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Inorganics

Inorganics is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on inorganic chemistry, published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear) / CiteScore - Q2 (Inorganic Chemistry)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 12.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2026).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our authors say about Inorganics.
Journal Cluster of Chemical Reactions and Catalysis: Catalysts, Chemistry, Electrochem, Inorganics, Molecules, Organics, Oxygen, Photochem, Reactions, Sustainable Chemistry and Molbank.

Impact Factor: 3.4 (2025); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.2 (2025)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2304-6740

Latest Articles

19 pages, 2521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Carbonate Thermochemical Activation of Nepheline–Red Mud Mixtures Using Response Surface Methodology

by Nazym Akhmadiyeva, Yerkezhan Abikak, Rinat Abdulvaliyev, Tangsholpan Sagyntayeva, Nurila Burabayeva, Valeriy Pozmogov, Axaule Mamaeva and Nurzhan Orakbay

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080222 - 21 Aug 2026

Carbonate thermochemical activation is a promising approach for modifying the mineralogical structure of nepheline–red mud mixtures prior to subsequent alkaline processing. However, quantitative statistical relationships between activation parameters and phase transformation remain insufficiently explored. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with [...] Read more.

Carbonate thermochemical activation is a promising approach for modifying the mineralogical structure of nepheline–red mud mixtures prior to subsequent alkaline processing. However, quantitative statistical relationships between activation parameters and phase transformation remain insufficiently explored. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with a Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to develop and experimentally validate a quadratic regression model describing the influence of activation temperature, activation time, and NaHCO₃ concentration on cancrinite formation. Quantitatively determined cancrinite content obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis was selected as the mineralogical response variable, enabling direct statistical evaluation of cancrinite-forming transformation. The developed quadratic model was statistically significant (F = 21.24, p < 0.0001) and explained 95.5% of the variability in the measured response (R² = 0.9550). Activation time exerted the strongest statistical influence on cancrinite formation, while activation temperature and NaHCO₃ concentration also showed statistically significant effects; the investigated interaction terms were not statistically significant. Numerical optimization identified a favorable region for cancrinite formation, with a predicted maximum response of 22.75 wt.%. Three independent validation experiments performed at practically selected operating conditions of 260 °C, 4 h, and 110 g/L NaHCO₃ yielded an average cancrinite content of 20.0 ± 1.0 wt.%. The principal novelty of the study lies in the use of quantitatively determined cancrinite content as the response variable in RSM, providing a direct statistical description of mineralogical transformation rather than optimization based solely on conventional technological responses. The developed model provides a quantitative framework for evaluating factor effects and identifying favorable activation conditions within the investigated experimental domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 1061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solution and Solid-State Characterization of Donor-Free Alkali Metal Salts of Iminoenamide Ligands

by Thomas C. Jack, Bence Szabó, Stephen Henderson, Georgina M. Rosair and Stephen M. Mansell

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080221 - 21 Aug 2026

Monoanionic [N,N] donor ligands, typified by the delocalized β-1,3-diketiminates, are important ligands for stabilizing metal complexes from across the periodic table. In contrast, non-delocalized iminoenamides maintain asymmetric donor atoms. We report the synthesis and structures of alkali metal salts [...] Read more.

Monoanionic [N,N] donor ligands, typified by the delocalized β-1,3-diketiminates, are important ligands for stabilizing metal complexes from across the periodic table. In contrast, non-delocalized iminoenamides maintain asymmetric donor atoms. We report the synthesis and structures of alkali metal salts of three iminoenamines: 2-(arylamido)-5-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-arylimine (aryl = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Dipp) and 2-(arylamido)-cyclohex-2-en-1-arylimine (aryl = mesityl, Mes, or Dipp). The successful deprotonation of all proligands was achieved when non-nucleophilic benzyl or tetramethylpiperidide bases were used. The mesityl-substituted proligand reacted with nBuLi or PhLi via deprotonation to give the desired lithium iminoenamide salt, whereas the Dipp-substituted proligands underwent nucleophilic addition. X-ray diffraction revealed dimeric structures through [N,N] coordination and through η⁶-arene interactions to a neighboring aryl group. However, a coordination polymer was formed for the potassium salt of the iminoenamide featuring N-Dipp substituents and a cyclohexene backbone because, unlike the methylcyclopentene backbone ligand, it does not feature a methyl group blocking this side of the enamide N-Dipp ring. The potassium salt of the N-mesityl ligand revealed coordination through only the N-atoms. DOSY NMR revealed a mixture of aggregation states in benzene solution, including monomers, benzene-coordinated monomers, and the presence of monomer/dimer equilibria. Sterically bulkier Dipp groups were more likely to lead to monomeric structures in solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 6223 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Site-Selective Coordination Controls Chirality Transfer in an Atomically Precise Au₈ Cluster

by Biao Yang and Xi Deng

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080220 - 21 Aug 2026

Atomically precise metal clusters possess multiple inequivalent coordination sites, enabling site-selective ligand coordination to regulate their structures and chiroptical properties. However, the impact of coordination site on chirality transfer remains poorly understood. Herein, we report the selective functionalization of an Au₈ cluster [...] Read more.

