Special Issue "Advanced Forum for Sustainable Development"

Guest Editor
Prof. Dr. Marc A. Rosen
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario, Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada
Website: http://www.engineering.uoit.ca/people/rosen
E-Mail:
Interests: sustainable development; energy; exergy; efficiency; environmental impact; economics; ecology; sustainable engineering and design

«Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs» (Brundtland Commission, see Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development)

Achieving sustainable development usually requires a multidisciplinary approach in which technical, environmental, economic, societal and cultural issues are addressed. Research is needed to guide the development of appropriate sustainability measures, strategies and policy.

We invite you to contribute to this special issue by submitting comprehensive review or research articles.

Prof. Dr. Marc A. Rosen
Guest Editor

• interrelationships between people, resources, environment and development
• resource use
• environment and development
• Brundtland commission
• environmental strategies
• economic and social development
• energy
• health
• sustainable engineering, design, and architecture

Type of Paper: Article
Title: No Way out - Living in an Indoor Environment as a Criterion for Public Health
Authors: R. Hammer *, P. Holzer and T. Berger
Affiliation: Department for Building and Environment, Danube-University Krems, Dr.- Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: renate.hammer@donau-uni.ac.at
Abstract: Our living conditions underwent radical changes since workplaces are almost exclusively established in internal spaces and the use of transportation means became compulsory. So in the industrialized countries we actually spend about 90% of our live time in closed spaces. Therefore the quality of the indoor environment has to be examined critical and in explicit comparison with the external conditions human physiology evolutionary equates to.
In the 1970s the sick building syndrome has been described as a disease with various symptoms mainly caused by an inadequate supply of external air. The disease has been understood as an acute consequence of specific bad indoor environmental conditions and thus as a solvable problem.
In our latest investigation we put a focus on the consistence of the light spectrum in inner spaces and made a comparison with the terrestrial spectrum available. The results show that the light spectrum is thinned out while passing through the window pane in physiologic relevant wavelengths. For instance can the threshold for the biosynthesis of Vitamin D3 not be reached under typical indoor conditions, and the light stimulus for the suppression of melatonin is explicitly reduced.
The impacts of this lack of a well balanced light supply on public health are multifarious and in some aspects of epidemic dimension. Therefore building types and envelop concepts prohibiting any contact with the natural external environment urgently need to be redesigned.

Type of Paper: Review
Title: Buildings’ possible Contribution to a Sustainable Society
Authors: P. Holzer *, R. Hammer and R. Passawa
Affiliation: Department for Building and Environment, Danube-University Krems, Dr.- Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: peter.holzer@donau-uni.ac.at
Abstract: Sustainable development is a network of manifold interdependent decisions. It’s somehow like a puzzle, with the necessity for each part to fit to its adjacent parts. One of these parts is the building stock.
Facing Climate Change, Peak Oil, today’s global financial crises and a number of major social challenges, the way we design and redesign our buildings does make a difference. It can be part of the problem or part of the solution.
Based on own and external research work as well as based on statistical data the paper highlights the major role of buildings in the context of sustainability. It names the aspects, like energy demand (approx. 1/3 of total), like carbon dioxide emissions (1/4 of total), like material flow, like economical and employment related impacts, as well as terms of traffic and social aspects. And it puts these different aspects into context, as far as possible.
The paper will close with a list of intrinsic qualities of sustainable building and refurbishment and with a clear statement against some oversimplifying proposals of solutions, such as “energy efficiency beats everything” or others.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Impacts of Climate Change on the Energy Demand of Buildings
Authors: P. Holzer * and R. Hammer
Affiliation: Department for Building and Environment, Danube-University Krems, Dr.- Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: peter.holzer@donau-uni.ac.at
Abstract: Heating and Cooling of Buildings in western post industrialized economies is directly responsible for one third of today’s end energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The way we design and refurbish our buildings therefore is a crucial issue heading towards a sustainable society.
Climate change will clearly affect the energy consumption of buildings. It is of major interest to not let a reinforcing feedback loop between Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Buildings occur.
In our parameter studies, carried out using dynamic building simulation tools, we analyzed the effects of climate change on the heating and cooling demand of archetypical office rooms under the European temperate continental climate, which is very much comparable to the climate of large parts of Canada, too.
The results show that for the existing building stock heating demand will drop, cooling demand will rise and the sum of both is clearly expected to rise. Without preventative measures, climate change has to be feared to even raise the average energy demand of buildings.
We therefore strictly recommend adapting the current building design standards and putting specific emphasis on natural cooling.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Reconciling Sustainability with Discounting: Can Experimental Evidence Help?
Authors: Phoebe Koundouri * and Kyriaki Remoundou
Affiliation: DIEES, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: pkoundouri@aueb.gr
Abstract: In this paper we investigate whether the recent literature on experimental elicitation of risk and time preferences can reconcile the "sustainability versus discounting" paradox. The realization that actions taken today can have long term consequences, presents a new challenge to decision makers in assessing the desirability of policies and projects, a challenge summarized as the goal of ‘sustainable development'. However, traditional (exponential) discounting ensures that projects that benefit generations in the far distant future at the cost of those in the present are less likely to be seen as efficient, even if the benefits are substantial in future value terms. We critically review the very recent experimental economics literature on estimates for risk and time preferences, which (the preferences) imply particular long-run discount rate trajectories. What are the policy implications of the implied trajectories? Our selected case study is climate change policy.

