Inorganics

17 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performances and Mechanistic Insights for Novel Ag-Bridged Dual Z-Scheme AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ Composites

by Chunlei Ma, Jianke Tang, Qi Wang, Rongqian Meng and Qiaoling Li

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070222 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study, AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ ternary composite photocatalysts with dual Z-scheme heterojunction were fabricated via the in situ loading of Ag₃PO₄ onto WO₃ followed by anion exchange. Compared to single photocatalysts and binary composites, the [...] Read more.

In this study, AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ ternary composite photocatalysts with dual Z-scheme heterojunction were fabricated via the in situ loading of Ag₃PO₄ onto WO₃ followed by anion exchange. Compared to single photocatalysts and binary composites, the AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the AAW-40 photocatalyst, which contained an AgI/Ag₃PO₄ molar ratio of 40%, degraded 75.7% of the CTC within 75 min. Moreover, AAW-40 demonstrated an excellent performance in the cyclic degradation of CTC over four cyclic degradation experiments. The separation and transfer kinetics of the AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ composite were investigated with photoluminescence spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The improved photocatalytic performance was primarily due to the creation of a silver-bridged dual Z-scheme heterojunction, which facilitated the efficient separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs, retained the strong reducing capability of electrons in AgI, and ensured the strongly oxidizing nature of the photoexcited holes in WO₃. The dual Z-scheme charge-transfer mechanism was further validated using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study provides a foundation for developing innovative dual Z-scheme photocatalytic systems aimed at the efficient degradation of antibiotics in wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications)

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21 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Italian Contribution to the Recent Growth of the Luminescent 1,3-Bis(Pyridin-2-yl)benzene Platinum(II) Complex Family

by Alessia Colombo, Claudia Dragonetti, Francesco Fagnani, Daniele Marinotto and Dominique Roberto

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070221 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The first chlorido platinum(II) complex with a cyclometallated 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene ligand, Pt(bpyb)Cl, was prepared in 1999. Four years later, its luminescent properties were discovered. Since then, a huge number of studies have been dedicated to the synthesis and characterization of related complexes, and to [...] Read more.

The first chlorido platinum(II) complex with a cyclometallated 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene ligand, Pt(bpyb)Cl, was prepared in 1999. Four years later, its luminescent properties were discovered. Since then, a huge number of studies have been dedicated to the synthesis and characterization of related complexes, and to their application in photonics, optoelectronics, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy. The present review concerns the main results obtained in the last five years by our research group in Milan. After a brief introduction on Pt(bpyb)Cl complexes, we illustrate our recent investigations to show the Milanese contribution to the rapid growth of this platinum family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Italy)

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14 pages, 3131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Complex of Salinomycin with Hg(II)—Synthesis and Characterization

by Juliana Ivanova, Irena Pashkunova-Martic, Johannes Theiner, Nikola Burdzhiev, Peter Dorkov and Ivo Grabchev

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070220 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Salinomycin is a polyether ionophorous antibiotic with promising antineoplastic properties. Published studies have revealed that the compound also exerts pronounced antidotal activity against cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) intoxications. It has been proven that salinomycin with Cd(II) forms a coordination compound of a [...] Read more.

Salinomycin is a polyether ionophorous antibiotic with promising antineoplastic properties. Published studies have revealed that the compound also exerts pronounced antidotal activity against cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) intoxications. It has been proven that salinomycin with Cd(II) forms a coordination compound of a composition [Cd(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)₂(H₂O)₂] and an octahedral molecular geometry, while the coordination compound of the antibiotic with Pb(II) has a square pyramidal structure and composition [Pb(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)(NO₃)]. To date, there is no published information about the ability of salinomycin to form complexes with the mercury ion (Hg(II)). Herein, we report, for the first time, a synthetic procedure for a complex compound of salinomycin with Hg(II). The coordination compound was characterized by a variety of methods, such as elemental analysis, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), powder X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetry with differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and thermogravimetry with mass spectrometry (TG-MS). The elemental analysis data revealed that the new compound is of the chemical composition [Hg(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)(H₂O)(OH)]. Based on the results from the spectral analyses, the most probable structure of the complex was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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42 pages, 6704 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Introduction to the Role of Molybdenum and Tungsten in Biology

by Helder M. Marques

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070219 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This short review provides an overview of the bioinorganic chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten, offering insights into current research perspectives and fundamental concepts in the field, as well as gaps in our knowledge. It is designed to highlight areas where future research is [...] Read more.