Atomically precise metal clusters possess multiple inequivalent coordination sites, enabling site-selective ligand coordination to regulate their structures and chiroptical properties. However, the impact of coordination site on chirality transfer remains poorly understood. Herein, we report the selective functionalization of an Au₈ cluster by installing chiral ligands at two distinct coordination sites, generating two chiral clusters. Coordination of chiral bidentate phosphine ligands at the core-Au sites dramatically enhances the chiroptical response, whereas functionalization of the exo-Au sites with chiral alkynyl ligands produces only a weak effect. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations show that the core-Au coordinated chiral phosphine ligands induce more pronounced distortion of the Au₈ framework than the exo-coordinated alkynyl ligands, thus enhancing the intensity of electronic circular dichroism transitions. This work highlights that the coordination site is a key factor in chirality transfer and chiroptical activity in atomically precise metal clusters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Properties of Atomically Precise Metal Clusters)

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15 pages, 2190 KB

Open AccessReview

Interface-Driven Carbon–Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Lipid Feedstocks: Acid–Base Chemistry, Mass-Transfer Control, Heterogeneity, and Stability

by Stefano Bellucci

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080219 - 20 Aug 2026

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils, non-edible oils and other low-grade lipid feedstocks is constrained by free fatty acids, water, salts, oxidation products, and the poor miscibility of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols. Carbon–inorganic hybrid catalysts are attractive because the inorganic phase can provide [...] Read more.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils, non-edible oils and other low-grade lipid feedstocks is constrained by free fatty acids, water, salts, oxidation products, and the poor miscibility of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols. Carbon–inorganic hybrid catalysts are attractive because the inorganic phase can provide strong acid or base sites, while the carbon phase can alter dispersion, wettability, pore accessibility, microenvironment polarity, leaching, and recovery. Yet the term hybrid is often applied to materials for which the carbon component has not been shown to affect catalysis. This critical review therefore focuses on one defined reaction scenario: esterification and transesterification for biodiesel production from low-grade lipid feedstocks. The discussion is organized by the catalytic problem rather than by an unrestricted catalogue of materials. Carbon-supported CaO and MgO, carbon-coupled layered-double-hydroxide-derived mixed oxides, sulfonated carbon–inorganic acids, bifunctional acid–base systems, magnetically recoverable ferrite/carbon catalysts, and graphenic supports are compared through structure–activity relationships, reaction conditions, feedstock quality, FAME yield, heterogeneity, reusability, and post-reaction evidence. Particular attention is given to the distinction between a true interfacial effect and activity caused by leached Ca, K, Na or sulfonic species. A minimum evidence hierarchy is proposed, requiring carbon-only, inorganic-only, and physical-mixture controls, hot-filtration tests, elemental analysis of the liquid phase, recovered-mass accounting, and post-reaction structural characterization. The literature shows that high first-cycle yield is common, whereas water tolerance, low leaching, retained active-site density, and continuous operation remain uncommon. The most defensible future direction is therefore not greater compositional complexity, but simpler hybrid architectures designed around a specific failure mode and validated under realistic feedstock and reactor conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites and Hybrid Materials)

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16 pages, 2094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Iron Bisdicyanamide (Fe[N(CN)₂]₂) and Iron Diammin Bisdicyanamide (Fe[NH₃]₂[N(CN)₂]₂)

by Laura Henrich, Aylin Koldemir, Jan Hempelmann, Jan van Leusen, Rainer Pöttgen, Andreas Houben, Richard Dronskowski and Egbert Figgemeier

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080218 - 20 Aug 2026

The phase-pure syntheses of Fe(dca)₂ and Fe(dca)₂(NH₃)₂ have enabled comprehensive investigation of their structural and magnetic properties. Fe(dca)₂ crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm, with Fe²⁺ ions octahedrally coordinated by six dca ligands, [...] Read more.

