Genetic Discrimination in Access to Life Insurance: Does Ukrainian Legislation Offer Sufficient Protection against the Adverse Consequences of the Genetic Revolution to Insurance Applicants?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Life Insurance Industry in Ukraine: Context and Legal Framework
3.1.1. The Law of Ukraine “On insurance” (1996)
“Life insurance—Is a kind of personal insurance, which provides for the obligation of the insurer to make an insurance payment in accordance with the insurance agreement in the case of death of the insured person, and also, if the insurance agreement provides so, in the event that the insured person reaches the age specified in the agreement or is alive at the end of the agreement. Terms of an agreement of life insurance may require the insurer to make an insurance payment in the case of an accident that happened to the insured person, or in the case of sickness of the insured person. If in the case of the insurance event the agreement provides for regular annuity insurance payments (annuity pension insurance), the agreement must provide for insurance against the risk of death of the insured person during the period between the beginning of the insurance agreement and the first annuity insurance payment. In other cases, taking into account the risk of death of the insured person is obligatory during the entire period of the life insurance agreement.”2
3.1.2. The Law of Ukraine “On the National Bank of Ukraine” (1999)
3.2. European and Ukrainian Human Rights Legislation to Prevent Genetic Discrimination
3.2.1. European Law
- The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
- Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)8 of the Committee of Ministers to the member States on the processing of personal health-related data for insurance purposes, including data resulting from genetic tests
- The European Convention on Human Rights and its interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights
3.2.2. National Law
- The Law of Ukraine “On the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights” and the duties of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights
“1. initiate proceedings on violation of human and citizens’ rights and freedoms;2. explain what measures the person who has filed an appeal with the Commissioner should undertake;3. submit an appeal, as appropriate, to the body which is competent to consider the case, and control the consideration of this appeal;4. decline consideration of an appeal”.6
“the Commissioner has right to: … (3) appeal to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine with regard to: conformity of the laws of Ukraine …; the official interpretation of the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine; (3-1) make in due course proposals for improvement of legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of protection of human and citizen’s rights and freedoms;”.7
- The Constitution of Ukraine (1996)
- The Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of Prevention and Counteracting Discrimination in Ukraine” (2012)
“discrimination—is a situation in which the individual and/or group of persons because of their race, skin color, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, age, disability, ethnic or social origin, nationality, and marital status, place of residence, linguistic or other characteristics that existed, exist and can be real or perceived, suffered, incurred or may incur limitations in any form, established by this Law except the cases when such limitation has a legal, objectively reasonable goal, ways to achieve what are appropriate and objective”11.
- The Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Personal Data” (2010)
“The processing of personal data shall be prohibited if such data are about racial or ethnic origin, political views, religious or other convictions, membership in political parties and trade unions, criminal record as well as if data relate to health or sexual life, biometric or genetic information …”13.
3.3. Exploration of Life Insurance Application Forms: Are Ukrainian Insurers Seeking Genetic Information?
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- American Medical Association Council on Science and Public Health. 2013. Genetic discrimination and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, 2013. In A Report of the American Medical Association Council on Science and Public Health. Chicago: American Medical Association Council on Science and Public Health. [Google Scholar]
- Barlow-Stewart, Kristine, Mia Liepins A. Doble, and Margaret Otlowski. 2018. How are genetic test results being used by Australian life insurers? European Journal of Human Genetics 26: 1248–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bombard, Yvonne, Elizabeth Penziner, Oksana Suchowersky, Mark Guttman, Jane S. Paulsen, Joan L. Bottorff, and Michael R. Hayden. 2008. Engagement with genetic discrimination: Concerns and experiences in the context of Huntington disease. European Journal of Human Genetics EJHG 16: 279–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boyer-Kassem, Thomas, Sébastien Duchêne, and Bart Engelen. 2017. On Discrimination in Health Insurance. GREDEG WP No. 2017–23. Nice: Université Côte d’Azur. [Google Scholar]
- Constitutional Court of Ukraine. 2004. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine 14-rp/2004, (Case on the Age Limit for Candidates for Offices of Heads of Institutions of Higher Education). Available online: https://ccu.gov.ua/en/docs/273 (accessed on 7 April 2021).
