Evaluation of Ethnic Variations in Visceral, Subcutaneous, Intra-Pancreatic, and Intra-Hepatic Fat Depositions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging among New Zealanders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. MRI Acquisition
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Differences between the Ethnic Groups
3.3. Correlations between Anthropometric Indices and MRI-Derived Fat Depositions across the Ethnicities
3.4. Usefulness of Measuring Fat Depositions at Different Levels
3.4.1. Body Mass Index
3.4.2. Waist Circumference
3.4.3. Waist to Height Ratio
3.5. Ethnicity-Specific Predictive Equations
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | NZ European | Māori/Pl | Asian | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants | 104 | 53 | 30 | 21 | |
Age (years) | 53.0 ± 1.6 | 56 ± 2.4 | 57.7 ± 2.0 | 39.1 ± 2.6 | 0.0001 *** |
Sex | 0.092 | ||||
Male | 66 | 31 | 21 | 14 | |
Female | 38 | 22 | 9 | 7 | |
Height (cm) | 171.4 ± 1.1 | 172.4 ± 1.2 | 172.5 ± 2.2 | 167.2 ± 2.1 | 0.109 |
Weight (kg) | 82.6 ± 1.9 | 80.7 ± 2.1 | 93.7 ± 3.6 | 68.4 ± 4.0 | 0.0002 *** |
WC (cm) | 100.0 ± 0.7 | 96.6 ± 0.6 | 109.0 ± 1.2 | 95.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0002 *** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 0.6 | 27.1 ± 0.6 | 31.7 ± 1.3 | 25.4 ± 1.0 | 0.0001 *** |
WHtR | 58.6 ± 0.6 | 56.2 ± 0.5 | 63.6 ± 1.2 | 57.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0001 *** |
L12SAT | 22.2 ± 1.0 | 20.3 ± 1.3 | 26.3 ± 2.3 | 21.1 ± 1.8 | 0.035 ** |
L12VAT | 31.7 ± 1.0 | 29.2 ± 1.2 | 35.4 ± 1.4 | 32.6 ± 1.8 | 0.019 *** |
L23SAT | 26.7 ± 1.1 | 25.1 ± 1.5 | 29.3 ± 2.4 | 27.0 ± 2.2 | 0.280 |
L23VAT | 32.4 ± 1.0 | 29.2 ± 1.5 | 36.8 ± 1.7 | 34.0 ± 1.9 | 0.004 *** |
L34SAT | 32.7 ± 1.1 | 31.1 ± 1.5 | 34.5 ± 2.3 | 34.0 ± 2.5 | 0.360 |
L34VAT | 34.0 ± 1.1 | 31.8 ± 1.6 | 39.3 ± 2.4 | 39.0 ± 2.4 | 0.014 *** |
L45SAT | 37.9 ± 1.2 | 36.6 ± 1.6 | 39.3 ± 2.4 | 39.1 ± 2.4 | 0.549 |
L45VAT | 32.4 ± 1.0 | 30.4 ± 1.4 | 36.0 ± 1.6 | 32.6 ± 2.2 | 0.039 ** |
SATA | 30.0 ± 1.1 | 28.5 ± 1.4 | 32.4 ± 2.2 | 30.3 ± 2.1 | 0.291 |
VATA | 32.6 ± 0.9 | 30.2 ± 1.4 | 36.8 ± 1.4 | 32.9 ± 1.9 | 0.008 *** |
LAT | 9.9 ± 1.0 | 8.2 ± 1.0 | 11.0 ± 1.9 | 13.5 ± 3.5 | 0.125 |
PAT | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 0.062 |
Anthropometric Indices and Fat Deposition | NZ European vs. Māori/Pl | NZ European vs. Asian | Māori/Pl vs. Asian |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 3.086 *** | 1.471 | 3.0478 *** |
WC | 10.639 *** | 2.208 ** | 12.539 *** |
WHtR | 6.796 *** | 0.785 | 5.096 *** |
L12SAT | 2.362 *** | 0.353 | 1.757 |
L12VAT | 2.874 *** | 1.287 | 1.101 |
L23SAT | 1.684 | 0.651 | 0.864 |
L23VAT | 3.07 *** | 1.767 | 1.028 |
L34SAT | 0.199 | 1.043 | 0.278 |
L34VAT | 1.478 *** | 0.224 | 2.227 ** |
L45SAT | 1.184 | 0.818 | 0.256 |
L45VAT | 2.431 *** | 0.860 | 1.148 |
LAT | 1.565 | 1.454 * | 0.541 |
PAT | 2.256 ** | 0.546 | 1.243 |
Ethnicity Group | L12SAT | L23SAT | L34SAT | L45SAT | L12VAT | L23VAT | L34VAT | L45VAT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | ||||||||
Total | 0.225 *** | 0.209 *** | 0.137 *** | 0.147 *** | 0.196 *** | 0.218 *** | 0.202 *** | 0.200 *** |
(0.052) | (0.047) | (0.050) | (0.047) | (0.057) | (0.052) | (0.049) | (0.057) | |