The phase-pure syntheses of Fe(dca)₂ and Fe(dca)₂(NH₃)₂ have enabled comprehensive investigation of their structural and magnetic properties. Fe(dca)₂ crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm, with Fe²⁺ ions octahedrally coordinated by six dca ligands, forming a rutile-like 3D network. Temperature-dependent structural analysis reveals minor distortions and a slight unit cell volume contraction (~2.5 Å³) from 300 K to 25 K. Fe(dca)₂(NH₃)₂ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c, featuring two axial ammonia ligands and dca-bridged Fe²⁺ ions forming layers. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of Fe(dca)₂ reveal a ferrimagnetic transition at T_C = 19.1 K, confirmed by SQUID data, Mößbauer spectroscopic measurements and low-temperature neutron diffraction. A magnetic hysteresis at 5 K indicates long-range cooperative magnetic ordering. ATR-IR spectroscopic measurements support the structural models and confirm the chemical composition of both compounds. TGA shows the thermal decomposition of Fe(dca)₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry 2026)

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18 pages, 5783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Properties of Upconversion Phosphors Based on Double Molybdates of Rare-Earth Elements

by Victor V. Maltsev, Elena A. Volkova, Elizaveta V. Koporulina, Konstantin N. Gorbachenya, Anatol S. Yasukevich, Viktor E. Kisel, Anna I. Jiliaeva, Farrukh K. Sherov and Andrey P. Averin

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080217 - 17 Aug 2026

A series of upconversion phosphors M⁺(Yb_0.99Tm_0.005Ho_0.005)(MoO₄)₂ (M⁺ = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) was synthesized by solid-state method. PXRD analysis revealed a clear correlation between the alkali cation radius and [...] Read more.

A series of upconversion phosphors M⁺(Yb_0.99Tm_0.005Ho_0.005)(MoO₄)₂ (M⁺ = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) was synthesized by solid-state method. PXRD analysis revealed a clear correlation between the alkali cation radius and the structural type: Li and Na compounds adopt tetragonal scheelite-type structures, while K and Cs crystallize in orthorhombic modifications. For Rb, the predominant phase is Rb-rich Rb₅Yb(MoO₄)₄. DSC revealed distinct thermal behavior: Li and Na molybdates melt congruently, while K, Rb, and Cs compounds show polymorphism preceding melting. Under 980 nm excitation, all samples exhibit characteristic Tm³⁺ and Ho³⁺ upconversion emission. The relative emission intensities vary with the structural type, resulting in different CIE color coordinates. This systematic study establishes the structure–property relationship in double molybdate phosphors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry)

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20 pages, 14958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Activities and Host-Response Insights of Ocimum basilicum Flower-Derived Silver Nanoparticles

by Abeer M. Al-Dbass, Sooad Al-Daihan, Mona Shujaa Alharbi and Ramesa Shafi Bhat

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080216 - 17 Aug 2026

Antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional antimicrobial therapies have intensified the search for multifunctional nanoscale agents. Plant flowers are effective and sustainable biological materials for the eco-friendly synthesis of stable nanoparticles. In this study, Ocimum basilicum flower (OBF) extracts were used for [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional antimicrobial therapies have intensified the search for multifunctional nanoscale agents. Plant flowers are effective and sustainable biological materials for the eco-friendly synthesis of stable nanoparticles. In this study, Ocimum basilicum flower (OBF) extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (OBF-AgNPs) and evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Characterization by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta-potential analysis revealed an absorption maximum at 440 nm and predominantly spherical particles measuring 5–38 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter was 53.84 nm, with a PDI of 0.4123 and a zeta potential of −23.47 mV. OBF-AgNPs showed greater antimicrobial activity than the crude extract and AgNO₃, with MIC and MBC values of 97–194 and 388–776 µg/mL, respectively. Biofilm formation was inhibited against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. tropicalis in a concentration-dependent manner. Eight GC–MS-identified phytochemicals were separately examined through network pharmacology. Of 124 predicted targets, 34 overlapped with microbial-infection-related genes, and enrichment analysis highlighted inflammatory and immune-response pathways. Molecular docking against the network-derived host-target PTGS2 showed moderate predicted interactions compared with reference inhibitors, with τ-cadinol showing the lowest docking score of −7.7 kcal/mol among the tested phytochemicals. Overall, the synthesized OBF-AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The in silico analyses independently identified host-response-related computational insights from GC–MS-identified flower constituents. Full article

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27 pages, 17139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Response of a Multiferroic Composite Semiconductor Fiber Under a Local Magnetic Field and a Local Temperature Change

by Chengcheng Liu, Suxiang Zhang, Yong Fang and Hongfang He

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080215 - 16 Aug 2026

Multiferroic composite semiconductor fibers enable non-contact magnetic control but may also operate under spatially nonuniform thermal conditions. This study develops a one-dimensional analytical model for a symmetric CoFe₂O₄/ZnO/CoFe₂O₄ fiber subjected to local magnetic and temperature fields [...] Read more.