This short review provides an overview of the bioinorganic chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten, offering insights into current research perspectives and fundamental concepts in the field, as well as gaps in our knowledge. It is designed to highlight areas where future research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of molybdenum- and tungsten-dependent enzymes and their broader significance in biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry. It also provides an accessible introduction for senior undergraduate students and novice postgraduate researchers who are new to the field of bioinorganic chemistry. Towards this end, illustrative examples are presented, showcasing the essential roles these metals play in biological systems, their coordination chemistry, and their catalytic functions in metalloenzymes. Full article

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24 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Advanced Oxidation and Anaerobic Treatment for Landfill Leachate: Magnetite-Catalyzed Ozone and USAB Reactor Efficiency

by Dorance Becerra-Moreno, Antonio Zuorro, Fiderman Machuca-Martínez, Luisa F. Ramírez-Rios, Janet B. García-Martínez and Andrés F. Barajas-Solano

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070218 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Sanitary landfill leachate treatment was evaluated using magnetite-catalyzed ozone, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, and microalgae, both individually and in combination, to improve biodegradability and remove organic matter, solids, metals, and nutrients. Leachates were characterized before and after each treatment, and [...] Read more.

Sanitary landfill leachate treatment was evaluated using magnetite-catalyzed ozone, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, and microalgae, both individually and in combination, to improve biodegradability and remove organic matter, solids, metals, and nutrients. Leachates were characterized before and after each treatment, and their impacts on methanogenic activity, aerobic toxicity, and the BOD₅/COD ratio were assessed. Magnetite-catalyzed ozone pretreatment enhanced biodegradability, enabling an optimal coupling point with the UASB at 40 min when the specific methanogenic activity reached 0.22 g CH₄-COD/(gVSS·d). The UASB achieved COD removal rates of up to 75%, but high concentrations were maintained in the effluent with low ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates. Microalgae promoted nutrient removal, reducing total nitrogen and phosphorus by up to 65% and 70%, respectively, although with lower efficiency in terms of organic matter removal. Process coupling demonstrated that ozonation followed by UASB application improved anaerobic degradation, whereas the use of microalgae after biological treatment optimized the final effluent quality. Despite the improvements achieved, the final values for some parameters still exceeded the discharge limits, indicating the need for operational adjustments or additional treatments to ensure effective purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Catalysts: Design, Synthesis and Applications)

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13 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Transparent Yb:Y₂O₃ Laser Ceramics with High Thermal Conductivity Obtained via a Sintering-Additive-Free Strategy

by Zhongchao Fu, Qiang Wu, Nan Wu, Haibo Long, Jinsheng Li, Yi Ren and Zhaoxia Hou

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070217 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Fine-grained Yb:Y₂O₃ laser ceramics with excellent transmittance and thermal conductivity were fabricated from commercial powders. The process involved aqueous colloidal forming, additive-free air pre-sintering at 1400 °C, and hot isostatic pressing at 1550 °C. Suspensions were prepared with a deionization [...] Read more.

Fine-grained Yb:Y₂O₃ laser ceramics with excellent transmittance and thermal conductivity were fabricated from commercial powders. The process involved aqueous colloidal forming, additive-free air pre-sintering at 1400 °C, and hot isostatic pressing at 1550 °C. Suspensions were prepared with a deionization process to alleviate the hydrolysis issue, which optimizes the microstructure uniformity and enhances the green compacts’ density after consolidation. The microstructure, in-line transmittance, microhardness, and fracture toughness of the Yb³⁺-doped Y₂O₃ ceramics with different concentrations were measured. The 5.0 at% Yb³⁺-doped Y₂O₃ ceramic yielded a superior transmittance of 80.1% at 1100 nm and 83.0% in the mid-infrared region. The average grain size was 752 nm. The sample exhibited a thermal conductivity of 9.94 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ while achieving a 1076 nm laser output with a 42 mW peak power and 4.3% slope efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Transparent Ceramics)

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15 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eskebornite CuFeSe₂: Solid-State Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties

by Se-Hyeon Choi and Il-Ho Kim

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070216 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Eskebornite (CuFeSe₂), a member of the I–III–VI₂ ternary semiconductor family, was explored in this study as a potential thermoelectric material, offering new insights into its synthesis, structural characteristics, and transport behavior. Structurally analogous to chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂)—an extensively studied [...] Read more.

