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Keywords = ‘Spermaceti’

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27 pages, 9924 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Mucoadhesive Film Reinforced with Functionalized Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Enhanced Triamcinolone Acetonide Delivery via Buccal Administration: A Box–Behnken Design Approach
by Patteera Sodata, Sureewan Duangjit, Narong Sarisuta and Pakorn Kraisit
Sci 2025, 7(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7010022 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1012
Abstract
This research aimed to develop mucoadhesive buccal films incorporating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with triamcinolone acetonide (TN-films). A Box–Behnken design was employed as a systematic approach to optimize the formulation. Key components of the NLCs—spermaceti, soybean oil, and polysorbate 80—were considered independent [...] Read more.
This research aimed to develop mucoadhesive buccal films incorporating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with triamcinolone acetonide (TN-films). A Box–Behnken design was employed as a systematic approach to optimize the formulation. Key components of the NLCs—spermaceti, soybean oil, and polysorbate 80—were considered independent variables. The NLCs were prepared and size-reduced using a combination of hot homogenization and ultrasonic probe techniques. Films were cast using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the film-forming agent. The TN-films were characterized based on weight, thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, contact angle, and surface free energy. Linear regression showed that spermaceti increased film weight and thickness, while polysorbate 80 decreased them. The mechanical strength of the films was primarily influenced by spermaceti; higher concentrations of spermaceti resulted in decreased film strength. Additionally, all independent variables contributed positively to the lipophilicity of the films. The TN-films were found to sustain drug release via a Fickian diffusion mechanism, exhibiting rapid swelling and favorable mucoadhesive properties. Moreover, the TN-films demonstrated superior drug release and permeation to pastes and films loaded with emulsions. These findings suggest that the TN-films represent a promising and effective approach for the buccal delivery of triamcinolone acetonide. Full article
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11 pages, 2385 KiB  
Article
Low-Temperature Esterification to Produce Oleic Acid-Based Wax Esters Catalyzed by 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid
by Zhenzhen Li, Wei Liu and Guolong Yang
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11121471 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4463
Abstract
Synthesized oleic acid-based wax esters (e.g., cetyl oleate), which can replace spermaceti oil or jojoba oil, have been widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industries. In this work, 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) has been successfully used as an efficient catalyst to synthesize [...] Read more.
Synthesized oleic acid-based wax esters (e.g., cetyl oleate), which can replace spermaceti oil or jojoba oil, have been widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industries. In this work, 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) has been successfully used as an efficient catalyst to synthesize oleic acid-based wax esters through esterification at 40 °C under solvent-free conditions. A 93.6% conversion rate of cetyl alcohol was obtained under optimal conditions: 10 mol% DBSA, a molar ratio of 1.3:1 oleic acid to alcohol, a reaction temperature 40 °C and a reaction time of 4 h. The effect of water content on esterification was investigated, and it was found that the inhibitory effect of water decreased significantly with increasing temperature. Moreover, DBSA-catalyzed esterification could be applied in the production of various oleic acid-based wax esters and excellent conversion (>90%) to esters was obtained under such mild conditions. DBSA-catalyzed low-temperature esterification is an efficient method for the production of liquid wax esters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomass Catalysis)
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14 pages, 3475 KiB  
Article
Development of Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Buccal Drug Delivery Using the Box-Behnken Design
by Pakorn Kraisit and Narong Sarisuta
Molecules 2018, 23(4), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040982 - 23 Apr 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6652
Abstract
The aim of this present work was to prepare triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TA-loaded NLCs) for buccal drug delivery systems using the Box-Behnken design. A hot homogenization method was used to prepare the TA-loaded NLCs. Spermaceti (X1), soybean oil [...] Read more.
The aim of this present work was to prepare triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TA-loaded NLCs) for buccal drug delivery systems using the Box-Behnken design. A hot homogenization method was used to prepare the TA-loaded NLCs. Spermaceti (X1), soybean oil (X2), and Tween 80 (X3) were used as solid lipid, liquid lipid, and stabilizer, respectively. The particle size of TA-loaded NLCs was lower than 200 nm and the zeta potential displayed the negative charge in all formulations. The percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of the TA-loaded NLCs showed that it was higher than 80% for all formulations. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) confirmed that the size of TA-loaded NLCs was approximately 100 nm and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that the TA could be incorporated in the NLC system. The Higuchi model gave the highest value of the R2, indicating that this model was a fit for the TA release profiles of TA-loaded NLCs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to observe the drug penetration within the porcine buccal mucosa and Nile red-loaded NLCs showed significantly higher penetration depth at 8 h than at 2 h. Therefore, TA-loaded NLCs could be an efficient carrier for drug delivery through the buccal mucosa. Full article
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14 pages, 218 KiB  
Article
Animal Poetry and Empathy
by Tirza Brüggemann
Humanities 2017, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/h6020018 - 10 Apr 2017
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8480
Abstract
This article discusses how our ideas of empathy are influenced by the dichotomy of mind versus body, also known as Cartesian dualism. Within the aesthetic field, this dichotomy is seen when researchers define narrative empathy as imaginatively reconstructing the fictional character’s thoughts and [...] Read more.
This article discusses how our ideas of empathy are influenced by the dichotomy of mind versus body, also known as Cartesian dualism. Within the aesthetic field, this dichotomy is seen when researchers define narrative empathy as imaginatively reconstructing the fictional character’s thoughts and feelings. Conversely, the empathy aroused by a non-narrative work of art is seen as an unconscious bodily mirroring of movements, postures or moods. Thinking dualistically does not only have consequences for what we consider human nature; it also affects our view on animals. To show the untenability of dualistic thinking, this article focuses on the animal poetry genre. Using the ideas of the French phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, I analyze two animal poems: “Inventing a Horse” by Meghan O’Rourke and “Spermaceti” by Les Murray. The analysis of these two poems suggests that the presiding ideas about aesthetic empathy and empathy in general need re-evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Narratology)
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