Multiferroic composite semiconductor fibers enable non-contact magnetic control but may also operate under spatially nonuniform thermal conditions. This study develops a one-dimensional analytical model for a symmetric CoFe₂O₄/ZnO/CoFe₂O₄ fiber subjected to local magnetic and temperature fields with independently prescribed widths. The model combines piezomagnetic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, thermoelastic, and semiconductor effects and provides closed-form solutions for the electric potential, electric field, polarization, and electron concentration perturbation. Local magnetic and thermal inputs generate localized potential barriers and wells through distinct pathways. Where the excitation regions overlap, their contributions may reinforce, compete with, or partially cancel each other. The initial electron concentration affects the carrier-screening strength and spatial localization of the electrical response, whereas the layer-thickness ratio influences the competition between piezomagnetic actuation and piezoelectric conversion. An independent finite-element calculation closely reproduces the analytical potential distribution for the baseline case. This study clarifies the interaction between the magnetic and thermal contributions to open-circuit carrier redistribution and provides a field-distribution baseline for future biased, contact-resolved transport analyses of multiferroic micro- and nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 4th Edition)

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41 pages, 5906 KB

Open AccessReview

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Nobel Prize Materials: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Structure, Luminescent Properties and Applications in Sensing, Water Treatment, Hydrogen Storage

by Dragana Marinković, Giancarlo C. Righini and Maurizio Ferrari

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080214 - 16 Aug 2026

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have undergone remarkable development in recent decades, transforming them into one of the most dynamic classes of emerging composite materials. These crystalline, porous coordination networks, built from metal ions or metal clusters interconnected by organic linkers, form architectures with tunable [...] Read more.

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have undergone remarkable development in recent decades, transforming them into one of the most dynamic classes of emerging composite materials. These crystalline, porous coordination networks, built from metal ions or metal clusters interconnected by organic linkers, form architectures with tunable porosity, large specific surface area, and chemical functionality. Due to their remarkable stability and customizable functionalities, MOFs have attracted significant attention in recent years as promising materials for different applications. In 2025, Susumu Kitagawa, Omar Yaghi, and Richard Robson were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the development of MOF crystalline materials with spacious internal cavities that can store, filter or catalyze molecules. This review systematically consolidates the recent literature (since 2020) on MOF-based systems, covering state-of-the-art performance, synthesis advantages and limitations, and the influence of reaction parameters on morphology, structure, and luminescent properties. The rapid yearly increase in MOF-related publications, continuing strongly into 2026, reflects the growing global interest and highlights the rising importance of their design and applications. This trend motivates the central focus of this paper, which, in a single work, emphasizes the integrated use of MOFs in luminescent sensing, biosensing, the removal of heavy metals, microplastics, and organic dyes in water treatment, and hydrogen storage. Finally, the challenges, conclusions and future perspectives of MOF-based materials will be highlighted with the aim of providing guidelines for their further development and additional applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2026)

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17 pages, 2024 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Optical, Morphological and Structural Properties of SiPc and AlPc Thin Films Prepared by CSS Technique

by Vadim Morari, Radu Tigoianu, Daniel Timpu, Carmen Gherasim, Victor Suman, Lidia Ghimpu, Ion Lungu, Elena Laura Ursu, Florica Doroftei and Anton Airinei

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080213 - 13 Aug 2026

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the structural, morphological, and optical properties of aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) and silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) thin films prepared by the close space sublimation (CSS) method, deposited at different evaporator temperatures of 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the structural, morphological, and optical properties of aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) and silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) thin films prepared by the close space sublimation (CSS) method, deposited at different evaporator temperatures of 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C, including heterostructures incorporating an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a clear temperature-dependent evolution of surface morphology, with both materials transitioning from isolated crystallites to dense, highly crystalline films. SiPc exhibited higher nucleation density and earlier film densification, while AlPc showed more pronounced grain growth at elevated temperatures, accompanied by crack formation due to internal stress. Optical absorption spectra indicated a red shift in absorption maxima with increasing deposition temperature, associated with improved crystallinity and reduced defect density. The presence of ITO significantly modified the optical response, introducing additional absorption features in the near-infrared region due to interference effects and free-carrier contributions. Fluorescence measurements revealed enhanced emission intensity with increasing temperature for AlPc, while SiPc showed weaker emission overall. The incorporation of ITO led to substantial fluorescence enhancement and the appearance of additional near-infrared emission bands, highlighting the importance of interface engineering. Transmittance spectra demonstrated that ITO-based heterostructures provide a balance between transparency and absorption, with selective attenuation in the 600–800 nm range, enabling band-stop filter behavior. Raman analysis revealed opposite temperature-dependent trends: increasing structural order in AlPc and gradual disorder in SiPc. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature of both materials, showing temperature-induced improvements in crystallinity and crystallite size, as well as distinct differences in molecular packing and preferred orientation. These results demonstrate the potential of AlPc and SiPc thin films as functional optical materials with tunable structural and optical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Inorganic Coatings and Thin Films)

