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Authors = Senthil Nagappan Annamalai

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29 pages, 2128 KiB  
Review
The Potential of Marine Microalgae for the Production of Food, Feed, and Fuel (3F)
by Chandan Mahata, Probir Das, Shoyeb Khan, Mahmoud I. A. Thaher, Mohammed Abdul Quadir, Senthil Nagappan Annamalai and Hareb Al Jabri
Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070316 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 10731
Abstract
Whole-cell microalgae biomass and their specific metabolites are excellent sources of renewable and alternative feedstock for various products. In most cases, the content and quality of whole-cell biomass or specific microalgal metabolites could be produced by both fresh and marine microalgae strains. However, [...] Read more.
Whole-cell microalgae biomass and their specific metabolites are excellent sources of renewable and alternative feedstock for various products. In most cases, the content and quality of whole-cell biomass or specific microalgal metabolites could be produced by both fresh and marine microalgae strains. However, a large water footprint for freshwater microalgae strain is a big concern, especially if the biomass is intended for non-food applications. Therefore, if any marine microalgae could produce biomass of desired quality, it would have a competitive edge over freshwater microalgae. Apart from biofuels, recently, microalgal biomass has gained considerable attention as food ingredients for both humans and animals and feedstock for different bulk chemicals. In this regard, several technologies are being developed to utilize marine microalgae in the production of food, feed, and biofuels. Nevertheless, the production of suitable and cheap biomass feedstock using marine microalgae has faced several challenges associated with cultivation and downstream processing. This review will explore the potential pathways, associated challenges, and future directions of developing marine microalgae biomass-based food, feed, and fuels (3F). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Based Biorefinery: A Path Forward to a Sustainable Future)
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19 pages, 808 KiB  
Review
Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications
by Senthil Nagappan Annamalai, Probir Das, Mahmoud I. A. Thaher, Mohammad Abdul Quadir, Shoyeb Khan, Chandan Mahata and Hareb Al Jabri
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313211 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8542
Abstract
Aquafeed accounts for at least 75–90% of aquaculture’s operating costs. Traditional aquafeed ingredients such as fishmeal, fish oil, and soybean meal are unsustainable; further, their increasing cost necessities developing alternative feed ingredients. Microalgae-based aquafeed is not only environmentally friendly, but it can also [...] Read more.
Aquafeed accounts for at least 75–90% of aquaculture’s operating costs. Traditional aquafeed ingredients such as fishmeal, fish oil, and soybean meal are unsustainable; further, their increasing cost necessities developing alternative feed ingredients. Microalgae-based aquafeed is not only environmentally friendly, but it can also be cost-effective with proper optimization. In addition, the nutrition profile of microalgae is similar to that of many fishes. The digestibility of a feed is one of the most important factors to consider in feed formulation. A highly digestible feed can lower production costs, reduce feed waste, and reduce the risk of eutrophication. This review discusses the digestibility of various nutrients such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids (including omega-3 fatty acids), dry matter, and energy of various microalgae in fish. Other commonly used aquafeed ingredients were also compared to microalgae in terms of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish. The intrinsic characteristics of microalgae, biomass pretreatment, and feed preparation methods are all discussed as factors that contribute to the nutrient and energy digestibility of microalgae in fish. Furthermore, methods for increasing the digestibility of microalgal biomass in fish are suggested. Finally, the review concludes with the challenges and prospects of using microalgae as a fish feed in terms of digestibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Microalgal Biotechnology)
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