Structured Mental Model Approach for Analyzing Perception of Risks to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Understanding farmers underlying mental models and perceptions. In particular, understanding the relevance of perception of a specific risk in relation to farmers’ livelihood.
- Comparing the mental models of experts to the one of farmers for identifying potential misunderstandings.
- Analyzing the sources of potential misunderstandings between experts and farmers.
- Supporting the development of intervention strategies, considering farmers’ mental models and their differences to the one of experts.
2. Conceptual Background
2.1. The Psychological Cognition Perspective
2.2. The Socio-Cultural Perspective
Capital type | Definition | Related risk |
---|---|---|
Human capital | People and their ability to be economically productive. It includes educational level, skills, experience, knowledge, creativity and innovativeness [16] Education level and health status of individuals and populations [55] | Health risks |
Natural capital | The natural resource base available for pursuing an agricultural activity. It includes land and soil quality; access to water, etc. [1]. Natural resource base (land, water, trees) that yields products utilised by human populations for their survival [56] | Environmental risks |
Financial capital | Stocks of cash that can be accessed in order to purchase either production or consumption goods, and access to credit might be included in this category [56] | Financial risks |
Physical capital | Assets brought into existence by economic production processes, for example, tools machines and land improvements like terraces or irrigation canals [56] | |
Social capital | Process and condition of social networking among people that lead to accomplishing a goal of mutual social benefit, usually characterized by trust, cooperation, involvement in the community, and sharing [57,58] | Loss of social status and network |
- ■
- it includes relations between people rather than property owned by people
- ■
- it can usually be considered a public good shared by a group of people
- ■
- it is created by mutual effort over time of different people
2.3. Considering the Different Literacy Levels in Less Developed Countries
3. The Structured Mental Model Approach (SMMA)
Part I: Definition and weighting of the Individual Capitals
Part II: Analysis of the Livelihood Dynamics
Part III: Definition of the Social Capital
Experts model of farmer’s livelihood | Farmers’ model of their livelihood | |
---|---|---|
Influence diagrams of system elements and agents | Open-ended questions of system elements and agents | |
Part I |
|
|
Part II |
|
|
Part III |
|
|
3.1. Selection of Experts and Farmers
Human | Physical | Natural | Financial |
---|---|---|---|
Agronomist | Agronomist | Agronomist | Agronomist |
Local technical assistance | Local technical assistance | Environmental engineer | National economist |
Regional technical assistance | Regional technical assistance | Toxicologista | Local economist |
Medical doctora | Pesticide sellera | ||
Toxicologista | |||
Teacher |
Capital | High (state) | Low (state) |
---|---|---|
Human |
|
|
Natural |
|
|
Financial |
|
|
Physical |
|
|
Social |
|
|
3.2. Implementation of the SMMA
3.2.1. Introduction to the Research
3.2.2. Part I: Definition and Weighting of Farmers’ Individual Capitals
Interview
Part of the interview | Examples of questions |
---|---|
Definition of the capitals | Here are the four capitals chosen to define farmers’ livelihood. They are defined as follows (see
Figure 2). Please complete the elements belonging to each type of capital. |
Ranking of the capitals | What role do the capitals play regarding farmers’ use of pesticides? Please rank the capitals with respect to their relative relevance for farmers and explain. (1 = highest relevance; 4 = lowest relevance) Please consider their short- & long-term relevance. |
Elements named by experts | Consolidatedelement | Regional relation | Photograph | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Communal church farmers go to | ||||||
| → | Religion | → | Visualization of religion in Vereda la Hoya | → |
Part of the interview | Examples of questions |
---|---|
Definition element Photographs | Here are the four capitals chosen to define your livelihood in four groups. They are defined as follows… Please sort the following photographs into these four groups, commenting first on what you see in the photograph and second explaining why you chose to place the photograph in a specific group. |
Ranking of the capitals | What role do the capitals play regarding the specific risk? What role do the capitals play regarding your livelihood? Please rank the capitals with respect to their importance for you and explain. (1 = highest relevance; 4 = lowest relevance) Please consider their short- & long-term relevance. |
Analysis
Experts | Element | Farmers’ element allocation to capital group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Physical | Natural | Financial | ||
Human capital | Technical assistance | 2 | 6 | 2 | |
Nutrition | 2 | 5 | 3 | ||
Politics | 5 | 2 | 3 | ||
Physical capital | Pesticides | 2 | 6 | 2 | |
Fertilizer | 2 | 5 | 3 | ||
Seeds | 3 | 6 | 1 | ||
Natural capital | Canavalia | 5 | 2 | 1 | |
Maize harvest | 5 | 3 | 2 | ||
Livestock | 2 | 3 | 5 | ||
Soil | 1 | 4 | 5 | ||
Bean harvest | 6 | 4 | |||
Financial capital | Bank | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
Tobacco | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||
Costa Rica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
3.2.3. Part II: Interaction and Dynamics between the Individual Capitals
Interview
- to analyze what a change in one capital state would have on the other capitals states, considering the specific risk analyzed;
- to depict the effects of one capital on another capitals with arrows in the diagram;
- to explain the depicted changes utilizing the elements they used to define the capitals.
