Cronbach’s Alpha under Insufficient Effort Responding: An Analytic Approach
1
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
2
Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Stats 2019, 2(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.3390/stats2010001
Received: 2 November 2018
/
Revised: 7 December 2018
/
Accepted: 15 December 2018
/
Published: 20 December 2018
Surveys commonly suffer from insufficient effort responding (IER). If not accounted for, IER can cause biases and lead to false conclusions. In particular, Cronbach’s alpha has been empirically observed to either deflate or inflate due to IER. This paper will elucidate how IER impacts Cronbach’s alpha in a variety of situations. Previous results concerning internal consistency under mixture models are extended to obtain a characterization of Cronbach’s alpha in terms of item validities, average variances, and average covariances. The characterization is then applied to contaminating distributions representing various types of IER. The discussion will provide commentary on previous simulation-based investigations, confirming some previous hypotheses for the common types of IER, but also revealing possibilities from newly considered responding patterns. Specifically, it is possible that the bias can change from negative to positive (and vice versa) as the proportion of contamination increases.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
careless responses; insufficient effort responses; Cronbach’s alpha; internal consistency; reliability; mixture; commingled samples
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
MDPI and ACS Style
Carden, S.W.; Camper, T.R.; Holtzman, N.S. Cronbach’s Alpha under Insufficient Effort Responding: An Analytic Approach. Stats 2019, 2, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/stats2010001
AMA Style
Carden SW, Camper TR, Holtzman NS. Cronbach’s Alpha under Insufficient Effort Responding: An Analytic Approach. Stats. 2019; 2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/stats2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarden, Stephen W., Trevor R. Camper, and Nicholas S. Holtzman. 2019. "Cronbach’s Alpha under Insufficient Effort Responding: An Analytic Approach" Stats 2, no. 1: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/stats2010001
Find Other Styles
