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Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2017) | Viewed by 219074

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Special Issue Editor

University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
Interests: inflammatory and infectious diseases; nutrients; antioxidants; reactive oxygen radical; gastrointestinal inflammation; inflammatory bowel disease; microbial; parasitic and fungal infectious diseases; hepatic; pancreatic complication; models of infections and inflammation; nutraceutical and therapeutic discoveries
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Foodborne disease like salmonellosis and toxoplasmosis are amongst the most important cause of hospitalization in the U.S. and globally. Gastrointestinal infections alter gut microbiomes and increase permeability to toxins. Various invasions by microbial, fungal, viral and parasitic agents stimulate inflammation, a defensive mechanism of the body’s immune system. Other stimuli include environmental, oxidative stress, aging and the physiological process. Long-lasting persistent and excessive inflammatory response is a significant risk factor for developing various chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Different nutritional and dietary life styles, whether poor or lacking essential nutritional elements, as well as excess intake, can result in inflammatory complications and loss of function. Nutritional deficiency is linked with several infectious and inflammatory diseases as a cause or consequence. For instance, protein deficiency was reported in orphanages to provoke microbial and fungal complications including Pneumocystis pneumonia. Similarly, protein deficiency is a tell-tale sign for several parasitic diseases. Studies indicate nutrients, such as amino acids, oligosaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids exert inhibitory and anti-inflammatory functions. These investigations help to understand nutritional contributions in the prevention, treatment and to tame certain inflammatory and infectious diseases. Infectious and inflammatory complications go hand-in-hand with malnutrition.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish related new basic and translational findings and clinical trials in this area. Other investigations or review articles are sought to link infectious and inflammatory diseases with nutrients. In addition, novel diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic modalities are welcomed to aid the development of nutritional strategies for the treatment and/or prevention of inflammation and infection. Original reviews will be of particular interest to advance our understanding in signaling pathways, molecular and biochemical mechanisms behind the effects of nutrients on inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Dr. Helieh S. Oz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • nutrients
  • infection
  • inflammation
  • infectious diseases

Published Papers (26 papers)

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Editorial

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Editorial
Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
by Helieh S. Oz
Nutrients 2017, 9(10), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101085 - 30 Sep 2017
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6735
Abstract
A balanced diet with sufficient essential nutritional elements is critical for maintaining a healthy body.[...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)

Research

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Article
The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) In Vitro and In Vivo
by Irene Paterniti, Daniela Impellizzeri, Marika Cordaro, Rosalba Siracusa, Carlo Bisignano, Enrico Gugliandolo, Arianna Carughi, Emanuela Esposito, Giuseppina Mandalari and Salvatore Cuzzocrea
Nutrients 2017, 9(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080915 - 22 Aug 2017
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 8110
Abstract
Several reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of pistachio against oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we investigate if polyphenols extracts from natural raw shelled pistachios (NP) or roasted salted pistachio (RP) kernels have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties at lower doses than reported [...] Read more.
Several reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of pistachio against oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we investigate if polyphenols extracts from natural raw shelled pistachios (NP) or roasted salted pistachio (RP) kernels have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties at lower doses than reported previously, in both in vitro and in vivo models. The monocyte/macrophage cell line J774 was used to assess the extent of protection by NP and RP pistachios against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Moreover, antioxidant activity of NP and RP was assessed in an in vivo model of paw edema in rats induced by carrageenan (CAR) injection in the paw. Results from the in vitro study demonstrated that pre-treatment with NP (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL) and RP (0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL) exerted a significant protection against LPS induced inflammation. Western blot analysis showed NP reduced the degradation of IκB-α, although not significantly, whereas both NP and RP decreased the TNF-α and IL-1β production in a dose-dependent way. A significant reduction of CAR-induced histological paw damage, neutrophil infiltration and nitrotyrosine formation was observed in the rats treated with NP. These data demonstrated that, at lower doses, polyphenols present in pistachios possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This may contribute toward a better understanding of the beneficial health effects associated with consumption of pistachios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Induced Aberrant Organisms with Novel Ability to Protect Intestinal Integrity from Inflammation in an Animal Model
by Helieh S. Oz
Nutrients 2017, 9(8), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080864 - 11 Aug 2017
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3754
Abstract
Robust and balanced gut microbiota are required to support health and growth. Overgrowth of gut microbial or pathogens can change ecosystem balance, and compromise gut integrity to initiate gastrointestinal (GI) complications. There is no safe and effective modality against coccidiosis. Antibiotic additives routinely [...] Read more.
