Ecosystem-Scale Distribution and Phenology of Adult Gonipterini Weevils Associated with Eucalyptus populnea in Central Queensland, Australia †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Study Area and Design
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Abundance and Weevil Size
3.2. Height of Saplings
3.3. Presence of Ants
3.4. Phenology
3.5. Within-Sapling Location
3.6. Intra- and Interspecific Interactions
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | No. Specimens (No. Measured) | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | L:W Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxyops fasciculatus | 79 (73) | 7.3 ± 0.5 c | 3.5 ± 0.3 b | 2.10 ± 0.18 |
Oxyops sp. | 21 (20) | 8.5 ± 05 a | 4.1 ± 0.3 a | 2.07 ± 0.11 |
Gonipterus sp. n. 2 | 2 (2) | 7.3 ± 0.5 bc | 4.0 ± 0.0 ab | 1.88 ± 0.18 |
Gonipterus cinnamomeus | 14 (13) | 7.8 ± 0.7 b | 3.7 ± 0.5 b | 2.12 ± 0.18 |
ANOVA | - | *** | *** | NS |
Parameter | Weevils Absent (n = 123) | O. fasciculatus (n = 32) | Oxyops sp. (n = 12) | G. cinnamomeus (n = 5) | G. sp. n. 2 (n = 2) | ANOVA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sapling height (m) | 0.69 ± 0.43 ab | 0.92 ± 0.31 a | 0.92 ± 0.30 a | 0.74 ± 0.32 ab | 1.35 ± 0.07 ab | ** |
Height in sapling (m) | - | 0.67 ± 0.32 | 0.68 ± 0.30 | 0.57 ± 0.28 | 1.20 ± 0.00 | NS |
Height ratio in sapling 1 | - | 0.73 ± 0.21 | 0.73 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 0.10 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | NS |
Weevil Species | Ants Absent | Ants Present | Mean Number of Ants (When Present) |
---|---|---|---|
Weevils absent | 63 (51%) | 60 (49%) | 21 ± 30 |
O. fasciculatus (n = 32) | 13 (41%) | 19 (59%) | 9 ± 5 |
Oxyops sp. (n = 12) | 6 (50%) | 6 (50%) | 5 ± 2 |
G. cinnamomeus (n = 5) | 4 (80%) | 1 (20%) | 10 ± 0 |
G. sp. n. 2 (n = 2) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 10 ± 0 |
Weevil Species | Leaf | Petiole | Stem/Trunk |
---|---|---|---|
O. fasciculatus (n = 79) | 44 (55.7%) | 5 (6.3%) | 30 (38.0%) |
Oxyops sp. (n = 21) | 15 (71.4%) | 0 | 6 (28.6%) |
G. cinnamomeus (n = 14) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | 7 (50%) |
G. sp. n. 2 (n = 2) | 2 (100%) | 0 | 0 |
Weevil Species | Downwards | Upwards |
---|---|---|
O. fasciculatus (n = 20) | 17 (85%) | 3 (15%) |
Oxyops sp. (n = 2) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) |
G. cinnamomeus (n = 6) | 5 (83%) | 1 (17%) |
Weevil Species | Alone in Sapling | In Same Tree | On Same Leaf | Touching Another Weevil |
---|---|---|---|---|
O. fasciculatus (n = 79) | 23 (29%) | 37 (47%) 56 (71%) | 6 (8%) 19 (24%) | 13 (16%) |
Oxyops sp. (n = 21) | 6 (29%) | 12 (57%) 15 (71%) | 1 (5%) 3 (14%) | 2 (10%) |
G. cinnamomeus (n = 14) | 5 (36%) | 7 (50%) 9 (64%) | 2 (14%) | 0 |
G. sp. n. 2 (n = 2) | 0 | 2 (100%) | 0 | 0 |
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Johnson, J.B. Ecosystem-Scale Distribution and Phenology of Adult Gonipterini Weevils Associated with Eucalyptus populnea in Central Queensland, Australia. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 15, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12378
Johnson JB. Ecosystem-Scale Distribution and Phenology of Adult Gonipterini Weevils Associated with Eucalyptus populnea in Central Queensland, Australia. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2022; 15(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12378
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohnson, Joel B. 2022. "Ecosystem-Scale Distribution and Phenology of Adult Gonipterini Weevils Associated with Eucalyptus populnea in Central Queensland, Australia" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 15, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12378