Eskebornite (CuFeSe₂), a member of the I–III–VI₂ ternary semiconductor family, was explored in this study as a potential thermoelectric material, offering new insights into its synthesis, structural characteristics, and transport behavior. Structurally analogous to chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂)—an extensively studied antiferromagnetic semiconductor—eskebornite remains relatively underexplored, particularly regarding its solid-state synthesis and thermoelectric performance. To address this gap, pure eskebornite was synthesized via mechanical alloying followed by hot pressing, a method that enables the fine control of its phase composition and microstructural features. The synthesized undoped CuFeSe₂ exhibited p-type nondegenerate semiconducting behavior, with electrical conductivity increasing monotonically over the temperature range of 323–623 K, indicative of thermally activated carrier transport. Simultaneously, a decreasing trend in thermal conductivity with temperature was observed, likely resulting from intensified phonon scattering, which serves to suppress heat transport and enhance the thermoelectric efficiency by maintaining a thermal gradient across the material. A peak in the Seebeck coefficient occurred between 473 and 523 K, suggesting the onset of intrinsic carrier excitation and a transition in dominant carrier transport mechanisms. The material exhibited a maximum power factor of 1.55 μWm⁻¹K⁻², while the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) reached a peak value of 0.37 × 10⁻³ at 523 K. Although the ZT remains low, these results underscore the potential of eskebornite as a thermoelectric candidate, with substantial room for optimization through chemical doping, microstructural engineering, or nanostructuring approaches to enhance the carrier mobility and reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermoelectric Materials, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

[Pd(dach)Cl₂] Complex Targets Proteins Involved in Ribosomal Biogenesis, and RNA Splicing in HeLa Cells

by Vanja Ralić, Katarina Davalieva, Branislava Gemović, Milan Senćanski, Maja D. Nešić, Jelena Žakula, Milutin Stepić and Marijana Petković

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070215 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Pd(II) complex on HeLa cells using computational biology and proteomic analysis. [Pd(dach)Cl₂]-treated HeLa cells were subjected to comparative proteomics analysis using label-free data-independent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In parallel, [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Pd(II) complex on HeLa cells using computational biology and proteomic analysis. [Pd(dach)Cl₂]-treated HeLa cells were subjected to comparative proteomics analysis using label-free data-independent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In parallel, the informational spectrum method (ISM) was used to predict potential protein interactors of the [Pd(dach)Cl₂] complex in HeLa cells. Proteomics analysis revealed 121 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) annotations revealed ATP hydrolysis and RNA/protein binding as the top molecular functions and RNA splicing and protein–RNA complex organization as the top biological processes. Enrichment analysis of altered canonical pathways pointed out spliceosome and ribosome pathways. The top hub proteins with potential regulatory importance encompassed ribosomal proteins, translational and transcriptional factors, and components of the ribosome assembly machinery. ISM and cross-spectral analysis identified the nucleoplasm and sensor of the single-stranded DNA (SOSS DNA) complex. Proteome analysis showed that [Pd(dach)Cl₂] targets proteins involved in ribosomal biogenesis and RNA splicing, whereas theoretical prediction implies also potential effect on p53 signaling pathway, and thus, alterations of the expression of regulatory proteins involved in cell survival and proliferation. These findings underscore the potential of Pd(II) complexes as anti-cancer agents, warranting further exploration and detailed functional validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformations, and Bioactivity)

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14 pages, 2008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Unique Trinuclear, Triangular Ni(II) Complex Composed of Two tri-Anionic bis-Oxamates and Capping Nitroxyl Radicals

by Vitaly A. Morozov, Denis G. Samsonenko and Kira E. Vostrikova

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070214 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Phenylene-based bis-oxamate polydentate ligands offer a unique opportunity for creating a large variety of coordination compounds, in which paramagnetic metal ions are strongly magnetically coupled. The employment of imino nitroxyl (IN) radicals as supplementary ligands confers numerous benefits, including the strong ferromagnetic interaction [...] Read more.