NZ European | 0.135 *** | 0.164 *** | 0.085 | 0.109 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.177 *** | 0.163 *** | 0.178 *** |
(0.064) | (0.052) | (0.058) | (0.051) | (0.055) | (0.053) | (0.049) | (0.059) | |
Māori/PI | 0.283 *** | 0.297 *** | 0.240 *** | 0.247 *** | 0.185 | 0.215 * | 0.203 | 0.282 * |
(0.098) | (0.090) | (0.102) | (0.095) | (0.174) | (0.144) | (0.153) | (0.153) | |
Asian | 0.018 | −0.007 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.062 | 0.135 | 0.091 | −0.011 |
(0.135) | (0.110) | (0.096) | (0.097) | (0.127) | (0.121) | (0.101) | (0.108) | |
Adjusted for Age and Sex | ||||||||
Total | 0.310 *** | 0.203 *** | 0.337 *** | 0.229 *** | 0.207 *** | 0.237 *** | 0.201 *** | 0.237 *** |
(0.187) | (0.239) | (0.085) | (0.124) | (0.089) | (0.135) | (0.085) | (0.139) | |
NZ European | 0.221 *** | 0.296 *** | 0.165 ** | 0.226 *** | 0.190 *** | 0.204 *** | 0.204 *** | 0.223 *** |
(0.108) | (0.300) | (0.056) | (0.165) | (0.126) | (0.146) | (0.115) | (0.169) | |
Māori/PI | 0.209 | 0.318 | 0.077 | 0.131 | 0.315* | 0.271 ** | 0.275 * | 0.301 ** |
(0.149) | (0.196) | (0.118) | (0.137) | (0.228) | (0.238) | (0.223) | (0.243) | |
Asian | 0.073 | 0.038 | 0.062 | 0.063 | 0.064 | 0.174 | 0.105 | 0.004 |
(−0.111) | (−0.119) | (−0.111) | (−0.112) | (−0.110) | (−0.031) | (−0.066) | (−0.123) |
Ethnicity Group | L12SAT | L23SAT | L34SAT | L45SAT | L12VAT | L23VAT | L34VAT | L45VAT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | ||||||||
Total | 0.133 *** | 0.040 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.120 * | 0.111 * | 0.149 * | 0.0100 |
(0.065) | (0.060) | (0.061) | (0.057) | (0.070) | (0.065) | (0.061) | (0.070) | |
NZ European | 0.047 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.043 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.012 | −0.065 |
(0.062) | (0.053) | (0.055) | (0.049) | (0.056) | (0.054) | (0.050) | (0.059) | |
Māori/PI | −0.050 | −0.088 | −0.059 | −0.077 | −0.052 | −0.076 | 0.015 | 0.025 |
(0.079) | (0.074) | (0.079) | (0.074) | (0.126) | (0.107) | (0.112) | (0.115) | |
Asian | 0.008 | −0.004 | 0.012 | 0.024 | −0.012 | −0.028 | −0.005 | 0.016 |
(0.056) | (0.046) | (0.040) | (0.040) | (0.053) | (0.052) | (0.043) | (0.045) | |
Adjusted for Age and Sex | ||||||||
Total | 0.196 *** | 0.153 *** | 0.115 ** | 0.140 *** | 0.083 | 0.073 | 0.096 * | 0.082 |
(0.230) | (0.193) | (0.164) | (0.188) | (0.147) | (0.135) | (0.158) | (0.146) | |
NZ European | 0.073 | 0.055 | 0.026 | 0.077 | 0.046 | 0.029 | 0.059 | −0.025 |
(0.231) | (0.225) | (0.213) | (0.240) | (0.223) | (0.215) | (0.228) | (0.213) | |
Māori/PI | 0.117 | 0.198 | 0.120 | 0.149 | −0.118 | −0.093 | −0.061 | 0.029 |
(0.244) | (0.288) | (0.255) | (0.290) | (0.253) | (0.250) | (0.230) | (0.221) | |
Asian | 0.034 | −0.06 | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.066 | 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.068 |
(0.300) | (0.297) | (−0.111) | (0.296) | (0.319) | (0.297) | (0.310) | (0.332) |
Ethnicity Group | L12SAT | L23SAT | L34SAT | L45SAT | L12VAT | L23VAT | L34VAT | L45VAT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | ||||||||
Total | 0.235 *** | 0.187 *** | 0.159 *** | 0.167 *** | 0.069 | 0.063 | 0.078 * | 0.098 * |
(0.044) | (0.041) | (0.043) | (0.040) | (0.053) | (0.049) | (0.046) | (0.052) | |