Title: The Influence of Thermodynamic Ideas on Ecological Economics: An Interdisciplinary Critique
Authors: Geoffrey P. Hammond 1,* and Adrian B. Winnett 2
Affiliations: ¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Sustainable Energy & the Environment (I•SEE), University of Bath, Bath. BA2 7AY, UK;
² Department of Economics and International Development, Institute for Sustainable Energy & the Environment (I•SEE), University of Bath, Bath. BA2 7AY, UK
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: ensgph@bath.ac.uk; Tel. +44 1225 386168; Fax: +44 1225 386928
Abstract: Thermodynamic concepts have been utilised by practitioners in a variety of disciplines with interests in environmental sustainability, including ecology, economics and engineering. It has been argued that resource depletion and environmental degradation are reflected in thermodynamic parameters and methods of analysis. There is a well-developed literature that amounts to the postulation of an ‘Energy Theory of Value’, although this has been largely rejected because choices about (First Law) energy use do not reflect the full complexity of human behaviour and value judgements. However, Second Law properties, such as entropy and exergy, more realistically reflect dissipative processes. The ‘bioeconomist’ Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906-1994) was at the forefront of attempts to seek thermodynamic insights for economics in the 1970s; via his advocacy of ‘the Entropy Law’ as a measure of economic scarcity. He viewed economic systems as ones in which energy is conserved, but in which entropy increases (or, in modern terms, exergy degrades). In this context, the influence of thermodynamic ideas on developments in ecological economics are critically reviewed from an interdisciplinary perspective by an engineering thermodynamicist and an environmental economist. They argue that (i) exergy is a more easily understood thermodynamic property than is entropy to represent irreversibilities in complex systems; (ii) energy and exergy analysis need to be performed in parallel in order to accurately reflect the interrelated constraints imposed by the First and Second Laws; (iii) the behaviour of energy and matter are not equally mirrored by thermodynamic laws; (iv) thermodynamic insights for the economic process and natural resource scarcity are simply analogues or metaphors of reality; and (v) such insights should therefore be empirically tested against the real world. Recently engineers, particularly in Europe and North America, have proposed coupling of exergy analysis with financial cost accounting; yielding the so-called ‘exergoeconomic’ approach. However, the authors have previously cast doubt on such methods, which attempt to merge schema that may in large measure be incompatible – like trying to blend ‘chalk and cheese’.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Science, Open Communication, and Sustainable Development
Authors: Thomas J. Wilbanks ^1,* and John T. Wilbanks ²
Affiliations: ¹ Corporate Research Fellow, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
² Vice President for Science, Creative Commons, and Executive Director, Science Commons
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: wilbankstj@ornl.gov
Abstract: Sustainable development is a particularly difficult challenge because it is a pathway, not a state. It requires not only resilience with respect to current driving forces and stresses but also adaptability to conditions that are constantly changing. Viewed globally as a shifting mosaic of adaptations in a wide variety of regions, such adaptive capacities make enormous demands on distributed expertise and knowledge bases if they are to achieve sustainability. Increasingly, technologies are on hand to enable global access to and distributed processing of scientific information and knowledge. Legal and technical restrictions, however, often make it difficult to realize the potentials to put knowledge to work in addressing sustainable development challenges. One policy model for overcoming these constraints is the ³digital commons,² which makes scientific content available for use and re-use without complex negotiations. Such approaches have the potential to bring to sustainable development the same kinds of network efficiencies and value creation that the internet has brought to commerce and popular culture.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Governance Structures and Reduction in Carbon-Intensive Energy Demand and Use
Author: Bernadett Csurgó, Imre Kovách*, Anna Légmán, Boldizsár Megyesi
Affiliation:, Institute of Political Sciences, at Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest; * Corresponding author: Email: ikovach@mtapti.hu
Abstract: In this paper we aim to answer two research questions: how do governance structures influence energy consumption?; and “what are the relevant governance structures for future reduction in carbon-intensive energy demand ?” The paper is based on case studies of EU founded international project GILDED.
The changes of the last few decades in governing contemporary societies have made it necessary to reformulate the definition of ‘government’. According to the theory of shift from government to governance, a number of new actors has appeared in decision-making and in implementing development, which cannot be analysed by focusing only on one actor; to a certain extent, all these actors are able to influence policy decisions, thus governance structure has become horizontal and power relations have changed.. From this perspective of multi-level and multi-actor governance, which we offer to explore as an impacting factor of household (alternative) energy use, we must underline that governance is a continuously changing complexity of structures, institutions and actors (and their networks, values and interests), and within debates about perceiving actual transformation processes in governance the shift from government to governance labels ongoing changes. A majority of authors argue that it is necessary to involve local stakeholders and actors in governance. Replacing the hierarchical government by a multi-level, multi-centre regime, the notion and practice of partnership has a key role in disseminating the culture of new governance.
The shift from government to governance evidently revaluates the civic sphere, the local stakeholders and actors. It means that our analysis of governance includes all possible actors and stakeholders involved in planning, decision-making and management of local affairs. Using the broad term of governance does not mean that we ignore cases which are closer to the conventional way of governing affairs. Basing on different results of contemporary research into local governments, local governance new institutions of rural governance , the challenging of environmental hazards and risks on governance structures, and also using the relevant literature of comparative political science and global ecological regimes we have developed the following typology of governance models: non-local hierarchical model; local hierarchical model; democratic decision-making model; local partnership model; independent authorities; self-regulated cooperation. Focus will be on relevant governance structures for future reduction in carbon-intensive energy demand and use.