Phenylene-based bis-oxamate polydentate ligands offer a unique opportunity for creating a large variety of coordination compounds, in which paramagnetic metal ions are strongly magnetically coupled. The employment of imino nitroxyl (IN) radicals as supplementary ligands confers numerous benefits, including the strong ferromagnetic interaction between Ni and IN. Furthermore, the chelating IN can act as a capping ligand, thereby impeding the formation of coordination polymers. In this study, we present the molecular and crystal structure and experimental and theoretical magnetic behavior of an exceptional neutral trinuclear complex [Ni(L³⁻)₂(IN)₃]∙5CH₃OH (1) (L is N,N′-1,3-phenylenebis-oxamic acid; IN is [4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl]oxidanyl radical) with a cyclic triangular arrangement. Moreover, in this compound three Ni²⁺ ions are linked by the two bis-oxamate ligands playing a rare tritopic function due to an unprecedented triple deprotonation of the related meta-phenylene-bis(oxamic acid). The main evidence of such a deprotonation of the ligand is the neutrality of the cluster, since there are no anions or cations compensating for its charge in the crystals of the compound. Despite the presence of six possible magnetic couplings in the trinuclear cluster 1, its behavior was reproduced with a high degree of accuracy using a three-J model and ZFS, under the assumption that the three different Ni-IN interactions are equal to each other, whereas only two equivalent-in-value Ni-Ni interactions were taken into account, with the third one being equated to zero. Our study indicates the presence of two opposite-in-nature types of magnetic interactions within the triangular core. DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations were completed to support the experimental magnetic data simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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20 pages, 9373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antibacterial Activities and Calf Thymus DNA–Bovine Serum Albumin Interactions of Tridentate NNO Hydrazone Schiff Base–Metal Complexes

by Maida Katherine Triviño-Rojas, Santiago José Jiménez-Lopez, Richard D’Vries, Alberto Aragón-Muriel and Dorian Polo-Cerón

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070213 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Their demonstrable bioactive characteristics, coupled with their wide structural diversity and coordination versatility, render Schiff bases and their coordination complexes biologically active compounds demonstrating outstanding properties. This research describes the synthesis and characterization of new Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with an NNO-donor hydrazone [...] Read more.

Their demonstrable bioactive characteristics, coupled with their wide structural diversity and coordination versatility, render Schiff bases and their coordination complexes biologically active compounds demonstrating outstanding properties. This research describes the synthesis and characterization of new Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with an NNO-donor hydrazone ligand (HL). The crystal structure of the HL ligand was determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the HL ligand and its metal(II) complexes against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated that the metal(II) complexes displayed greater antimicrobial activities compared to the free Schiff base ligand. Furthermore, the interaction of the ligand and the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was explored through electronic absorption and viscosity measurements, suggesting intercalation as the most likely mode of binding. The compounds promoted oxidative DNA cleavage, as demonstrated by the strand breaks of the pmChery plasmid under oxidative stress conditions. Finally, fluorescence spectroscopy also revealed the strong binding affinity of these compounds for bovine serum albumin (BSA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 4032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of a Water-Soluble Nanomaterial via Deep Nitration of Light Fullerene C₆₀

by Natalya Kulenova, Marzhan Sadenova, Bagdat Azamatov, Bauyrzhan Maratuly, Nikolay Charykov, Mikhail Arshinov and Nail Beisekenov

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070212 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

A direct non-catalytic synthesis of a new water-soluble polynitro-hydroxylated fullerene derivative, C₆₀(NO₂)₁₈(OH)₂, was carried out using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The resulting poly-nitro adduct was comprehensively characterized by elemental C-H-N analysis, [...] Read more.