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26 pages, 5637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two Similar Uranyl Complexes with a “Salen-Type” Schiff Base as Ligand and Different Coordinated Solvents: Synthetic, Structural, Spectroscopic and Physical Properties

by Ioanna Th. Papageorgiou, Sotiris G. Skiadas, Anastasios J. Tasiopoulos, Constantina Papatriantafyllopoulou, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Constantinos G. Efthymiou, Sokratis T. Tsantis and Spyros P. Perlepes

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080212 - 13 Aug 2026

The coordination chemistry of “salen-type” Schiff bases with the uranyl ion, trans-{U^VIO₂}²⁺, attracts the interest of several inorganic chemistry groups worldwide for a variety of reasons. The full synthetic investigation of the {UO₂}²⁺ [...] Read more.

The coordination chemistry of “salen-type” Schiff bases with the uranyl ion, trans-{U^VIO₂}²⁺, attracts the interest of several inorganic chemistry groups worldwide for a variety of reasons. The full synthetic investigation of the {UO₂}²⁺/H₂L reaction system, where H₂L is bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)ethylenediamine, has provided access to complexes [UO₂(L)(EtOH)] (1) and [UO₂(L)(DMF)] (2) in moderate to good yields. The molecular structures of the two complexes are similar. The U^VI atoms are bonded to five oxygen and two nitrogen atoms in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. The two uranyl oxo(or oxido) atoms occupy the axial positions, and the {O=U=O}²⁺ moiety is almost linear. The equatorial donor atoms are the two oxygens and the two nitrogens from the tetradentate chelating (1.1111 using Harris notation) L²⁻ ligand, and the oxygen atom of the coordinated solvent molecule. H-bonded dimers of 1 exist in its crystal structure. The complexes were fully studied in the solid state by IR, Raman, UV/Vis (diffuse reflectance) and emission spectroscopies, and the data are discussed in terms of the known structural data of the complexes and the coordination modes of the ligands. The structures of the complexes persist in solution as evidenced by NMR (¹H, ¹³C{¹H}) and UV/Vis spectroscopies, as well as by molar conductivity data. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit moderate photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of the model organic dye methylene blue under continuous UV irradiation in aqueous media. The reaction kinetics were fitted using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order model. Combined IR and powder X-ray diffraction data show that the photocatalyst 1 remains unchanged after the photocatalytic experiment, whereas 2 undergoes DMF leaching. Based on literature reports, a simplified single-electron transfer mechanism has been proposed for the photocatalytic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Coordination and Organometallic Complexes)

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22 pages, 10397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structured Design of Carbon-Coated Monoliths from Oil Palm Waste for Glucose Conversion into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

by Giovanny Sandoval-Montoya, Ruben Palacio, Diana López, Juan F. Santa, Jennifer Laverde and Robison Buitrago-Sierra

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080211 - 12 Aug 2026

Conventional powdered catalysts for biomass valorization face critical operational limitations regarding recovery and reusability at an industrial scale. To address these challenges, this study developed innovative structured catalysts based on cordierite monoliths coated with carbon derived from oil palm waste, an abundant agricultural [...] Read more.

Conventional powdered catalysts for biomass valorization face critical operational limitations regarding recovery and reusability at an industrial scale. To address these challenges, this study developed innovative structured catalysts based on cordierite monoliths coated with carbon derived from oil palm waste, an abundant agricultural byproduct whose improper disposal poses environmental concerns. The carbonaceous layer was functionalized with sulfonic groups and tin (Sn) species to provide synergistic Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. In addition, colloidal silica was incorporated as a binder, significantly improving coating adhesion and homogeneity. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of sulfonic groups and SnO_x species into the carbonaceous material, leading to dual Brønsted/Lewis acidity, with the B/L ratio increasing from 0.05 in AC to 0.07 in AC20p10Sn. Catalytic evaluation showed that the functionalized monoliths exhibited near 100% of glucose conversion with moderate selectivity towards 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Notably, despite the surface deposition of solid byproducts, the monolithic architecture successfully eliminated complex downstream separation processes. Furthermore, the structured catalyst exhibited excellent stability, maintaining its catalytic performance over five consecutive cycles. This approach provides a sustainable pathway for structured carbon-coated monoliths derived from biomass waste while overcoming the handling bottlenecks of traditional powder systems by improving catalyst recovery, reusability, and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Energy Storage)