- Constitutional Court of Ukraine. 2007. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No.8-rp/2007, (Case on the Boundary Age for Tenure in Civil Service and Service in Bodies of Local Self-Government). Available online: https://ccu.gov.ua/en/docs/275 (accessed on 7 April 2021).
- Council of Europe. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4.XI.1950. Available online: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Council of Europe. 2016a. Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)8 of the Committee of Ministers to the Member States on the Processing of Personal Health-Related Data for Insurance Purposes, Including Data Resulting from Genetic Tests. Available online: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016806b2c5f (accessed on 14 November 2021).
- Council of Europe. 2016b. Explanatory Memorandum: Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)8. Available online: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=090000168069c49e (accessed on 15 November 2021).
- Council of Europe. 2021. Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 164. Available online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/164/signatures?p_auth=D5ucYbwR (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- European Commission for Democracy through Law. 2006. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online: https://web.archive.org/web/20120427012054/http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2006/CDL%282006%29070-e.pdf (accessed on 9 February 2021).
- European Court of Human Rights. 2009. G.N. and Others v. Italy (Applcation No. 43134/05), Press Release Issued by the Registrar. December 1. Available online: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-2949481-3245864%22]} (accessed on 30 March 2021).
- Feze, Ida Ngueng, and Yann Joly. 2014. Can’t Always Get What you want? Try an Indirect Route you Just Might Get What you Need: A Study on Access to Genetic Data by Canadian Life Insurers. Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 12: 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forinsurer. 2021. Rating of Insurance Companies 2019. Insurance TOP, #1(69)2020. Available online: https://forinsurer.com/files/file00673.pdf (accessed on 24 February 2021).
- Geetter, Jennifer S. 2002. Coding for Change: The Power of the Human Genome to Transform the American Health Insurance System. American Journal of Law & Medicine 28: 1–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geller, Lisa N., Joseph S. Alper, Paul R. Billings, Carol I. Barash, Jonathan Beckwith, and Marvin R. Natowicz. 1996. Individual, family, and societal dimensions of genetic discrimination: A case study analysis. Science and Engineering Ethics 2: 71–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Genetic Screening Ethical Issues. 1993. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. London: Genetic Screening Ethical Issues. [Google Scholar]
- Godard, Béatrice, Sandy Raeburn, Marcus Pembrey, Martin Bobrow, Peter Farndon, and Ségolène Aymé. 2003. Genetic information and testing in insurance and employment: Technical, social and ethical issues. European Journal of Human Genetics 11: 123–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, Mark A., and Stephen S. Rich. 2000. Laws Restricting Health Insurers’ Use of Genetic Information: Impact on Genetic Discrimination. Am. J. Hum. Genet 66: 293–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Health Plan Landscape for Genetic Testing. 2018. AHIP. Available online: https://www.ahip.org/ (accessed on 6 May 2019).
- International Labour Organization. 2021. Law of Ukraine “On the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights”. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/92910/108454/F-927854040/UKR92910%20Eng.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Joly, Yann, and Gabriel Marrocco. 2020. Regulating the Use of Genetic Testing by Insurers and Employers in the Province of Quebec: Is the Genetic Non-Discrimination Act Really Necessary? IUS Comparatum Global Studies in Comparative Law 34: 269–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joly, Yann, Hilary Burton, Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ida Ngueng Feze, Tom Dent, Nora Pashayan, Susmita Chowdhury, William Foulkes, Alison Hall, Pavel Hamet, and et al. 2013a. Life insurance: Genomic stratification and risk classification. European Journal of Human Genetics 22: 575–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Joly, Yann, Ida Ngueng Feze, and Jacques Simard. 2013b. Genetic discrimination and life insurance: A systematic review of the evidence. BMC Medicine 11: 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Joly, Yann, Gratien Dalpé, Charles Dupras, Bénédicte Bévière-Boyer, Aisling de Paor, Edward S. Dove, Palmira Granados Moreno, Calvin W. L. Ho, Chih-Hsing Ho, Katharina Ó Cathaoir, and et al. 2020. Establishing the International Genetic Discrimination Observatory. Nat Genet 52: 466–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klein, Ronald. 2017. Genetics and Life Insurance. A View into the Microscope of Regulation. Geneva: The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics. [Google Scholar]
- Lapham, E. Virginia, Chahira Kozma, and Joan O. Weiss. 1996. Genetic discrimination: Perspectives of consumers. Science 274: 621–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lemmens, Trudo. 2004. Can Insurance Law Accomodate the Uncertainty Associated with Preliminary Genetic Information? Canadian Bar Review 83: 357–409. [Google Scholar]
- Lupu, Yonatan, and Erik Voeten. 2010. The Role of Precedent at the European Court of Human Rights: A Network Analysis of Case Citations. Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Paper presented at 2010 Political Networks Conference, OpenSIUC. Conference, Washington, DC, USA, September 1–4; Available online: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/pnconfs_2010/12 (accessed on 11 May 2021).