A direct non-catalytic synthesis of a new water-soluble polynitro-hydroxylated fullerene derivative, C₆₀(NO₂)₁₈(OH)₂, was carried out using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The resulting poly-nitro adduct was comprehensively characterized by elemental C-H-N analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared (IR) and electron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A detailed investigation of the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of C₆₀(NO₂)₁₈(OH)₂ demonstrated that the synthesized compound is a previously undescribed mixed polynitro-hydroxyl adduct of light fullerene C₆₀, featuring a high degree of nitration (18 nitro groups per fullerene core). The composition and structure of the adduct were confirmed by spectroscopic and refractometric analyses. In terms of redox behavior, the compound exhibits significant reducing and antioxidant properties. These physicochemical characteristics suggest the potential of C₆₀(NO₂)₁₈(OH)₂ for further development as a biocompatible nanomaterial suitable for medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Application)

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13 pages, 2159 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

NiCo(OH)₂/NiCo₂O₄ as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Electrooxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

by Wen Li, Di Yin, Wanxin Liu, Yi Li and Yijin Wu

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070211 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) coupled with water electrolysis for green hydrogen production is a promising strategy to address energy crises and environmental pollution. Despite the suitable adsorption energy for HMF due to their partially filled d-band electronic structures, Ni- or [...] Read more.

The electrochemical oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) coupled with water electrolysis for green hydrogen production is a promising strategy to address energy crises and environmental pollution. Despite the suitable adsorption energy for HMF due to their partially filled d-band electronic structures, Ni- or Co-based oxides/hydroxides still face challenges in insufficient activity and stability. In this study, a porous heterogeneous nickel cobalt oxide/hydroxide growth on nickel foam (NF), which is defined as NF@NiCo-H/O, was developed via immersion in concentrated alkali solution. Compared with the single-component NiCo oxides, the NF@NiCo-H/O catalyst exhibits a lower application potential of only 1.317 V, 1.395 V, and 1.443 V to achieve current densities of 20, 50, and 100 mA cm⁻², respectively, in an alkaline solution containing HMF. Additionally, it demonstrates rapid reaction kinetics with a Tafel slope of 27.6 mV dec⁻¹ and excellent cycling stability. Importantly, the presence of more high-valent Ni³⁺-O species on the catalyst surface contributes to its exceptional selectivity for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (86.7%), Faradaic efficiency (93.1%), and conversion rate (94.4%). This catalyst provides some theoretical guidance for the development of biomass electrooxidation catalysts for sustainable energy and chemical production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysis Materials Design: Innovations and Applications)

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13 pages, 6776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bimetallic Ir-Sn Non-Carbon Supported Anode Catalysts for PEM Water Electrolysis

by Iveta Boshnakova, Elefteria Lefterova, Galin Borisov, Denis Paskalev and Evelina Slavcheva

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070210 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Nanostructured bimetallic IrSn composites deposited on the natural aluminosilicate montmorillonite were synthesized and evaluated as anode electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs). The test series prepared via the sol–gel method consisted of samples with 30 wt. % total metal content and [...] Read more.

Nanostructured bimetallic IrSn composites deposited on the natural aluminosilicate montmorillonite were synthesized and evaluated as anode electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs). The test series prepared via the sol–gel method consisted of samples with 30 wt. % total metal content and varying Ir:Sn ratio. The performed X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution transmission electron icroscopy registered very fine nanostructure of the composites with metal particles size of 2–3 nm homogeneously dispersed on the support surface and also intercalated in the basal space of its layered structure. The electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and steady-state polarization techniques. The initial screening was performed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Then, the catalysts were integrated as anodes in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and tested in a custom-made PEMEC. The electrochemical tests revealed that the catalysts with Ir:Sn ratio 15:15 and 18:12 wt. % demonstrated high efficiency toward the oxygen evolution reaction during repetitive potential cycling and sustainable performance with current density in the range 140–120 mA cm⁻² at 1.6 V vs. RHE during long-term stability tests. The results obtained give credence to the studied IrSn/MMT nanocomposites to be considered promising, cost-efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysis Materials Design: Innovations and Applications)

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19 pages, 4385 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasma-Assisted Regeneration of Activated Carbon: Current Status and Prospects

by Routong Chen, Jiaxin Meng, Shiyi Tan, Litao Liang, Faxing Wang, He Liu, Cong Guo, Weizhai Bao, Guozhen Zhang and Feng Yu

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070209 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Activated carbon (AC) is widely used in pollution control, but it faces significant challenges in regeneration due to secondary pollution and structural degradation. Traditional methods, such as thermal and chemical regeneration, are energy-intensive and inefficient. Plasma-based regeneration, which includes high-voltage pulsed discharge and [...] Read more.