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16 pages, 2525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined First-Principles Calculation and Experimental Investigation: Synergistic Modulation of Electronic and Phonon Transport to Enhance Thermoelectric Performance of Ni-Doped ZnO for Intelligent Fabric Defect Detection

by Xuan Hou, Hong Chen, Li Zhao, Dehua Kong, Dengfeng Li, Jie Zhang, Rong Zhang, Bo Feng, Zhiwen Yang, Tongqiang Xiong, Jiang Zhu, Wenhua Dai, Yujie Chen, Yi He, Jiaqi Fan, Xiao Lu, Ziwei Wan and Wenqi Hu

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080210 - 7 Aug 2026

Benefiting from outstanding thermal durability at elevated temperatures and eco-friendly characteristics, oxide-based thermoelectric substances exhibit great application potential in residual heat recycling and intelligent textile defect inspection. Zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits excellent thermal stability but suffers from high lattice thermal conductivity and low [...] Read more.

Benefiting from outstanding thermal durability at elevated temperatures and eco-friendly characteristics, oxide-based thermoelectric substances exhibit great application potential in residual heat recycling and intelligent textile defect inspection. Zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits excellent thermal stability but suffers from high lattice thermal conductivity and low carrier concentration. Herein, we systematically investigate Ni-doped ZnO ceramics. XRD(X-ray diffraction) confirms homogeneous wurtzite solid solutions with lattice contraction following Vegard’s law. Ni doping enhances electrical conductivity from 45.45 to 145.80 S·cm⁻¹ by promoting oxygen vacancy formation, while first-principles calculations reveal a narrowed bandgap. For specimens with x ranging from 0.0040 to 0.0044, the power factor attains approximately 8.0 μW·cm⁻¹·K⁻² at 873 K, representing a 41% enhancement. Meanwhile, intensified phonon scattering leads to an evident suppression of lattice thermal conductivity, which lowers the overall thermal conductivity down to 2.38 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ under 873 K. Benefiting from the above optimizations, the sample delivers a peak thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) value of 0.27 at this temperature, which is 170% greater than that of undoped ZnO. In addition, the Vickers hardness rises from 242.70 HV to 281.45 HV. Such observations verify that nickel doping can successfully decouple charge and heat transport behaviors. This approach provides a feasible route toward developing oxide thermoelectric systems with upgraded thermoelectric performance. Full article

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18 pages, 10224 KB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing Conductive Network Continuity and Out-of-Plane Transport Barrier in PEDOT:PSS/Ga₂O₃ Self-Powered Solar-Blind Photoelectrochemical Photodetectors

by Jintao Xu, Rihui Yao, Haoyan Chen, Dongxiang Luo, Chi Yuan, Haitao Zhu, Xu Zhou, Xiaojie Li, Weiguang Xie, Honglong Ning and Junbiao Peng

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080209 - 6 Aug 2026

To realize self-powered solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors with high stability, high efficiency, and low cost, a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type hybrid UV photodetector was constructed based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/Ga₂O₃ organic–inorganic heterojunction. The PEDOT:PSS layer serves not only as a [...] Read more.

To realize self-powered solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors with high stability, high efficiency, and low cost, a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type hybrid UV photodetector was constructed based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/Ga₂O₃ organic–inorganic heterojunction. The PEDOT:PSS layer serves not only as a p-type hole transport layer but also as an interface modification layer to modulate charge separation and surface recombination in Ga₂O₃. As the spin-coating speed decreases, the PEDOT:PSS film thickness increases monotonically from 33.27 to 44.18 nm. Thicker films develop a more continuous conductive network, which favors hole transport. However, additional insulating PSS lamellae also accumulate in the vertical direction, creating a higher out-of-plane transport barrier that counteracts this improvement. The device with an intermediate film thickness of 36.50 nm achieves the optimal balance between these two competing factors, delivering a responsivity of 20.6 mA/W and a specific detectivity of 1.36 × 10¹⁰ Jones under 267 nm illumination at zero bias, along with a high UV/visible rejection ratio of 3.18 × 10⁵ and fast rise/decay times of 26/10 ms. This work provides a facile interface engineering strategy for low-cost, high-performance self-powered solar-blind UV photodetectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 4th Edition)

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20 pages, 7858 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygen Vacancy and Heteroatom Co-Engineering in WO₃@Mn₂WO₄ Core–Shell Nanostructures for Advanced Tungsten-Based Electrocatalysis

by Ciran Guo, Zhuokun Ge, Zhengxi Zhao, Kangkang Zhao, Haonan Jiang, Hengqi Liu, Shiwei Song, Wei Gao, Yucai Li, Depeng Zhao, Qingzhong Gao, Jian Wang and Lihua Miao

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080208 - 4 Aug 2026

Tungsten-based electrocatalysts are considered promising alternatives to noble metal catalysts for electrochemical water splitting; however, their practical application is severely limited by inherently sluggish reaction kinetics and low density of active sites. In this study, a rationally designed Co-doped WO₃@Mn₂ [...] Read more.