- Nabholz, Christoph E. 2011. Fair Risk Assessment in Life and Health Insurance. Zürich: Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. [Google Scholar]
- National Bank of Ukraine. 2020a. Non-Bank Financial Sector Review, October 2020. Available online: https://bank.gov.ua/admin_uploads/article/Nonbanking_Sector_Review_2020-10_en.pdf?v=4 (accessed on 18 April 2021).
- National Bank of Ukraine. 2020b. Results of the Analysis of Reporting of Insurers for the I Half-Year of 2020 (UKR). Available online: https://bank.gov.ua/ua/news/all/rezultati-analizu-zvitnosti-strahovikiv-za-i-pivrichchya-2020-roku (accessed on 18 April 2021).
- National Commission for State Regulation of Financial Services Markets. 2020. Results of Insurance Companies for 2019. Available online: https://www.nfp.gov.ua/files/OgliadRinkiv/SK/sk_2019.pdf (accessed on 24 February 2021).
- National Commission for State Regulation of Financial Services Markets. 2018. Order No.850 “On Approval of the Regulations on Mandatory Criteria and Standards of Capital Adequacy and Solvency, Liquidity, Profitability, Asset Quality and Riskiness of the Insurer’s Operations”, 7 June 2018. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0782-18?lang=en#Text (accessed on 18 April 2021).
- National Institute of Health. 2021. Genetic Discrimination. Available online: https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genetic-Discrimination (accessed on 17 February 2021).
- Newson, Ainsley J., Sam Ayres, Jackie Boyle, Michael T. Gabbett, and Amy Nisselle. 2018. Human Genetics Society of Australasia Position Statement: Genetic Testing and Personal Insurance Products in Australia. Twin Research and Human Genetics 21: 533–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nicholls, Stuart G., Yann Joly, Ester Moher, and Julian Little. 2014. Genetic discrimination and insurance in Canada: Where are we now? On The Risk 30: 46–52. [Google Scholar]
- Oviedo Convention. 1997. Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. Available online: https://rm.coe.int/168007cf98 (accessed on 15 November 2021).
- Personal Genetics Education Project. 2021. What Is Genetic Discrimination? Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. Available online: https://pged.org/what-is-genetic-discrimination/ (accessed on 18 February 2021).
- Rechfeld, Florian. 2016. Personalised Genetic Testing and Its Impact to Insurance. Zürich: Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. [Google Scholar]
- Reinsurance Group of America. 2021. Genetics and Insurance: Challenges and Opportunities III, Research and White Papers. Available online: https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/media/research/genetics-and-insurance-challenges-and-opportunities-iii (accessed on 15 November 2021).
- Rothstein, Mark A., and Kyle B. Brothers. 2020. Banning Genetic Discrimination in Life Insurance—Time to Follow Florida’s Lead. The New England Journal of Medicine 383: 2099–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shannyn, C. Riba. 2017. The Use of Genetic Information in Health Insurance: Who will be Helped, Who will be Harmed and Possible Long-Term Effects. Review of Law and Justice Genetic Information in Health Insurance 16: 469. [Google Scholar]
- The Genetic Discrimination Observatory. 2021a. A Geographical Overview of Approaches Adopted Around the World. GDO. Available online: https://gdo.global/en/gdo-map-approaches (accessed on 4 February 2021).