Robust and balanced gut microbiota are required to support health and growth. Overgrowth of gut microbial or pathogens can change ecosystem balance, and compromise gut integrity to initiate gastrointestinal (GI) complications. There is no safe and effective modality against coccidiosis. Antibiotic additives routinely fed to food animals to protect against infection, are entered into the food chain, contaminate food products and pass to the consumers. Hypothesis: induced aberrant organisms possess distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated by immunodeficient-animals yet are non-pathogenic, but immunogenic in various strains of chicks to act as a preventive (vaccine) and eliminating the needs for antibiotic additives. Methods: cyclophosphamide-immunodeficient and immune-intact-chicks were inoculated with induced aberrant or normal Coccidal-organisms. Immune-intact-chicks were immunized with escalating-doses of organisms. Results: Aberrant organisms showed distinct ultrastructure with 8-free-sporozoites which lacked sporocysts walls and veils. Immunodeficient-chicks inoculated with normal-organisms developed severe GI complications but tolerated aberrant-organisms (p < 0.001) while they had no detectable antibodies. Naïve-animals challenged with a pathogenic-dose showed GI complications, bloody diarrhea, severe lesions and weight loss. Immune-intact-animals immunized with aberrant forms were protected against high dose normal-pathogenic-challenge infection and gained more weight compared to those immunized with normal-organisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Aberrant organisms possess a distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated in immunodeficient-chicks, yet provide novel immune-protection against pathogenic challenges including diarrhea, malnutrition and weight loss in immune-intact-animals to warrant further investigations toward vaccine production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Secretory Leukoprotease Inhibitor (Slpi) Expression Is Required for Educating Murine Dendritic Cells Inflammatory Response Following Quercetin Exposure
by Stefania De Santis, Vanessa Galleggiante, Letizia Scandiffio, Marina Liso, Eduardo Sommella, Anastasia Sobolewski, Vito Spilotro, Aldo Pinto, Pietro Campiglia, Grazia Serino, Angelo Santino, Maria Notarnicola and Marcello Chieppa
Nutrients 2017, 9(7), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070706 - 06 Jul 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5443
Abstract
Dendritic cells’ (DCs) ability to present antigens and initiate the adaptive immune response confers them a pivotal role in immunological defense against hostile infection and, at the same time, immunological tolerance towards harmless components of the microbiota. Food products can modulate the inflammatory [...] Read more.
Dendritic cells’ (DCs) ability to present antigens and initiate the adaptive immune response confers them a pivotal role in immunological defense against hostile infection and, at the same time, immunological tolerance towards harmless components of the microbiota. Food products can modulate the inflammatory status of intestinal DCs. Among nutritionally-derived products, we investigated the ability of quercetin to suppress inflammatory cytokines secretion, antigen presentation, and DCs migration towards the draining lymph nodes. We recently identified the Slpi expression as a crucial checkpoint required for the quercetin-induced inflammatory suppression. Here we demonstrate that Slpi-KO DCs secrete a unique panel of cytokines and chemokines following quercetin exposure. In vivo, quercetin-enriched food is able to induce Slpi expression in the ileum, while little effects are detectable in the duodenum. Furthermore, Slpi expressing cells are more frequent at the tip compared to the base of the intestinal villi, suggesting that quercetin exposure could be more efficient for DCs projecting periscopes in the intestinal lumen. These data suggest that quercetin-enriched nutritional regimes may be efficient for suppressing inflammatory syndromes affecting the ileo-colonic tract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
The Evolving Interplay among Abundant Adipokines in Patients with Hepatitis C during Viral Clearance
by Ming-Ling Chang, Tsung-Hsing Chen, Chen-Ming Hsu, Cheng-Hui Lin, Cheng-Yu Lin, Chia-Jung Kuo, Shu-Wei Huang, Chun-Wei Chen, Hao-Tsai Cheng, Chau-Ting Yeh and Cheng-Tang Chiu
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060570 - 02 Jun 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4209
Abstract
How hepatatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects the interplay among abundant adipokines in the host remains unclear. A prospective study was conducted with 450 consecutive genotype 1 (G1) and G2 HCV patients who completed a course of anti-HCV therapy and underwent pre-therapy and [...] Read more.
How hepatatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects the interplay among abundant adipokines in the host remains unclear. A prospective study was conducted with 450 consecutive genotype 1 (G1) and G2 HCV patients who completed a course of anti-HCV therapy and underwent pre-therapy and 24-week post-therapy surveys to assess various profiles and levels of abundant adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Before anti-HCV therapy, multivariate analyses showed gender to be associated with leptin and adiponectin levels, and BMI with leptin and PAI-1 levels. Among patients with a sustained virological response (SVR, n = 372), associations at 24 weeks post-therapy were as follows: gender and BMI with all adipokine levels; hepatic steatosis and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index with adiponectin levels; and HOMA-IR and HCV genotype with PAI-1 levels. Paired t-tests revealed increased post-therapeutic PAI-1 levels in G1 SVR patients and decreased adiponectin levels in all SVR patients compared to pre-therapeutic levels. HCV infection may obscure associations between abundant adipokines and metabolic/hepatic profiles. In SVR patients, a higher hierarchical status of PAI-1 versus adiponectin in affecting glucose metabolism was noted at 24 weeks post-therapy. Such genotype-non-specific adiponectin decreases and G1-specific PAI-1 increases warrant careful follow-up of HCV patients after SVR according to viral genotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Toxoplasma Gondii Moderates the Association between Multiple Folate-Cycle Factors and Cognitive Function in U.S. Adults
by Andrew N. Berrett, Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Bruce L. Brown and Dawson W. Hedges
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060564 - 02 Jun 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4497
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a microscopic, apicomplexan parasite that can infect muscle or neural tissue, including the brain, in humans. While T. gondii infection has been associated with changes in mood, behavior, and cognition, the mechanism remains unclear. Recent evidence [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a microscopic, apicomplexan parasite that can infect muscle or neural tissue, including the brain, in humans. While T. gondii infection has been associated with changes in mood, behavior, and cognition, the mechanism remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that T. gondii may harvest folate from host neural cells. Reduced folate availability is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cognitive decline. We hypothesized that impairment in cognitive functioning in subjects seropositive for T. gondii might be associated with a reduction of folate availability in neural cells. We analyzed data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine the associations between T. gondii infection, multiple folate-cycle factors, and three tests of cognitive functioning in U.S. adults aged 20 to 59 years. In these analyses, T. gondii moderated the associations of folate, vitamin B-12, and homocysteine with performance on the Serial Digit Learning task, a measure of learning and memory, as well as the association of folate with reaction time. The results of this study suggest that T. gondii might affect brain levels of folate and/or vitamin B-12 enough to affect cognitive functioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Preoperative Nutritional Conditioning of Crohn’s Patients—Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Practice
by Fabian Grass, Basile Pache, David Martin, Dieter Hahnloser, Nicolas Demartines and Martin Hübner
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060562 - 01 Jun 2017
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 6669
Abstract
Crohn’s disease is an incurable and frequently progressive entity with major impact on affected patients. Up to half of patients require surgery in the first 10 years after diagnosis and over 75% of operated patients require at least one further surgery within lifetime. [...] Read more.
Crohn’s disease is an incurable and frequently progressive entity with major impact on affected patients. Up to half of patients require surgery in the first 10 years after diagnosis and over 75% of operated patients require at least one further surgery within lifetime. In order to minimize surgical risk, modifiable risk factors such as nutritional status need to be optimized. This systematic review on preoperative nutritional support in adult Crohn’s patients between 1997 and 2017 aimed to provide an overview on target populations, screening modalities, routes of administration, and expected benefits. Pertinent study characteristics (prospective vs. retrospective, sample size, control group, limitations) were defined a priori. Twenty-nine studies were retained, of which 14 original studies (9 retrospective, 4 prospective, and 1 randomized controlled trial) and 15 reviews. Study heterogeneity was high regarding nutritional regimens and outcome, and meta-analysis could not be performed. Most studies were conducted without matched control group and thus provide modest level of evidence. Consistently, malnutrition was found to be a major risk factor for postoperative complications, and both enteral and parenteral routes were efficient in decreasing postoperative morbidity. Current guidelines for nutrition in general surgery apply also to Crohn’s patients. The route of administration should be chosen according to disease presentation and patients’ condition. Further studies are needed to strengthen the evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Tea Drinking and Its Association with Active Tuberculosis Incidence among Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
by Avril Zixin Soh, An Pan, Cynthia Bin Eng Chee, Yee-Tang Wang, Jian-Min Yuan and Woon-Puay Koh
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060544 - 25 May 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5182
Abstract
Experimental studies showed that tea polyphenols may inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, no prospective epidemiologic study has investigated tea drinking and the risk of active tuberculosis. We investigated this association in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective population-based cohort of [...] Read more.
Experimental studies showed that tea polyphenols may inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, no prospective epidemiologic study has investigated tea drinking and the risk of active tuberculosis. We investigated this association in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective population-based cohort of 63,257 Chinese aged 45–74 years recruited between 1993 and 1998 in Singapore. Information on habitual drinking of tea (including black and green tea) and coffee was collected via structured questionnaires. Incident cases of active tuberculosis were identified via linkage with the nationwide tuberculosis registry up to 31 December 2014. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relation of tea and coffee consumption with tuberculosis risk. Over a mean 16.8 years of follow-up, we identified 1249 incident cases of active tuberculosis. Drinking either black or green tea was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in tuberculosis risk. Compared to non-drinkers, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 1.01 (0.85–1.21) in monthly tea drinkers, 0.84 (0.73–0.98) in weekly drinkers, and 0.82 (0.71–0.96) in daily drinkers (p for trend = 0.003). Coffee or caffeine intake was not significantly associated with tuberculosis risk. In conclusion, regular tea drinking was associated with a reduced risk of active tuberculosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Intravenous Arginine Administration Promotes Proangiogenic Cells Mobilization and Attenuates Lung Injury in Mice with Polymicrobial Sepsis
by Chiu-Li Yeh, Man-Hui Pai, Yao-Ming Shih, Juey-Ming Shih and Sung-Ling Yeh
Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050507 - 17 May 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4682
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of intravenous arginine (Arg) administration on alteration of circulating proangiogenic cells and remote lung injury in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were assigned to one normal control group (NC) and two sepsis groups that were induced by [...] Read more.
