujo, Axel Funke and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3683; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143683 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 434
Abstract
The projected depletion of fossil resources has initiated research on new and sustainable fuels which can be utilized in combination with conventional fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass, and more specifically lignin, can be depolymerized towards phenolic and aromatic bio-oils which can be converted downstream into [...] Read more.
The projected depletion of fossil resources has initiated research on new and sustainable fuels which can be utilized in combination with conventional fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass, and more specifically lignin, can be depolymerized towards phenolic and aromatic bio-oils which can be converted downstream into bunker fuel blending components. Within this study, solvolysis under critical ethanol conditions and mild catalytic hydrotreatment were applied to heavy fractions of lignin pyrolysis bio-oils with the aim of recovering bio-oils with improved properties, such as a lower viscosity, that would allow their use as bunker fuel blending components. The mild reaction conditions, i.e., low temperature (250 °C), short reaction time (1 h) and low hydrogen pressure (30–50 bar), led to up 65 wt.% recovery of upgraded bio-oil, which exhibited a high carbon content (63–73 wt.%), similar to that of the parent bio-oil (68.9 wt.%), but a lower oxygen content and viscosity, which decreased from ~298,000 cP in the parent lignin pyrolysis oil to 526 cP in the hydrotreated oil, with a 10%Ni/Beta catalyst in methanol, and which was also sulfur-free. These properties permit the potential utilization of the oils as blending components in conventional bunker fuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion)
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11 pages, 3549 KiB  
Article
Mixing Properties of Emulsified Fuel Oil from Mixing Marine Bunker-C Fuel Oil and Water
by Taeho Lee, Jinho Cho and Jeekeun Lee
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111610 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6190
Abstract
Alternative marine fuels are needed to help reduce the exhaust emissions of ships. In this study, we performed an analysis to verify the potential applicability of a fuel based on Bunker-C oil, a low-grade marine heavy oil, as a novel alternative marine fuel. [...] Read more.
Alternative marine fuels are needed to help reduce the exhaust emissions of ships. In this study, we performed an analysis to verify the potential applicability of a fuel based on Bunker-C oil, a low-grade marine heavy oil, as a novel alternative marine fuel. Bunker-C oil and water were mixed in the presence of a 0.8–1.2% emulsifier in four steps from 0% to 25% to produce a special type of emulsified fuel oil. Confocal microscopy images of samples after stabilization for approximately three days at room temperature showed no variation in the pattern at the 0% condition with no water, but a relatively homogenous mixed state of water droplets was found across all domains at the 5–25% conditions. The open-source software Image-J indicated the extraction of 166, 3438, and 5636 water droplets with mean diameters of 1.57, 1.79, and 2.08 μm, as well as maximum diameters of 7.31, 21.41, and 25.91 μm, at the 5%, 15%, and 25% conditions, respectively. For all three conditions, the mean particle diameter was approximately 2 μm, below the 20 μm reported in previous studies, with uniform distributions. This suggests that the mixed state was adequately homogenous. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fuels and Green Energy)
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13 pages, 2420 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Changes in the Export Competitiveness of the South Korean Oil Refining Industry
by Chulwoo Baek and Seung-Hoon Yoo
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062789 - 9 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6026
Abstract
South Korea relies on imports for most of its oil consumption, but its oil refining industry has grown into one of the most important national industries and ranks fifth in the world in terms of refining capacity. This study seeks to examine the [...] Read more.
South Korea relies on imports for most of its oil consumption, but its oil refining industry has grown into one of the most important national industries and ranks fifth in the world in terms of refining capacity. This study seeks to examine the export competitiveness of the South Korean oil refining industry over the period 2000–2019. To this end, an analysis of the trade specialization index, the revealed comparative advantage, and the 2 × 2 matrix of these two measurements is carried out. The results show that automobile gasoline, jet oil, and lubricant oil belonged to the ‘high competitiveness group’ for the entire period, whereas naphtha belonged to the ‘import-specialized group with comparative advantage’ for the entire period. Finally, aviation gasoline, bunker A oil, bunker B oil, and bunker C oil fluctuated between the ‘low competitiveness group’ and the ‘export-specialized group with comparative disadvantage’. To enhance the export competitiveness of the oil refining industry, this research suggests reorganizing the irrational tax structure and actively utilizing by-products generated during the refining process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
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11 pages, 4690 KiB  
Article
Exhaust Gas Emission Improvements of Water/Bunker C Oil-Emulsified Fuel Applied to Marine Boiler
by Tae-Ho Lee, Sang-Hyun Lee and Jee-Keun Lee
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050477 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3621
Abstract
In this study, emulsified fuels were prepared and produced by blending 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% water with Bunker C oil to reduce the amount of air pollution emitted by ships and replace oil resources, and they were applied to an actual marine [...] Read more.
In this study, emulsified fuels were prepared and produced by blending 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% water with Bunker C oil to reduce the amount of air pollution emitted by ships and replace oil resources, and they were applied to an actual marine boiler to analyze the exhaust gas. The fuel effects on the improvement in exhaust gas emissions were as follows: The oxygen (O2) concentration increased by up to 4.2%, and that of carbon dioxide decreased by approximately 2.1%. Under the standard O2 concentration of 4%, the concentration of nitrogen oxides decreased by up to 31.41%, and that of sulfur oxides decreased by up to 37.47%. However, the exhaust gas temperature decreased by approximately 14.3%, and the combustion efficiency decreased by approximately 2.6%. Comparing the emission improvements, the combustion performance of the emulsified fuels was close to that of the conventional Bunker C fuel. These results indicate that the application of water-emulsified fuels to a marine boiler can reduce the amounts of certain air pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)
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