NZ European | 0.0170 *** | 0.148 *** | 0.134 *** | 0.158 *** | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.007 | −0.015 |
(0.055) | (0.047) | (0.050) | (0.043) | (0.054) | (0.052) | (0.048) | (0.058) | |
Māori/PI | 0.200 *** | 0.205 *** | 0.187 *** | 0.194 *** | −0.172 | −0.092 | −0.059 | 0.056 |
(0.066) | (0.061) | (0.068) | (0.063) | (0.117) | (0.102) | (0.108) | (00.110) | |
Asian | 0.087 | 0.027 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.009 | 0.040 | 0.094 |
(0.102) | (0.084) | (0.074) | (0.074) | (0.098) | (0.096) | (0.079) | (0.081) | |
Adjusted for Age and Sex | ||||||||
Total | 0.150 ** | 0.160 ** | 0.149 ** | 0.263 *** | 0.078 | 0.070 | 0.110 | 0.059 |
(0.057) | (0.058) | (0.054) | (0.122) | (0.028) | (0.027) | (0.041) | (0.023) | |
NZ European | 0.091 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.086 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.059 | −0.054 |
(−0.017) | (−0.041) | (−0.040) | (−0.011) | (−0.041) | (−0.041) | (−0.229) | (−0.033) | |
Māori/PI | 0.120 | −0.016 | 0.073 | −0.001 | −0.109 | −0.091 | −0.029 | 0.003 |
(0.007) | (−0.018) | (−0.006) | (−0.018) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (−0.016) | (−0.018) | |
Asian | −0.024 | −0.052 | −0.009 | 0.017 | −0.002 | −0.023 | 0 | 0.017 |
(−0.108) | (−0.076) | (−0.114) | (−0.111) | (−0.115) | (−0.106) | (−0.115) | (−0.108) |
Correlation Factors | VIF | Equation |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 1.061 * | L12VAT = 0.405 (age) − 0.565 (sex) + 0.347 (BMI) L23VAT = 0.460 (age) − 0.603 (sex) + 0.373 (BMI) L34VAT = 0.571 (age) − 0.612 (sex) + 0.348 (BMI) L45VAT = 0.464 (age) − 0.558 (sex) + 0.346 (BMI) |
Sex | 2.987 * | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.679 * | |
WC, cm | 1.953 | |
WHtR | 3.306 |
Correlation Factors | VIF | Equation |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 1.057 | L23VAT = 0.615 (BMI) − 0.34 (sex) L34VAT = 0.518 (BMI) − 0.27 (sex) L45VAT = 0.642 (BMI) − 0.31 (sex) |
Sex | 2.987 * | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.679 * | |
WC, cm | 1.953 | |
WHtR | 3.306 |
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Yang, J.Z.; Dokpuang, D.; Nemati, R.; He, K.H.; Zheng, A.B.; Petrov, M.S.; Lu, J. Evaluation of Ethnic Variations in Visceral, Subcutaneous, Intra-Pancreatic, and Intra-Hepatic Fat Depositions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging among New Zealanders. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060174
Yang JZ, Dokpuang D, Nemati R, He KH, Zheng AB, Petrov MS, Lu J. Evaluation of Ethnic Variations in Visceral, Subcutaneous, Intra-Pancreatic, and Intra-Hepatic Fat Depositions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging among New Zealanders. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(6):174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060174
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, John Zhiyong, Dech Dokpuang, Reza Nemati, Kevin Haokun He, Andy Baige Zheng, Maxim S. Petrov, and Jun Lu. 2020. "Evaluation of Ethnic Variations in Visceral, Subcutaneous, Intra-Pancreatic, and Intra-Hepatic Fat Depositions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging among New Zealanders" Biomedicines 8, no. 6: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060174