- The Genetic Discrimination Observatory. 2021b. A Geographical Overview of U.S. States’ Laws to Prevent Genetic Discrimination. GDO. Available online: https://gdo.global/en/us-states-laws-to-prevent-genetic-discrimination (accessed on 14 November 2021).
- The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). 2008. Available online: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-110publ233/pdf/PLAW-110publ233.pdf (accessed on 17 February 2021).
- The World Trade Organization. 2021. Law of Ukraine “On Insurance”. Available online: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ukr_e/WTACCUKR98A9_LEG_3.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2021).
- Thomas, R. Guy. 2018. Why Insurers Are Wrong about Adverse Selection. Laws 7: 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tyrer, Allan. 2011. G.N. v Italy, Stammeringlaw. Available online: https://www.stammeringlaw.org.uk/g-n-v-italy/ (accessed on 30 March 2021).
- Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights. 2021. Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Personal Data”. Available online: http://www.ombudsman.gov.ua/files/documents/Legislation_Constitution_of_Ukraine_and_laws_of_Ukraine/EN_Law-of-Ukraine-on-Personal-Data-Protection.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2021).
- UNESCO. 1997. Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights. Available online: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000110220.nameddest=62 (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- UPR Info. 2021. The Law of Ukraine “On the principles of prevention and combating discrimination in Ukraine”. Available online: https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/ukraine/session_28_-_november_2017/a_hrc_wg.6_28_ukr_1_annex_4.pdf (accessed on 9 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR. 1971. The Labor Code of Ukraine. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/322-08?lang=en#Text (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR. 1991. Law of Ukrainian SSR “On Consumer Rights Protection”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1023-12?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1992. Law of Ukraine “Fundamentals of the Legislation of Ukraine on Health Care”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2801-12?lang=en#Text (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1993. Law of Ukraine “On Collective Agreements and Contracts”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3356-12?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1996a. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online: https://www.president.gov.ua/ua/documents/constitution/konstituciya-ukrayini-rozdil-ii (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1996b. Law of Ukraine “On Advertising”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/270/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en#Text (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1996c. Law of Ukraine “On Insurance”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/85/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en#Text (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1997a. “Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms” (UKR). Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004?lang=en#Text (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1997b. Law of Ukraine “On the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/776/97-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1999. Law of Ukraine “On the National Bank of Ukraine”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/679-14?lang=en#Text (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2001a. Law of Ukraine “On Political Parties in Ukraine”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2365-14?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2001b. Law of Ukraine “On Service in Bodies of Local Self-Government”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2493-14?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2001c. Law of Ukraine “On Social Work with Children and Youth”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2558-14?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2001d. The Criminal Code of Ukraine. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14?lang=en#Text (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2005. The Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2747-15?lang=en#Text (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2006. Law of Ukraine “On the Fulfillment of Decisions and Application of Practice of the European Court of Human Rights”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3477-15?lang=en#Text (accessed on 28 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2010. Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Personal Data”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2297-17?lang=en#Text (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2012a. Law of Ukraine “On Civil Associations”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4572-17?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2012b. Law of Ukraine “On Employment of Population”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5067-17?lang=en#Text (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2012c. Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of Prevention and Counteracting Discrimination in Ukraine”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5207-17?lang=en#Text (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2012d. The Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17?lang=en#Text (accessed on 30 March 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2014. Law of Ukraine “On Higher Education”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1556-18?lang=en#Text (accessed on 20 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2015. Law of Ukraine “On Civil Service”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/889-19?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2017. Law of Ukraine “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine” (UKR). Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2136-19?lang=en#Text (accessed on 7 April 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2019. Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine to Improve the Functions of State Regulation of Financial Services Markets”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/79-20?lang=en#Text (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2020. Law of Ukraine “On Complete General Secondary Education”. Available online: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/463-20?lang=en#Text (accessed on 5 February 2021).