This study investigated the influence of intravenous arginine (Arg) administration on alteration of circulating proangiogenic cells and remote lung injury in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were assigned to one normal control group (NC) and two sepsis groups that were induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). One of the sepsis groups was injected with saline (SS), whereas the other (SA) was administered with a single bolus of 300 mg Arg/kg body weight via the tail vein 1 h after CLP. Septic mice were sacrificed at either 24 or 48 h after CLP, with their blood and lung tissues collected for analysis. Results showed that septic groups had higher proangiogenic cells releasing factors and proangiogenic cells percentage in blood. Also, concentration of inflammatory cytokines and expression of angiopoietin (Angpt)/Tie-2 genes in lung tissues were upregulated. Arg administration promoted mobilization of circulating proangiogenic cells while it downregulated the production of inflammatory cytokines and expression of Angpt/Tie-2 genes in the lung. The results of this investigation suggested that intravenous administration of Arg shortly after the onset of sepsis enhanced the mobilization of circulating proangiogenic cells, maintained the homeostasis of the Angpt/Tie-2 axis, and attenuated remote organ injury in polymicrobial sepsis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Impact of Maternal Selenium Status on Infant Outcome during the First 6 Months of Life
by Kristin Varsi, Bjørn Bolann, Ingrid Torsvik, Tina Constanse Rosvold Eik, Paul Johan Høl and Anne-Lise Bjørke-Monsen
Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050486 - 11 May 2017
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5929
Abstract
Pregnant women and infants are at risk for selenium deficiency, which is known to have negative effects on immune and brain function. We have investigated selenium levels in 158 healthy never-pregnant women and in 114 pregnant and lactating women and their infants at [...] Read more.
Pregnant women and infants are at risk for selenium deficiency, which is known to have negative effects on immune and brain function. We have investigated selenium levels in 158 healthy never-pregnant women and in 114 pregnant and lactating women and their infants at age 6 months and related this to clinical outcomes during the first 6 months of life. Neurodevelopment was assessed with the parental questionnaire Ages and Stages (ASQ) at 6 months. A maternal selenium level ≤0.90 µmol/L in pregnancy week 18 was negatively related to infant neurodevelopment at 6 months (B = −20, p = 0.01), whereas a selenium level ≤0.78 µmol/L in pregnancy week 36 was associated with an increased risk (odds ratio 4.8) of having an infant infection during the first 6 weeks of life. A low maternal selenium status in pregnancy was found to be associated with an increased risk of infant infection during the first 6 weeks of life and a lower psychomotor score at 6 months. We suggest a cutoff for maternal serum selenium deficiency of 0.90 µmol/L in pregnancy week 18 and 0.78 µmol/L in pregnancy week 36. This should be reevaluated in an intervention study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Neuroprotective Role of Atractylenolide-I in an In Vitro and In Vivo Model of Parkinson’s Disease
by Sandeep More and Dong-Kug Choi
Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050451 - 02 May 2017
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5698
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons within the midbrain. Neuroinflammation has been nominated as one of the key pathogenic features of PD. Recently, the inadequate pharmacotherapy and adverse effects of conventional drugs have spurred [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons within the midbrain. Neuroinflammation has been nominated as one of the key pathogenic features of PD. Recently, the inadequate pharmacotherapy and adverse effects of conventional drugs have spurred the development of unconventional medications in the treatment of PD. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms of Atractylenolide-I (ATR-I) in in vivo and in vitro models of PD. Nitrite assay was measured via Griess reaction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated BV-2 cells. mRNA and protein levels were determined by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Further, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry were employed in BV-2 cells and MPTP-intoxicated C57BL6/J mice. Pre-treatment with ATR-I attenuated the inflammatory response in BV-2 cells by abating the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and by inducing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The intraperitoneal administration of ATR-I reversed MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, decreased microglial activation, and conferred protection to dopaminergic neurons in the mouse model of PD. Our experimental reports establish the involvement of multiple benevolent molecular events by ATR-I in MPTP-induced toxicity, which may aid in the development of ATR-I as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism Involved in Pomegranate-Mediated Prevention of Breast Cancer: the Role of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways
by Animesh Mandal, Deepak Bhatia and Anupam Bishayee
Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050436 - 28 Apr 2017
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8016
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a nutrient-rich unique fruit, has been used for centuries for the prevention and treatment of various inflammation-driven diseases. Based on our previous study, a characterized pomegranate emulsion (PE) exhibited a striking inhibition of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary tumorigenesis [...] Read more.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a nutrient-rich unique fruit, has been used for centuries for the prevention and treatment of various inflammation-driven diseases. Based on our previous study, a characterized pomegranate emulsion (PE) exhibited a striking inhibition of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated rat mammary tumorigenesis via antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. The objective of the present work is to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of PE during DMBA rat mammary carcinogenesis by evaluating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mammary tumor samples were harvested from our previous chemopreventive study in which PE (0.2–5.0 g/kg) was found to reduce mammary tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The expressions of COX-2, HSP90, NF-κB, inhibitory κBα (IκBα) and Nrf2 were detected by immunohistochemical techniques. PE decreased the expression of COX-2 and HSP90, prevented the degradation of IκBα, hindered the translocation of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus and increased the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 during DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis. These findings, together with our previous results, indicate that PE-mediated prevention of DMBA-evoked mammary carcinogenesis may involve anti-inflammatory mechanisms through concurrent but differential regulation of two interrelated molecular pathways, namely NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Yuanfeng Gong, Bingyi Zhang, Yadi Liao, Yunqiang Tang, Cong Mai, Tiejun Chen and Hui Tang
Nutrients 2017, 9(4), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040394 - 18 Apr 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5337
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the risk of pancreatic cancer (PaC). Methods: We identified eligible studies in Medline and EMBASE databases (no reference trials from 2014 to 2016) in addition to the reference lists [...] Read more.