Part of the interview | Examples of questions |
---|---|
System dynamics | Please comment on farmers’ livelihood system considering the interaction among the capitals. To what extent and how does farmers risk management influence their capital states and respective elements? How does the level of capital state (e.g., high or low wealth, education) influence farmers’ perception and decision-making with respect to risk? |
Influence diagram | Assume that, e.g., farmers’ financial capital increases. How will this change affect the other capitals? Please illustrate your statements within this figure. (Figure 2) For example: Increase of human capital→ safer use of pesticides →increase in health→higher labour capacity→ improved livestock → increased profits → higher financial capital → can buy less toxic, more effective pesticides |
Analysis
Capital group | Examples of questions |
---|---|
Human | Did your parents also cultivate potatoes? What other crops did they cultivate? Have the cultivation techniques changed with respect to the ones your parents used? If yes, how? |
Human | How did you learn to confront the pests (with pesticides, types of pesticides, biologic crop protection)? |
Human | What do you do if you feel sick? (e.g., nausea after applying pesticides) |
Physical | What kind of agricultural machineries are you using via a common village organisation? |
Natural | How do you judge the quality of your soil? Has it changed since you cultivate potatoes/ carrots? |
Natural | What effect do you think have pesticides on plants? …on the soil? …on natural abundance in the fields (biodiversity)? … water?...your health? |
Financial | What is the current price of potatoes/carrots? What do the prices depend on? |
Financial | What would you do if you had more/less money? |
- Score 0: no effect perceived
- Score 1: effect perceived
- Score 2: effect perceived and explained
- Score 3: effect perceived, explained and stated to be risk related
Human Capital(E/F) | Physical Capital (E/F) | Natural Capital (E/F) | Financial Capital (E/F) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human Capital | 2/1 | 3/3 | 0/0 | |
Physical Capital | 1/0 | 0/1 | 0/2 | |
Natural Capital | 0/3* | 2/0 | 1/1 | |
Financial Capital | 3/2 | 0/3 | 1/1 |
3.2.4. Part III: Social Capital (Agent Network)
Interview
Topic | Examples of questions | |
---|---|---|
Agents network | Who is the agent depicted in this photograph? | |
Agents network influence diagram | If you were here, place the agents recognized on the cards around you by considering how close you feel to every agent compared to the others | |
| ||
| ||
| ||
|
Analysis
5. Discussion
- (i)
- structures the interviews to first understand farmers’ perception of their livelihood and livelihood risks and potential gains.
- (ii)
- allows for comparing farmers’ perceptions to the ones of experts
- (iii)
- supports the analysis of potential sources of misunderstandings, and thus
- (iv)
- supports the development of sound intervention strategies
5.1. Insights Gained with the SMMA
5.1.1. Understanding Farmers’ Local Knowledge and Individual Motives and Values
Technical assistance placed in | Ranking | Potential outcome | |
---|---|---|---|
Farmer | Financial capital | Financial > Human | Same expected decision but different capital definition and weighting |
Expert | Human capital | Human > Financial |
Pesticide management placed in | Ranking | Potential outcome | |
---|---|---|---|
Farmer | Financial capital | Financial > Natural | Apparently same capital weighting leads to different expected decisions if the capital definition is not elicited. |
Expert | Natural capital | Financial > Natural |
5.1.2. Accounting for the Role of Social Capital and Access to Individual Capitals
5.1.3. Systemic Embedding of the Intervention Planned or Specific Risk to be Studied
5.1.4. Identifying Potential Origins of Misunderstandings
5.2. Policy Relevance
Considering the different literacy levels in less developed countries
5.3. Critical Issues, Validation and Need for Further Research
5.3.1. Critical Issues
5.3.2. Validation
5.3.3. Further Research
6. Concluding Remarks
Interview part | Target capital | Aspect analyzed | Analysis and result presentation | Risk aspect considered |
---|---|---|---|---|
Part I | Individual capitals |
|
|
|
Part II | Individual capitals |
|
|
|
Part III | Social capital |
|
|
|
Acknowledgements
References
- Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets; UK Department for International Development (DFID): London, UK, 2001. Available online: www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidanceSheets.html#6 (accessed on 10 October 2009).