1 | GINA does not apply to life insurance, focusing mostly on health insurance and employment. (National Institute of Health 2021; The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) 2008). However, several U.S. states have chosen to move beyond GINA to protect people against GD in life insurance as well, for example: California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Florida, Massachusetts (Rothstein and Brothers 2020; The Genetic Discrimination Observatory 2021b). |
2 | Translation from Ukrainian by The World Trade Organization (2021) and with authors’ edits. |
3 | Ibid. |
4 | Translation from Ukrainian by authors. |
5 | Translation from Ukrainian by International Labour Organization (2021) and with authors’ edits. |
6 | Ibid. |
7 | Ibid. |
8 | Translation from Ukrainian by European Commission for Democracy through Law (2006) and with authors’ edits. |
9 | Ibid. |
10 | According to case 1, “age” is the discrimination ground in the hiring decision based on the provision of anti-discrimination part of article 24.2 of the Constitution of Ukraine, but this judgment didn’t state directly that “age” should be placed among “other characteristics” in the meaning of the mentioned article. In contrast, case 2 directly defined that “other characteristics” doesn’t include “age” as a discrimination ground (Constitutional Court of Ukraine 2004, 2007). |
11 | |
12 | Ibid. |
13 | Translation from Ukrainian by Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights (2021) and with authors’ edits. |
14 | Ibid. |
15 | All the insurance form in this table were obtained online or directly from insurance companies between November 2020 and January 2021. |
NO. | Life Insurance Company | Medical and GD Risk Relevant Questions |
---|---|---|
1 | Private JSC “UAIC ASKA-LIFE” | Have your parents, siblings, living or dead before the age of 60, suffered from diabetes, cancer, stroke, hypertension, heart disease or kidney disease, mental illness, tumors, tuberculosis or other inherited diseases? |
2 | Private JSC IC “PZU Ukraine Life Insurance” | Have any of your parents, sisters or brothers under the age of 60 ever been diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, cancer (breast, ovarian, rectal/colon cancer, melanoma, etc.), cardiovascular and nervous system diseases (heart disease, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, heart attacks), kidney disease, muscular dystrophies, etc. The insurer may establish the presence of increased risk which may be due, for example, family history; medical indicators (height, weight, pressure, etc.); other grounds? |
3 | Private JSC “IC “KD Life” | Have any of your parents or siblings ever had high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, mental illness, tumors, tuberculosis, birth defects or other inherited diseases? |
4 | Private JSC “Insurance company KNIAZHA LIFE VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP” | Have any of your parents or siblings ever been suffered from the following diseases: diabetes, stroke, heart attack, heart disease, kidney disease, cancer, tuberculosis, mental illness? |
5 | Private JSC “Insurance company “UNIQA Life” | No directly relevant question |
6 | LTD “IC Greenwood Life Insurance” | No directly relevant question |
7 | Private JSC “Insurance company “TAS” | No directly relevant question |
8 | Private JSC “MetLife” | Have any of your parents or siblings ever suffered from high blood pressure, diabetes, heart or kidney disease, mental illness, tuberculosis, hereditary diseases, tumors, or attempted suicide? I declare that: None of my close relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter) - ever had any inherited diseases, congenital malformations, cancer, mental disorders, heart disease, kidney, liver, pancreas, respiratory system. |
9 | Private JSC “GRAWE UKRAINE Life insurance” | Have you ever had any form of hereditary or congenital disease? Have your natural parents or siblings ever suffered from diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, tumors, mental illness or hereditary diseases? |
10 | Private JSC “IC “FORTE LIFE” | Have any of your parents or siblings ever suffered from hypertension, heart disease, strokes, diabetes, hereditary diseases? |
11 | ALC “IC” ARX Life” | No directly relevant question |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Arych, M.; Joly, Y. Genetic Discrimination in Access to Life Insurance: Does Ukrainian Legislation Offer Sufficient Protection against the Adverse Consequences of the Genetic Revolution to Insurance Applicants? Laws 2022, 11, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11010002
Arych M, Joly Y. Genetic Discrimination in Access to Life Insurance: Does Ukrainian Legislation Offer Sufficient Protection against the Adverse Consequences of the Genetic Revolution to Insurance Applicants? Laws. 2022; 11(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleArych, Mykhailo, and Yann Joly. 2022. "Genetic Discrimination in Access to Life Insurance: Does Ukrainian Legislation Offer Sufficient Protection against the Adverse Consequences of the Genetic Revolution to Insurance Applicants?" Laws 11, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11010002