Type of Paper: Article
Author: Julio Hernández Blanco; Email: juliohb@unex.es
Title: Rural Planning: A Methodology for Analysing the Sitting of Human Activities Using Geographical Information Systems
Abstract: This paper proposes a methodology for appraising the impact of new activities on the rural environment, using computer routines embedded in a geographical information system. Many variables of the physical, natural, social, economic and legal features fundamental to any planning study are taken into account. Their analysis is undertaken using simple algorithms integrated into the program. The calculation process follows the methodology developed, and uses logical steps in making automatic decisions. The program determines the best sites for new, environment-transforming activities, showing respect for the landscape and adhering to conservationist values.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Educating for Local Development and Global Sustainability
Author: Mª Ángeles Murga Menoyo; E-Mail: mmurga@edu.uned.es
Abstract: The task of education is to modify lifestyles, social usage, and customs according to the requirements of sustainable development, as much as it is to teach and socialize new generations for the emerging paradigm of comprehensive sustainability. This paper presents systematized examples, taken from the general panorama being implemented currently in Spain, of significant experiences and formative strategies of local sustainable development. They correspond to three different intervention areas in education: different levels in the school system, adults training in competence and technical abilities, and community education. They offer a contextualized model of education intervention that contributes to ecological and environmental sustainability, social promotion and productive competitiveness. The experiences described permit, in many cases, the change of life styles and social customs, adjusting them to the requirements of sustainable development; in others, to form new generations for local sustainable development and global sustainability. Although procedures must vary to suit the particular features inherent in each such realm, it is the function of education to tackle first and foremost the training of the intellect, the education of emotions and moral personality, and the acquisition of professional skills.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Rugged Individualism versus Sustainable Development: The Impact of Small-Scale Mining in Guyana
Author: Fitzgerald Yaw Jr.: E-Mail: mmurga@edu.uned.es
Abstract: Guyana’s forests and waterways are under threat from the activity of small-scale gold mining in Guyana’s interior. These small mines damage river systems and forests through pollution, sedimentation and deforestation. An estimated 40,000–60,000 Guyanese are presently engaged in small-scale mining, affecting an estimated 650 kilometers of river as well as one million hectares of rainforests. The environmental impacts of small-scale mining threaten one of the few remaining tropical rainforests in the world and the indigenous populations that occupy these areas. It also threatens the potential for the development of the eco-tourism industry in Guyana. Small-scale gold mining has a long history in Guyana dating back to the newly emancipated slaves. It requires little or no startup capital and is therefore attractive to the poor, adventurous and unemployed. Small-scale gold mining and its threats to Guyana’s rainforest has received attention from many international environmental organizations including The World Bank, World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International and the Commonwealth Secretariat. Despite its impacts and the international focus, small-scale mining remains largely unregulated in Guyana. While a draft proposal for regulation was prepared in 1999 by the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission and the Guyanese Environmental Protection Agency, the document has not been enacted into policy. This paper will argue for an ecosystems approach to the management of small-scale gold mining in Guyana. It will discuss the need for a comprehensive policy to address this issue, given its negative impact on the environment, indigenous peoples, and the Guyanese tourism industry.
Keywords: diamonds, ecosystems, eco-tourism, environment, forests, gold, Guyana, indigenous people, mining, nation-building, rivers, small-scale, sustainable development