Activated carbon (AC) is widely used in pollution control, but it faces significant challenges in regeneration due to secondary pollution and structural degradation. Traditional methods, such as thermal and chemical regeneration, are energy-intensive and inefficient. Plasma-based regeneration, which includes high-voltage pulsed discharge and dielectric barrier discharge, provides an effective approach for restoring AC adsorption capacity with minimal environmental impact. While plasma techniques risk damaging AC’s porous structure, recent advances demonstrate their potential for efficient regeneration at lower energy costs. This review examines plasma-driven regeneration processes, focusing on optimizing reactivity control to maintain AC structural integrity while achieving high regeneration performance. The analysis highlights key mechanisms and operational parameters that influence plasma regeneration efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Properties of SnS/TiO₂ Heterostructure Thin Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Method

by Yaoxin Ding, Jiahao Leng, Mingyang Zhang and Jie Shen

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070208 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Tin(II) sulfide(SnS)/titanium(IV) oxide (TiO₂) heterostructure thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering to investigate the enhancement effect of the formed heterojunction on the photocatalytic performance. By adjusting the sputtering time to vary the thickness of the SnS layer, the crystallinity [...] Read more.

Tin(II) sulfide(SnS)/titanium(IV) oxide (TiO₂) heterostructure thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering to investigate the enhancement effect of the formed heterojunction on the photocatalytic performance. By adjusting the sputtering time to vary the thickness of the SnS layer, the crystallinity and light-absorption properties of the light-absorbing layer and the quality of the heterojunction interface were effectively controlled, thereby optimizing the fabrication process of the heterojunction. It was found that when the SnS layer thickness was 244 nm and the TiO₂ layer thickness was 225 nm, the heterostructure film exhibited optimal photoelectrochemical performance, generating the highest photocurrent of 3.03 µA/cm² under visible light, which was 13.8 times that of a pure TiO₂ film and 2.4 times that of a pure SnS film of the same thickness. Additionally, it demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency for methylene blue dye. The improved photoelectrochemical performance of the SnS/TiO₂ heterostructure film can be primarily attributed to the following: (1) the incorporation of narrow-bandgap SnS effectively broadens the light-absorption range, improving visible-light harvesting; (2) the staggered band alignment between SnS and TiO₂ forms a type-II heterojunction, significantly enhancing the charge carrier separation and transport efficiency. The present work demonstrated the feasibility of magnetron sputtering for constructing high-quality SnS/TiO₂ heterostructures, providing insights into the design and fabrication of photocatalytic heterojunctions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)

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9 pages, 3386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reversible Sodium Storage of CoTe₂ Anode via Lanthanum Doping

by Haonan Xie, Xiaolin Xie, Taijiao Guo and Ting Deng

Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060207 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cobalt telluride (CoTe₂) is considered an advanced anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and high conductivity. Nevertheless, the ionic radius of the Co²⁺ ion (0.74 Å) is smaller than that of the Na⁺ [...] Read more.

Cobalt telluride (CoTe₂) is considered an advanced anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and high conductivity. Nevertheless, the ionic radius of the Co²⁺ ion (0.74 Å) is smaller than that of the Na⁺ ion, meaning the integrity of CoTe₂ electrodes can be easily damaged when Na⁺ ions diffuse into CoTe₂ and convert to large Na₂Te. Herein, we propose a doping strategy by introducing an unreactive element but with a large radius to enhance the overall performance. Lanthanum (La) can be doped into the CoTe₂ structure to counteract the size effect of Na₂Te since La has a large radius. On the other hand, La with abundant electrons in CoTe₂ can also facilitate the charge transfer during charge/discharge. As a result, La-doped CoTe₂ (La-CoTe₂) can deliver a maximum capacity of 345 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹ and has a decent rate performance. After 2000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹, a capacity of 88 mAh g⁻¹ remained, which is a notable improvement compared to undoped CoTe₂. These results demonstrate the potential of rare earth elements in preparing advanced SIB electrode materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Electrode Chemistry for Next-Generation Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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9 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Arginine Side Chains on the Mechanism of Polycondensation of Silicic Acid in Bioinspired Mineralization

by Jose Lanuza and Enrico Ravera

Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060206 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

The polycondensation of silica from soluble silicic acid is at the basis of several chemical processes. The usual industrial route requires harsh pH conditions and high concentrations of the precursor molecules, not to mention a thermal treatment for obtaining condensed structures. On the [...] Read more.