Tungsten-based electrocatalysts are considered promising alternatives to noble metal catalysts for electrochemical water splitting; however, their practical application is severely limited by inherently sluggish reaction kinetics and low density of active sites. In this study, a rationally designed Co-doped WO₃@Mn₂WO₄ core–shell nanostructure with oxygen vacancy modulation (Co-WO₃@Mn₂WO₄-0.6-O_v) was fabricated via a facile hydrothermal synthesis combined with post-treatment using borohydride reduction. By precisely tuning the Co doping concentration (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM), the optimal catalytic performance was identified. Structural characterization confirmed the successful construction of the core–shell heterostructure and the effective modulation of the electronic structure of the W/Mn active sites through Co doping and oxygen vacancy engineering. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the optimized Co-WO₃@Mn₂WO₄-0.6-O_v catalyst exhibits a Tafel slope as low as 53.8 mV dec-1 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acidic condition of 0.5 M H₂SO₄, achieving the best performance among all prepared samples and reflecting significantly accelerated electrocatalytic kinetics. This synergistic strategy combining heteroatom doping and oxygen vacancy engineering is also applicable to overall water splitting, enabling a membrane electrode assembly to achieve excellent long-term stability for over 40 h in both acidic and alkaline media. The enhanced catalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of Co doping, oxygen vacancies, and the core–shell structure, which collectively promote interfacial charge transfer and increase the exposure of active sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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17 pages, 13642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Ru-Doped PtSe₂ Monolayer with Superior Adsorption and Sensing Performance over Au for HCHO, C₆H₆, and Rn Monitoring: A First-Principles Investigation

by Fu Li, Kai Luo, Xin Qin and Hao Cui

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080207 - 4 Aug 2026

The long-term preservation of historical documents in archival environments is critically challenged by the accumulation of hazardous gases—formaldehyde (HCHO), benzene (C₆H₆), and radon (Rn)—which originate from collection materials and pose severe health risks to personnel. In this work, we [...] Read more.

The long-term preservation of historical documents in archival environments is critically challenged by the accumulation of hazardous gases—formaldehyde (HCHO), benzene (C₆H₆), and radon (Rn)—which originate from collection materials and pose severe health risks to personnel. In this work, we systematically investigate, via first-principles theory, the potential of Au- and Ru-doped PtSe₂ monolayers as resistive-type gas sensors for the detection of these pollutants. Atomic-scale substitutional doping at the Se site is modeled to establish the doped PtSe₂ configurations, and the structural stability, electronic properties, adsorption behavior, charge transfer characteristics, and recovery kinetics of the doped systems are comprehensively evaluated and compared. Our findings, through comprehensive comparison, reveal that Ru-PtSe₂ outperforms its Au-doped counterpart across all key performance metrics, positioning it as a promising candidate for hazardous gas monitoring in archival environments. The key innovation of this work lies in the systematic comparative assessment of noble metal dopants on PtSe₂ monolayers, identifying Ru as a superior choice to Au and providing a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance, recyclable 2D material-based gas sensors tailored for cultural heritage preservation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry 2026)

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13 pages, 14206 KB

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Preparation and Characterization of Composite Phase Change Materials Based on Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Silicon Carbide–Carbon Nanotubes

by Song Xin, Yongqi Li, Chao Sun, Xuan Liu, Haopeng Jiang and Shangxiao Liu

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080206 - 4 Aug 2026

A novel composite phase change material (CPCM) was developed by combining carbonized melamine foam (CMF) with chemically bonded silicon carbide–carbon nanotubes (SiC–CNTs) hybrid network. CMF is prepared through the carbonization process, and a graphitized layer is formed on the surface, and a continuous [...] Read more.

A novel composite phase change material (CPCM) was developed by combining carbonized melamine foam (CMF) with chemically bonded silicon carbide–carbon nanotubes (SiC–CNTs) hybrid network. CMF is prepared through the carbonization process, and a graphitized layer is formed on the surface, and a continuous carbon network structure is formed inside. SiC–CNTs form a continuous thermal conduction path through covalent bonding. The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity of the CPCM is increased to 1.2117 W/m·K, which is 4.3 times higher than that of pure paraffin (0.2813 W/m·K), and the latent heat retention rate is 79%. The CPCM exhibits excellent cycle stability, and the ΔH attenuation is less than 5% after 100 cycles. The composite material has excellent thermal properties and structural stability, providing a new and efficient energy storage material choice for the field of thermal management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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27 pages, 5609 KB

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Multifactorial Optimization of Biochar Synthesis from Pea Pods Using the RSM Method: Insights into Process Parameters and Adsorption Capabilities Towards Cr(VI) and CO₂

by Eya Ben Khalifa, Boutheina Rzig, Mariam Fadeke Audu, Angelica Minoia, Federico Cesano, Bechir Hamrouni and Giuliana Magnacca

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080205 - 3 Aug 2026

Biochar synthesis is a complex process influenced by multiple factors and requiring an efficient optimization approach to maximize the yield and its physico-chemical properties. This study employs Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a valuable tool that reduces the number of experiments needed to [...] Read more.