Type of Paper: Review
Title: Investment in Sustainable Development: Business and Academic Challenges
Authors: Nigel Garland ^1,*, Mark Hadfield ², George Howarth ³ and David Middleton ⁴
Affiliations: ¹ Sustainable Design Research Centre, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK
² Research and Enterprise, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK
³ Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professor on Sustainable Design, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK
⁴ Business Council for Sustainable Development-UK, Floodgate Street, Birmingham, B5 5SL, UK
E-Mails: mhadfield@bournemouth.ac.uk (M.H.); ghowarth@btconnect.com (G.H.); DavidM@ebc-info.co.uk (D.M.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ngarland@bournemouth.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-1202-961-509
Abstract: There are many legislative, stakeholder and supply chain pressures on business to be more ‘sustainable’. Universities have recognised the need for graduate knowledge and understanding of sustainable development matters. Many businesses and universities have already responded positively and introduced Sustainable Development models into their operations. Much of the current effort is directed at climate change. However, as the current worldwide financial crisis slowly improves, the expectations upon how businesses operate and behave are changing. It will require increased transparency and improved relationships with all stakeholders, which is also the essence of sustainable development. In future, businesses will require a ‘licence to operate’. The challenges and opportunities for both businesses and universities are firstly to understand these new sustainable development requirements and then to ensure that knowledge is embedded within the organisational culture in order to achieve sustainable growth.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Business; Stakeholders; Culture; Graduate

Title: Impacts of Climate Change and Urban Growth on Ecosystem Services in the Upper Santa Cruz Watershed; Where We Live, Work, and Play
Authors: Laura Norman ¹, Nita Tallent-Halsell ², Bill Labiosa ¹, Katie Hirschboeck ³, Matt Weber ², Charles van Riper III ¹, Joe Marlow ⁴, Amy McCoy ⁴, Francisco Lara-Valencia ⁵, Floyd Gray ¹, Hans Huth ⁶ and James Callegary ¹
Affiliations: ¹ U.S. Geological Survey
² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
³ The University of Arizona
⁴ The Sonoran Institute
⁵ Arizona State University
⁶ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Office of Border Environmental Protection
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: lnorman@usgs.gov; Tel.: +1 520 670 5510; Fax: +1 520 670 5113
Abstract: Processes through which ecosystems provide goods or benefit people can be referred to as "ecosystems services”, which may be quantified for cost-benefit analysis. We are developing an online decision support tool, the Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SCWEPM), to help promote scientifically and socially-sound solutions to water allocation and land management in this international watershed along the U.S.-Mexico border. Using respective strengths of the biological, physical, and social sciences, we will generate forecasts of responses to ecosystem drivers, including land-use change, climatic shifts, contaminant loadings, invasive species, and economic trends that may impact social welfare, human health, and water.
Keywords: decision support tool, drought, drylands, ecosystem services, environmental justice, socio-ecologic vulnerability, climate change