The polycondensation of silica from soluble silicic acid is at the basis of several chemical processes. The usual industrial route requires harsh pH conditions and high concentrations of the precursor molecules, not to mention a thermal treatment for obtaining condensed structures. On the other hand, biological organisms can promote the precipitation of silica under physiological conditions, including temperature and pH, and low concentrations of precursors. The key to this process is the use of polycationic molecules. Despite the relevance of these processes in modern industrial inorganic chemistry, this fascinating process is still not completely understood. Recent studies converge in pointing out that the role of the polycation is to create supersaturation of silicic acid in its immediate proximity, which would explain the impact of the polycation on the reaction rates. However, it remains unclear whether these polycations also directly influence the reaction mechanism at a molecular level. In this manuscript, we address this question by analyzing the reaction pathway of silicic acid dimerization in the presence of guanidinium as a mimic of the arginine side chain, through DFT calculations. We found that the impact on the reaction pathway is minimal, which strengthens the hypothesis of the local supersaturation driven by the polycationic molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Italy)

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19 pages, 8776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Bi Content in Nanostructured Pd-Bi Catalysts Used for Selective Oxidation of Glucose: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Properties

by Mariya P. Shcherbakova-Sandu, Semyon A. Gulevich, Eugene P. Meshcheryakov, Kseniya I. Kazantseva, Aleksandr V. Chernyavskii, Alexey N. Pestryakov, Ajay K. Kushwaha, Ritunesh Kumar, Akshay K. Sonwane, Sonali Samal and Irina A. Kurzina

Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060205 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

This work is devoted to the study of the effect of small Bi additives on the functional properties of Pdx:Bi/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. The catalysts obtained by the joint impregnation method were characterized [...] Read more.

This work is devoted to the study of the effect of small Bi additives on the functional properties of Pdx:Bi/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. The catalysts obtained by the joint impregnation method were characterized (TEM) by high dispersion of bimetallic nanoparticles with a median diameter of 4–5 nm. The structure of the Pd-Bi solid solution was confirmed via XPS and showed a change in the valence state of Pd and Bi depending on the Bi content, as well as the fraction of the oxidized state of Bi. TPR-H₂ revealed various forms of Pd, including PdO and mixed Pd-O-Bi structures. The Pd10:Bi1/Al₂O₃ catalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency (77.2% glucose conversion, 96% sodium gluconate selectivity), which is due to the optimal ratio between Pd and Bi, ensuring the stabilization of metallic Pd and preventing its oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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17 pages, 3400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects

by Zübeyda Akın-Polat, Neslihan Şahin, Shaima Hkiri, Bui Minh Thu Ly, İsmail Özdemir and David Sémeril

Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060204 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

The synthesis of a series of six chloro[N-alkyl-N-cinnamyl-benzimidazol-2-yliden]silver(I) complexes was successfully achieved, wherein allyl (3a), methoxymethyl (3b), benzyl (3c), 3-fluorobenzyl (3d), 4-fluorobenzyl (3e) and 4-methyl-benzyl (3f) substituents [...] Read more.

The synthesis of a series of six chloro[N-alkyl-N-cinnamyl-benzimidazol-2-yliden]silver(I) complexes was successfully achieved, wherein allyl (3a), methoxymethyl (3b), benzyl (3c), 3-fluorobenzyl (3d), 4-fluorobenzyl (3e) and 4-methyl-benzyl (3f) substituents were grafted on the benzimidazole ring. The isolated silver N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were identified by microanalyses and mass spectrometry and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Conclusive evidence for the structures of complexes 3c and 3d was provided by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The in vitro inhibitory activity of the six Ag-NHC complexes was tested against trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii strain and the efficacy sequence is as follows: 3d > 3c > 3f > 3a > 3b > 3e. At a concentration of 100 µM in complexes 3c, 3d and 3f and after 72 h of incubation, 5.3, 3.2 and 6.3% A. castellanii trophozoite viabilities were observed, respectively. The utilization of elevated silver(I) drug concentrations, 1000 µM, resulted in the near-total eradication of pathogenic protozoa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Structure and Biological Evaluation)

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