Objective: To investigate the association between serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the risk of pancreatic cancer (PaC). Methods: We identified eligible studies in Medline and EMBASE databases (no reference trials from 2014 to 2016) in addition to the reference lists of original studies and review articles on this topic. A summary of relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using a random-effects model. The heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran Q and I2 statistics. Results: Ten studies (seven nested case-control studies and three retrospective case-control studies) were selected as they met our inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis. All these studies were published between 1997 and 2013. The current data suggested that serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)in addition to the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio were not associated with an increased risk of PaC (Summary relative risks (SRRs) = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.67–1.16 for IGF-I; SRRs = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.54–1.15 for IGF-II; SRRs = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.69–1.17 for IGFBP-3; SRRs = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.71–1.23 for IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio). There was no publication bias in the present meta-analysis. Conclusion: Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 as well as the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio were not associated with increased risk of PaC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Associations between Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis
by Yun Pan, Ya Liu, Haizhuo Guo, Majid Sakhi Jabir, Xuanchen Liu, Weiwei Cui and Dong Li
Nutrients 2017, 9(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040382 - 13 Apr 2017
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 11191
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients may be at risk of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiencies, as these micronutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, which is affected by IBD. However, a consensus has not been reached on the association between IBD and [...] Read more.
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients may be at risk of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiencies, as these micronutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, which is affected by IBD. However, a consensus has not been reached on the association between IBD and serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. Methods: In this study, a comprehensive search of multiple databases was performed to identify studies focused on the association between IBD and serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. Studies that compared serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations between IBD and control patients were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results: The main outcome was the mean difference in serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations between IBD and control patients. Our findings indicated that the average serum folate concentration in IBD patients was significantly lower than that in control patients, whereas the mean serum vitamin B12 concentration did not differ between IBD patients and controls. In addition, the average serum folate concentration in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) but not Crohn’s disease (CD) was significantly lower than that in controls. This meta-analysis identified a significant relationship between low serum folate concentration and IBD. Conclusions: Our findings suggest IBD may be linked with folate deficiency, although the results do not indicate causation. Thus, providing supplements of folate and vitamin B12 to IBD patients may improve their nutritional status and prevent other diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index Is Associated with Dietary Inflammatory Index and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations during Pregnancy
by Dayeon Shin, Junguk Hur, Eun-Hee Cho, Hae-Kyung Chung, Nitin Shivappa, Michael D. Wirth, James R. Hébert and Kyung Won Lee
Nutrients 2017, 9(4), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040351 - 01 Apr 2017
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6006
Abstract
There have been a limited number of studies examining the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and dietary inflammation during pregnancy. Our aim is to examine the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)™ and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations [...] Read more.
There have been a limited number of studies examining the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and dietary inflammation during pregnancy. Our aim is to examine the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)™ and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations during pregnancy. The study included 631 pregnant American women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectional examinations from 2003 to 2012. Pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured height. The cut-offs of <18.5 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 (normal), 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and ≥30 kg/m2 (obese) were used to categorize the weight status of pregnant women prior to pregnancy. The DII, a literature-based dietary index to assess the inflammatory properties of diet, was estimated based on a one-day 24-h recall. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were performed to estimate beta coefficients and the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) on the association of pre-pregnancy BMI categories with the DII and CRP concentrations during pregnancy. After controlling for variables including: race/ethnicity, family poverty income ratio, education, marital status, month in pregnancy, and smoking status during pregnancy; women who were obese before pregnancy (n = 136) had increased odds for being in the highest tertile of the DII and CRP concentrations compared to women with normal weight (AORs 2.40, 95% CIs 1.01–5.71; AORs 24.84, 95% CIs 6.19–99.67, respectively). These findings suggest that women with pre-pregnancy obesity had greater odds of reporting higher DII and having elevated CRP. In conclusion, high pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with increased odds of pro-inflammatory diet and elevated CRP levels during pregnancy in the USA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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4461 KiB  
Article
Copper to Zinc Ratio as Disease Biomarker in Neonates with Early-Onset Congenital Infections
by Monika Wisniewska, Malte Cremer, Lennart Wiehe, Niels-Peter Becker, Eddy Rijntjes, Janine Martitz, Kostja Renko, Christoph Bührer and Lutz Schomburg
Nutrients 2017, 9(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040343 - 30 Mar 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7068
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements for regular development. Acute infections alter their metabolism, while deficiencies increase infection risks. A prospective observational case-control study was conducted with infected (n = 21) and control (n = 23) term and [...] Read more.