Title: Towards Better Governance of Common-Pool Mountainous Agropastoral Systems
Authors: Johann Baumgärtner^1,4, Getachew Tikubet ² and Gianni Gilioli^3,4
Affiliation: ¹Dipartimento di Protezione di sistemi urbani agroalimentari e valuazione delle biodiversità, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
² International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya.
³ Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali (GESAF), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
⁴ Centre for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS), Kensington CAL, USA.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: johann.baumgartner@unimi.it
Abstract: In this paper, sustainability is the capacity of ecosocial systems to endure referring to the creation, testing and maintaining of the systems adaptive capacity. Sustainability can be enhanced through balanced augmentation of capitals, with respect to costs for maintenance and growth, in ecological, economic and social dimensions. To achieve this goal, societies should seek better governance, i.e. improve the structures and processes by which they share power to shape individual and collective actions. Adaptive management with a periodic evaluation of the state of the system provides decision support for prioritizing actions to allow balanced navigation in ecological, economic and social dimensions. The paper analyses an alpine and an Ethiopian mountainous agropastoral system. Ecological sustainability is enhanced by augmenting the ecological capital and reducing the costs related to growth and maintenance. The respective measures will lead to better ecosystem services which are currently high in the alpine and low in the Ethiopian system. The pastures are managed by a complex actor community. At both sites, there is a potential for augmenting the social capital and reducing the costs. This includes the fostering of self-organization and the design as well as the implementation of management rules. The level of economic capital with respect to costs is a hindrance for development and a source of unsustainability. The integration of ecological and social units into ecosocial systems provides insight into their evolution, structure and functioning. The response of an Ethiopian agropastoral system to technology implementation has been studied by developing a bioeconomic model and conducting a mathematical stability analysis. Accordingly, the unbalanced development in ecological, economic and social dimenensions is responsible for unsustainable development which can only be corrected through better governance that encourages cooperation by allowing pluralistic views. Ecosocial systems pass through adaptive cycles, and knowledge on the current phases is useful for prioritizing actions and navigating the eosocial system towards enhanced sustainability. The application of the panarchy theory to the long term historical development of the two systems revealed adaptive cycles interacting with cycles at higher organizational levels and periods of exploitation, conservation, collapse and reorganization. There are direct drivers such us climate, volcanic eruptions, disease outbreaks, and indirect drivers such as warfare and famine. Currently, the two systems are in different phases. The alpine system appears to be trapped by rigidity in the conservation phase as indicated by the imposition of regulations by higher institutional levels, decreasing sustainability and unbalanced cross-scale linkages. The Ethiopian system is trapped by poverty as indicated by the difficulties to enter a re-organization phase. The tentative escape routes give emphasis to social sustainability, and governance should be adapted accordingly.

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Supply Chain Management and Sustainability: Procrastinating a Holistic Integration
Authors: M.P. de Brito ^1,2 and E.A. van der Laan ³
Affiliations: ¹ TBM-Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
² AfL-NHTV University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands; E-Mail: m.p.debrito@tudelft.nl
³ RSM-Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail: elaan@rsm.nl
Abstract: Research has pointed out opportunities and laid down a research agenda to integrate sustainability issues with operations management. However, sustainability is not yet systematically integrated in supply chain management research in a holistic fashion. In this paper we make use of behavioral theory and abductive reasoning to explain the current lack of integration. We conclude through abductive reasoning that the reasons for procrastinating the holistic integration of sustainability in supply chain research are the conflicting nature of the task and the inherent context, that is operations rather than environmental or social issues.
Keywords: sustainability; supply chain mangement; procrastination; abductive reasoning; behavioural theory

Type of Paper: Review
Title: The Spatial Dimension of Sustainability: The Case of China
Author: Lee Liu; E-Mail: laliu@ucmo.edu
Abstract: Conventional thinking of environment-development relations represented by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) concept regards income as the dominant explanation for variations in environmental success. This notion has proven inadequate for understanding sustainable development. This article reviews the many dimensions of sustainability discussed in the literature. In addition to the commonly adopted three dimensions: environmental, social and economic sustainability, scholars have proposed to include technical, legal, cultural, political, and philosophical dimensions. However, there is an obvious lack of spatial analyses in the fast expanding sustainability literature. The sustainability of nations poses a spatial question that needs to be addressed: why are some places more sustainable than others? This article argues that the spatial dimension of sustainability is also important and needs to be incorporated into sustainability research and practices. The author’s research on China supports that argument.