- Morgan, M.G.; Fischhoff, B.; Bostrom, A.; Atman, C.J. Risk Communication: A Mental Models Approach; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Crole-Rees, A. Rural Household Strategies in Southern Mali Determinants and Contribution of Income Diversification to income level and Distribution, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland, 1992.
- Yung, J.M. Les strategies des producteurs. In Le Dévelopment Agricole au Sahel. Collection “Documents Systèmes Agraires, No.17 Tome I Milieux et Defies; Bosc, P.M., Dollé, V., Garin, P., Yung, J.M., Eds.; CIRAD: Monptellier, France, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Quinn, C.H.; Huby, M.; Kiwasila, H.; Lovett, J.C. Local perceptions of risk to livelihood in semi-arid Tanzania. J. Environ. Manage. 2003, 68, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Forsyth, T. Sustainable livelihood approaches and soil erosion risks: who is to judge? Int. J. Soc. Econ. 2006, 34, 88–102. [Google Scholar]
- Carlson, G.A.; Wettstein, M.E. Pesticides and pest management. In Agricultural and Resource Economics; Carlson, G.A., Zilberman, D., Miranowski, J.A., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 268–318. [Google Scholar]
- Doyle, J.K.; Ford, D.N. Mental model concepts for system dynamic research. Syst. Dynam. Rev. 1998, 14, 744–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amr, M.M. Pesticide monitoring and its health problems in Egypt, a Third World country. Toxicol. Letters 1999, 107, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, C.; Tisdell, C. Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs. Ecol. Econ. 2001, 39, 449–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Binswanger, H.P. Risk aversion, collateral requirements, and the markets for credit and incurance in rural areas. In Crop Insurance for Agricultural Development. Issues and Experience; Hazell, P., Pomareda, C., Valdes, A., Eds.; The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, USA, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Orr, A.; Ritchie, J.M. Learning from failure: smallholder farming systems and IPM in Malawi. Agr. Syst. 2004, 79, 31–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gadgil, S.; Seshagiri Rao, P.R.; Narahari Rao, K. Use of climate information for farm-level decision making: rainfed groundnut in southern India. Agr. Syst. 2002, 74, 431–457. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, D.H.; Thorne, P.J.; Sinclair, F.L.; Thapa, B.; Wood, C.D.; Subba, D.B. A systems approach to comparing indigenous and scientific knowledge: consistency and discriminatory power of indigenous and laboratory assessment of the nutritive value of tree fodder. Agr. Syst. 1999, 6, 87–103. [Google Scholar]
- Appendini, K. Land and livelihood: what do we know, and what are the issues? In Land and Sustainable Livelihood in Latin America; Zoomers, A., Ed.; Royal Tropical Institute, Vervuert Verlag, KIT Publishers: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001; pp. 23–38. [Google Scholar]
- de Haan, L.; Zoomers, A. Exploring the frontier of livelihood research. Dev. Change 2005, 36, 27–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scoones, I. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis; IDS Publications: Brighton, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Chambers, R.; Conway, G. Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. In IDS Discussion Paper 296; Institute of Development Studies: Brighton, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Cramb, R.A.; Purcell, T.; Ho, T.C.S. Participatory assessment of rural livelihoods in the central highlands of Vietnam. Agr. Syst. 2004, 81, 255–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNDP. Human Development Report 1990; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Baumgartner, R.; Högger, R. Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems: Managing Resources and Change; Baumgartner, R., Högger, R., Eds.; Sage Publications: London, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Svenson, O. Decision making and the search for fundamental psychological regulatrities: what can be learned from a process perspective? Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. 1996, 65, 252–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller-Böker, U. Knowledge and evaluation of the environment in traditional societies of Nepal. Mt. Res. Dev. 1991, 11, 101–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- WinklerPrins, A.M.G.A. Local soil knowledge: a tool for sustainable land management. Soc. Natur. Resour. 1999, 12, 151–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ericksen, P.J.; Ardón, A. Similarities and differences between farmer and scientist views on soil quality issues in central Honduras. Geoderma 2003, 111, 233–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryder, R. Local soil knowledge and site suitability evaluation in the Dominican Republic. Geoderma 2003, 111, 289–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blaikie, P.; Brown, K.; Stocking, M.; Tang, L.; Dixon, P.; Sillitoe, P. Knowledge in action: local knowledge as a development resource and barriers to its incorporation in natural resource research and development. Agr. Syst. 1997, 55, 217–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdulai, A.; Binder, C.R. Slash-and-burn cultivation practices and agricultural input demand and output supply. Environ. Devel. Econ. 2006, 11, 201–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoell, R.; Binder, C.R. System perspectives of experts and farmers regarding the role of livelihood assets in risk perception: results from the structured mental model approach. Risk Anal. 2009, 29, 205–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Feola, G.; Binder, C.R. Why don't pesticide applicators protect themselves? Exploring the use of personal protective equipment among Colombian smallholders. In Int. J. Occ. Env. Heal.; 2009. (in press) [Google Scholar]