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements for regular development. Acute infections alter their metabolism, while deficiencies increase infection risks. A prospective observational case-control study was conducted with infected (n = 21) and control (n = 23) term and preterm newborns. We analyzed trace element concentrations by X-ray fluorescence, and ceruloplasmin (CP) by Western blot. Median concentration of Cu at birth (day 1) was 522.8 [387.1–679.7] μg/L, and Zn was 1642.4 ± 438.1 μg/L. Cu and Zn correlated positively with gestational age in control newborns. Cu increased in infected newborns from day 1 to day 3. CP correlated positively to Cu levels at birth in both groups and on day 3 in the group of infected neonates. The Cu/Zn ratio was relatively high in infected newborns. Interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations on day 1 were unrelated to Cu, Zn, or the Cu/Zn ratio, whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on day 3 correlated positively to the Cu/Zn -ratio at both day 1 and day 3. We conclude that infections affect the trace element homeostasis in newborns: serum Zn is reduced, while Cu and CP are increased. The Cu/Zn ratio combines both alterations, independent of gestational age. It may, thus, constitute a meaningful diagnostic biomarker for early-onset infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Article
Chondroprotective Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in  Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes and a Rat Model  of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection
by Wendan Cheng, Juehua Jing, Zhen Wang, Dongying Wu and Yumin Huang
Nutrients 2017, 9(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030263 - 10 Mar 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7028
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and reduces articular cartilage damage in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). Gene expression and protein levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐13 and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess whether Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and reduces articular cartilage damage in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). Gene expression and protein levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐13 and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) were determined in vitro by quantitative real‐time‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) amounts in the culture medium were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For in vivo assessment, a rat model of OA was generated by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Four weeks after ACLT, Rg1 (30 or 60 mg/kg) or saline was administered by gavage once a day for eight consecutive weeks. Joint damage was analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited Interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced chondrocyte gene and protein expressions of MMP‐13, COX‐2 and PGE2, and prevented type II collagen and aggrecan degradation, in a dose‐dependent manner. Administration of Ginsenoside Rg1 to OA rats attenuated cartilage degeneration, and reduced type II collagen loss and MMP‐13 levels. These findings demonstrated that Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes in vitro and reduce articular cartilage damage in vivo, confirming the potential therapeutic value of Ginsenoside Rg1 in OA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

238 KiB  
Review
The Metabolic Response to Stress and Infection in Critically Ill Children: The Opportunity of an Individualized Approach
by Valentina De Cosmi, Gregorio Paolo Milani, Alessandra Mazzocchi, Veronica D’Oria, Marco Silano, Edoardo Calderini and Carlo Agostoni
Nutrients 2017, 9(9), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091032 - 18 Sep 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6117
Abstract
The metabolic response to stress and infection is closely related to the corresponding requirements of energy and nutrients. On a general level, the response is driven by a complex endocrine network and related to the nature and severity of the insult. On an [...] Read more.
The metabolic response to stress and infection is closely related to the corresponding requirements of energy and nutrients. On a general level, the response is driven by a complex endocrine network and related to the nature and severity of the insult. On an individual level, the effects of nutritional interventions are highly variable and a possible source of complications. This narrative review aims to discuss the metabolic changes in critically-ill children and the potential of developing personalized nutritional interventions. Through a literature search strategy, we have investigated the importance of blood glucose levels, the nutritional aspects of the different phases of acute stress response, and the reliability of the available tools to assess the energy expenditure. The dynamics of metabolism during stressful events reveals the difficult balance between risk of hypo- or hyperglycemia and under- or overfeeding. Within this context, individualized and accurate measurement of energy expenditure may help in defining the metabolic needs of patients. Given the variability of the metabolic response in critical conditions, randomized clinical studies in ill children are needed to evaluate the effect of individualized nutritional intervention on health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review
Effects of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition on the Microbiota Profile of Patients with Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review
by Simona Gatti, Tiziana Galeazzi, Elisa Franceschini, Roberta Annibali, Veronica Albano, Anil Kumar Verma, Maria De Angelis, Maria Elena Lionetti and Carlo Catassi
Nutrients 2017, 9(8), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080832 - 04 Aug 2017
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6672
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in Crohn’s disease (CD) remain poorly understood, despite the high rate of treatment response. Evidence accumulated in the last 20 years suggests that a positive shift of the disrupted microbiota is one of [...] Read more.