Type of Paper: Review
Title: The UK’s Sustainable Schools Initiative: A Critical Appraisal
Author: William Scott
Affiliation: Department of Education, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail: w.a.h.scott@bath.ac.uk
Abstract: For the first time in the UK, a government department responsible for education policy is making the running in the development of the school curriculum so that it focuses coherently on sustainability. The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)’s Sustainable Schools initiative builds on many years of school interest and activity in relation to environmental, development and (global) citizenship education. Up to 2005, however, it was the department responsible for environment policy that had been the most influential through, for example, its support for the Eco-schools scheme, and this shift of direction within government has coincided with a radical re-appraisal by the DCSF on the role, and responsibilities, that schools should take at a time of unprecedented national policy commitment to sustainable development. The initiative’s three key ideas are [i] making connections between action and learning: between what a school does, as a community, and what the people in it: students, staff, governors, can learn; and [ii] integrating thinking and activity across curriculum, the campus, and the school’s local community; and [iii] modelling, by schools, of sustainable ways of working and living. This paper traces the development of the first five years of the Sustainable Schools initiative, and offers a critical appraisal of what it has achieved and what its priorities now might be.

Title: Eco-cultural Approach of Sustainable Tourism in Taiwan Coastal Fish Farming Area
Author: Su-Hsin Jasmine Lee
Affiliation: Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Dragvoll, Bygg 7, nivå 4, NO-7049 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mail: shlee@ntnu.edu.tw
Abstract: Coastal areas have high ecologically productivity, cultural history and plentiful recreational resources. The utilization of current land and fish farming industry need to be reorganized and relocated in Taiwan southwest coastal area due to overuse of groundwater and stratum. The development of green industries such as sustainable tourism has become a potential option. Since landscape is an interaction between culture and nature, the source of knowledge and place bonding of eco-culture of the residents are important for landscape management. From local residents’ point of view, this study proposes a model of knowledge, place bonding, and management strategy (KPM). From the results of structural equation modeling (SEM), the KPM model is established for knowledge and place bonding components having positive influence on management strategies. However, the importance of knowledge is greater than place bonding. In addition, residents’ participating in community affairs has more significant effects than socio-demographics such as gender, age, and levels of education on the components of KBM.
Keywords: sustainable tourism; eco-culture landscape; local knowledge; place bonding

Type of Paper: Review
Title: The Rhetoric of Sustainability: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy?
Author: Meg Holden
Affiliation: Simon Fraser University Vancouver, 2nd Floor, 515 W., Hastings St., Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada; E-Mail: mholden@sfu.ca
Abstract: In 1991, development economist and US public intellectual Albert O. Hirschman wrote /The Rhetoric of Reaction/. In this book, which was prescient of more contemporary popular books such as Naomi Klein's (2007) /The Shock Doctrine /and James C. Scott's (1998)/ Seeing Like a State/, Hirschman proposed a way to understand the kinds of arguments made by conservatives about proposals for change. His compelling trilogy of modes of arguments included arguments of perversity, futility and jeopardy. I argue here that this schema can additionally be used as a way to understand the limits that are seen to exist to what I call a pragmatic approach to urban sustainable development. I will demonstrate the pervasiveness of arguments that our best attempts to move toward sustainability in our cities today may present threats that are just as grave as those of not acting.
This exercise serves two purposes. One is to urge those who would call themselves sustainability scholars to think critically and carefully about the lines of thought and action that may separate different sustainability motivations from the far reaches of interdisciplinary work in this field. The other is to suggest that, because of the persistence of certain kinds of arguments about the impossibility of sustainability, suggestive of deep and enduring instincts of doubt through human history, we should be sceptical of the legitimacy of these claims about the limitations of achieving sustainable development.