Biochar synthesis is a complex process influenced by multiple factors and requiring an efficient optimization approach to maximize the yield and its physico-chemical properties. This study employs Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a valuable tool that reduces the number of experiments needed to study multiple variables and their interactions based on three responses, including the yield percentage, the BET surface area, and the zeta potential. The Doehlert experimental design was applied to optimize biochar production from peas pods, using three key parameters: the impregnation ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and heating time. This design produced a highly accurate second-order quadratic model for three responses (R² = 0.985, 0.988, and 0.991), identifying significant interactions between the different synthesis parameters (p < 0.001). The experimental results revealed that both the pyrolysis temperature and impregnation ratio positively influenced the surface area of the biochar. In contrast, the heating time had a negative effect on the surface area. Furthermore, the impregnation ratio was found to significantly reduce the carbon yield. Two samples, representing low and high surface areas from the 15 experimental trials of the RSM, were selected for a further evaluation of their adsorption efficiency for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Full article

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17 pages, 3098 KB

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Characterization, Catalytic and Microbial Activities of Sustainable CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles via Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp Extract Assisted by Microwave Hydrothermal Method

by Amel Taha and Norah Alsadun

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080204 - 2 Aug 2026

Novel biogenic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared biologically using Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp Extract, assisted by a microwave heating method. The utilization of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp Extract assisted by microwave heating is considered an eco-friendly method that is [...] Read more.

Novel biogenic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared biologically using Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp Extract, assisted by a microwave heating method. The utilization of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp Extract assisted by microwave heating is considered an eco-friendly method that is environmentally sustainable and inexpensive in terms of energy consumption and large-scale production. Different techniques were used to characterize plant extract-mediated nanoparticles, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis. The XRD analysis revealed single-phase crystalline structures with a mean size of 31.5 nm. In SEM and TEM studies, the nanoparticles took different morphologies, such as regular and spherical shapes. The bio-synthesized nanoparticles showed high removal efficiency as adsorbent components in MO removal, for example, of organic dye. The influences of different factors on the adsorption process, such as MO concentration, solution pH, and doses used, were tested based on the amount of adsorbent used. The kinetic and isotherm study results revealed that pseudo-second-order kinetics models and the Freundlich sorption isotherm model fit the adsorption process of MO on nano adsorbents well. Additionally, the antimicrobial assessment of CoFe₂O₄ NPs was tested against five species of human pathogenic bacteria, as well as one fungal species. The results show that CoFe₂O₄ NPs exhibit higher inhibition activity against the examined microorganisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Metal Catalysis for Green Chemical Transformations)

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17 pages, 18949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Portable Electrochemical Sensor Using PtCu/Mo₂C for the Determination of NO₂⁻ in Food Samples

by Jingxian Gongye, Jian Hou, Guohao Yin, Minbo Lan and Hongli Zhao

Inorganics 2026, 14(8), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14080203 - 30 Jul 2026

Nitrite (NO₂⁻), a widely used food additive, may pose health risks when consumed in excess, making the development of highly sensitive, rapid, and portable detection methods of great importance. Electrochemical methods have been widely applied to NO₂⁻ detection [...] Read more.

Nitrite (NO₂⁻), a widely used food additive, may pose health risks when consumed in excess, making the development of highly sensitive, rapid, and portable detection methods of great importance. Electrochemical methods have been widely applied to NO₂⁻ detection because of their simplicity, low cost, and fast response. In this work, based upon a portable potentiostat (xenSTAT), a NO₂⁻ electrochemical sensor has been successfully developed and combined with the modification of PtCu nanospheres on flower-like Mo₂C (denoted as PtCu/Mo₂C) on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Owing to the excellent electrochemical activity and catalytic capability of PtCu/Mo₂C, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibited a wide linear range (10–1000 µM), high sensitivity (0.0229 µA µM⁻¹) and a low detection limit (0.98 µM). Moreover, the sensor was successfully applied for detecting nitrites in sausages and milk, showing also good recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites and Hybrid Materials)

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