The mechanisms behind the efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in Crohn’s disease (CD) remain poorly understood, despite the high rate of treatment response. Evidence accumulated in the last 20 years suggests that a positive shift of the disrupted microbiota is one of the treatment effects. The purpose of this study was to critically review and summarize data reporting the microbiological effects of EEN in patients with CD. Fourteen studies were considered in the review, overall involving 216 CD patients on EEN. The studies were heterogeneous in methods of microbiota analysis and exclusion criteria. The most frequently reported effect of EEN was a reduction in microbiota diversity, reversible when patients returned to a normal diet. The effect of EEN on specific bacteria was very variable in the different studies, partially due to methodological limitations of the mentioned studies. The EEN seem to induce some metabolomic changes, which are different in long-term responder patients compared to patients that relapse earlier. Bacterial changes can be relevant to explaining the efficacy of EEN; however, microbiological data obtained from rigorously performed studies and derived from last generation techniques are largely inconsistent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
241 KiB  
Review
Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention
by Milos Jesenak, Ingrid Urbancikova and Peter Banovcin
Nutrients 2017, 9(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070779 - 20 Jul 2017
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8786
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs), a specific form of RTIs, represent a typical and common problem associated with early childhood, causing high indirect and direct costs on the [...] Read more.
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs), a specific form of RTIs, represent a typical and common problem associated with early childhood, causing high indirect and direct costs on the healthcare system. They are usually the consequence of immature immunity in children and high exposure to various respiratory pathogens. Their rational management should aim at excluding other severe chronic diseases associated with increased morbidity (e.g., primary immunodeficiency syndromes, cystic fibrosis, and ciliary dyskinesia) and at supporting maturity of the mucosal immune system. However, RRTIs can also be observed in adults (e.g., during exhausting and stressful periods, chronic inflammatory diseases, secondary immunodeficiencies, or in elite athletes) and require greater attention. Biologically active polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators with a pluripotent mode of action and biological activity. According to many studies, they possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities and therefore could be suggested as an effective part of treating and preventing RTIs. Based on published studies, the application of β-glucans was proven as a possible therapeutic and preventive approach in managing and preventing recurrent respiratory tract infections in children (especially β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus), adults (mostly the studies with yeast-derived β-glucans), and in elite athletes (studies with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus or yeast). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review
Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases: Simple Bystander or Contributing Factor?
by Pedro Henrique França Gois, Daniela Ferreira, Simon Olenski and Antonio Carlos Seguro
Nutrients 2017, 9(7), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070651 - 24 Jun 2017
Cited by 92 | Viewed by 11138
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid essential for life in higher animals. It is technically a pro-hormone present in few food types and produced endogenously in the skin by a photochemical reaction. In recent decades, several studies have suggested that VD contributes [...] Read more.
Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid essential for life in higher animals. It is technically a pro-hormone present in few food types and produced endogenously in the skin by a photochemical reaction. In recent decades, several studies have suggested that VD contributes to diverse processes extending far beyond mineral homeostasis. The machinery for VD production and its receptor have been reported in multiple tissues, where they have a pivotal role in modulating the immune system. Similarly, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been in the spotlight as a major global public healthcare burden. VDD is highly prevalent throughout different regions of the world, including tropical and subtropical countries. Moreover, VDD may affect host immunity leading to an increased incidence and severity of several infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss new insights on VD physiology as well as the relationship between VD status and various infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, respiratory tract infections, human immunodeficiency virus, fungal infections and sepsis. Finally, we critically review the latest evidence on VD monitoring and supplementation in the setting of infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review
Zinc in Infection and Inflammation
by Nour Zahi Gammoh and Lothar Rink
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060624 - 17 Jun 2017
Cited by 491 | Viewed by 31578
Abstract
Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated [...] Read more.
Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunctions among other manifestations. Consequently, such dysfunctions lead to a worse outcome in the response towards bacterial infection and sepsis. For instance, zinc is an essential component of the pathogen-eliminating signal transduction pathways leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation, as well as inducing cell-mediated immunity over humoral immunity by regulating specific factors of differentiation. Additionally, zinc deficiency plays a role in inflammation, mainly elevating inflammatory response as well as damage to host tissue. Zinc is involved in the modulation of the proinflammatory response by targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is the master regulator of proinflammatory responses. It is also involved in controlling oxidative stress and regulating inflammatory cytokines. Zinc plays an intricate function during an immune response and its homeostasis is critical for sustaining proper immune function. This review will summarize the latest findings concerning the role of this micronutrient during the course of infections and inflammatory response and how the immune system modulates zinc depending on different stimuli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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617 KiB  
Review
Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection
by Chiara D’Angelo, Marcella Reale and Erica Costantini
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060615 - 16 Jun 2017
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 10390
Abstract
Microbiota play a key role in various body functions, as well as in physiological, metabolic, and immunological processes, through different mechanisms such as the regulation of the development and/or functions of different types of immune cells in the intestines. Evidence indicates that alteration [...] Read more.
Microbiota play a key role in various body functions, as well as in physiological, metabolic, and immunological processes, through different mechanisms such as the regulation of the development and/or functions of different types of immune cells in the intestines. Evidence indicates that alteration in the gut microbiota can influence infectious and non-infectious diseases. Bacteria that reside on the mucosal surface or within the mucus layer interact with the host immune system, thus, a healthy gut microbiota is essential for the development of mucosal immunity. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including those who control their disease with antiretroviral drugs (ART), the gut microbiome is very different than the microbiome of those not infected with HIV. Recent data suggests that, for these patients, dysbiosis may lead to a breakdown in the gut’s immunologic activity, causing systemic bacteria diffusion and inflammation. Since in HIV-infected patients in this state, including those in ART therapy, the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders is frustrating, many studies are in progress to investigate the ability of probiotics to modulate epithelial barrier functions, microbiota composition, and microbial translocation. This mini-review analyzed the use of probiotics to prevent and attenuate several gastrointestinal manifestations and to improve gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) immunity in HIV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review
Nutritional Challenges in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
by Simona Salera, Francesca Menni, Maurizio Moggio, Sophie Guez, Monica Sciacco and Susanna Esposito
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060594 - 10 Jun 2017
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8219
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of acquired or inherited conditions. Nutritional complications are frequent in NMDs, but they are sometimes underestimated. With the prolongation of survival in patients with NMDs, there are several nutritional aspects that are important to consider, including [...] Read more.
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of acquired or inherited conditions. Nutritional complications are frequent in NMDs, but they are sometimes underestimated. With the prolongation of survival in patients with NMDs, there are several nutritional aspects that are important to consider, including the deleterious effects of overnutrition on glucose metabolism, mobility, and respiratory and cardiologic functions; the impact of hyponutrition on muscle and ventilatory function; constipation and other gastrointestinal complications; chewing/swallowing difficulties with an increased risk of aspiration that predisposes to infectious diseases and respiratory complications; as well as osteoporosis with an associated increased risk of fractures. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional aspects and complications that can start in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and increase with ageing. These aspects should be considered in the transition from paediatric clinics to adult services. It is shown that appropriate nutritional care can help to improve the quality of life of DMD patients, and a multidisciplinary team is needed to support nutrition challenges in DMD patients. However, studies on the prevalence of overnutrition and undernutrition, gastrointestinal complications, infectious diseases, dysphagia, and reduced bone mass in the different types of NMDs are needed, and appropriate percentiles of weight, height, body mass index, and body composition appear to be extremely important to improve the management of patients with NMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
464 KiB  
Review
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Green Tea Polyphenols
by Helieh S. Oz
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060561 - 01 Jun 2017
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8371
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases affect millions of people globally and the incidence rate is on the rise. While inflammation contributes to the tissue healing process, chronic inflammation can lead to life-long debilitation and loss of tissue function and organ failure. Chronic inflammatory diseases include [...] Read more.
Chronic inflammatory diseases affect millions of people globally and the incidence rate is on the rise. While inflammation contributes to the tissue healing process, chronic inflammation can lead to life-long debilitation and loss of tissue function and organ failure. Chronic inflammatory diseases include hepatic, gastrointestinal and neurodegenerative complications which can lead to malignancy. Despite the millennial advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, there remains no effective cure for patients who suffer from inflammatory diseases. Therefore, patients seek alternatives and complementary agents as adjunct therapies to relieve symptoms and possibly to prevent consequences of inflammation. It is well known that green tea polyphenols (GrTPs) are potent antioxidants with important roles in regulating vital signaling pathways. These comprise transcription nuclear factor-kappa B mediated I kappa B kinase complex pathways, programmed cell death pathways like caspases and B-cell lymphoma-2 and intervention with the surge of inflammatory markers like cytokines and production ofcyclooxygenase-2. This paper concisely reviews relevant investigations regarding protective effects of GrTPs and some reported adverse effects, as well as possible applications for GrTPs in the treatment of chronic and inflammatory complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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500 KiB  
Review
Evidence of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Intestinal Chronic Diseases
by Julio Plaza-Díaz, Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda, Laura Maria Vilchez-Padial and Angel Gil
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060555 - 28 May 2017
Cited by 264 | Viewed by 21060
Abstract
Probiotics and synbiotics are used to treat chronic diseases, principally due to their role in immune system modulation and the anti-inflammatory response. The present study reviewed the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on intestinal chronic diseases in in vitro, animal, and human studies, [...] Read more.
Probiotics and synbiotics are used to treat chronic diseases, principally due to their role in immune system modulation and the anti-inflammatory response. The present study reviewed the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on intestinal chronic diseases in in vitro, animal, and human studies, particularly in randomized clinical trials. The selected probiotics exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. Probiotic strains and cell-free supernatants reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via action that is principally mediated by toll-like receptors. Probiotic administration improved the clinical symptoms, histological alterations, and mucus production in most of the evaluated animal studies, but some results suggest that caution should be taken when administering these agents in the relapse stages of IBD. In addition, no effects on chronic enteropathies were reported. Probiotic supplementation appears to be potentially well tolerated, effective, and safe in patients with IBD, in both CD and UC. Indeed, probiotics such as Bifidobacterium longum 536 improved the clinical symptoms in patients with mild to moderate active UC. Although it has been proposed that probiotics can provide benefits in certain conditions, the risks and benefits should be carefully assessed before initiating any therapy in patients with IBD. For this reason, further studies are required to understand the precise mechanism by which probiotics and synbiotics affect these diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases)
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