- Atman, C.J.; Bostrom, A.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, G.M. Designing risk communications: completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part I. Risk Anal. 1964, 14, 779–788. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson-Laird, P.N. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Fischhoff, B.; Bostrom, A.; Quadrel, M.J. Risk perception and communication. Annu. Rev. Pub. Health 1993, 14, 183–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senge, P. The Fifth Discipline Field Book; Doubleday: New York, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Schoell, R.; Binder, C.R. Comparing system visions of farmers and experts. Futures 2009, 41, 631–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vari, A. The Mental Models Approach to Risk Research—an RWM Perspective; OECD Nuclear Energy Agency: Moulineaux, France, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Niewohner, J.; Cox, P.; Gerrard, S.; Pidgeon, N. Evaluating the efficacy of a mental models approach for improving occupational chemical risk protection. Risk Anal. 2004, 24, 349–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bostrom, A.; Atman, C.J.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, G.M. Evaluating risk communications: completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part II. Risk Anal. 1994, 14, 789–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bostrom, A.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, M.G. Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes. A methodology and an application to radon. J. Soc. Issues 1992, 48, 85–100. [Google Scholar]
- Pidgeon, N.; Hood, C.; Jones, D.; Turner, B.; Gibson, R. Risk perception in Royal Society. In Study Group on Risk Assessment, Analysis, Perception and Management; Royal Society: London, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Collins, A.; Gentner, D. How people construct mental models. In Cultural Models in language and Thought; Holland, D., Quinn, N., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1987; pp. 243–265. [Google Scholar]
- Atran, S.; Medin, D.L.; Ross, N.O. The cultural mind: environmental decision making and cultural modeling within and across populations. Psychol. Rev. 2005, 112, 744–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Langan-Fox, J.; Wirth, A.; Code, S.; Langfield-Smith, K.; Wirth, A. Analyzing shared and team mental models. Int. J. Ind. Ergonom. 2001, 28, 99–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bostrom, A. Risk perceptions: “Experts” vs. “Lay people”. Duke Env. L. Pol'y F. 1997, 8, 101–113. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, C.; Gardoni, P. The role of society in engineering risk analysis: a capabilities-based approach. Risk Anal. 2006, 26, 1073–1083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrera-Bassols, N. Symbolism, Knowledge and Management of Soil and Land Resources in Indigenous Communities: Ethnopedology at Global, Regional and Local Scales. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Cifuentes, L.A.; Bronfman, N. Risk perception in a developing country: the case of Chile. Risk Anal. 2003, 23, 1309–1323. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, M.R.; Wei, W. Loss of agro-biodiversity, uncertainty, and perceived control: a comparative risk perception study in Australia and China. Risk Anal. 2006, 26, 455–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taylor-Gooby, P.; Zinn, J.O. Current directions in risk research: new developments in psychology and sociology. Risk Anal. 2006, 26, 397–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giddens, A. The politics of Risk Society; Polity Press: Cambridge, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Giddens, A. The Constitution of the Society; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1984. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, E.R.; Collins, E.C. Contextualizing person perception: distributed social cognition. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 116, 343–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sen, A. Development as capability expansion. J. Dev. Plan. 1989, 19, 41–85. [Google Scholar]
- Binder, C.R. From material flow analysis to material flow management Part II: the role of structural agent analysis. J. Cleaner Prod. 2007, 15, 1605–1617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carney, D. Implementing the sustainable rural livelihoods approach, Ch. 1. In Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make; Carney, D., Ed.; Department of International Development: London, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Ellis, F. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries; University Press: Oxford, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital Education and Skills; OECD Publications: Paris, France, 2001.
- The World Bank. Social Capital. Available online: http://go.worldbank.org/VEN7OUW280 (accessed on 9 November 2009).
- Geiser, U.; Müller-Böker, U. Gemeinschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Staat als sozialer Kontext des Lebensalltags in den Bergen Nepals und Pakistans. In Welt der Alpen—Gebirge der Welt; Ressourcen, Akteure, Perspektiven; Jeanneret, F., Ed.; Haupt. Verlag: Bern, Switzerland, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Woolcock, M. Social capital: the state of the notion. In Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Seminar on Social Capital: Global and Local Perspectives, Helsinki, Finland, 15 April 1999.
- Mosimann, A. Application of the Structured Mental Model Approach (SMMA) to analyze the sustainability of a new cultivation and livestock feeding method in Nicaragua. In Department of Geography, Social and Industrial Ecology; University of Zurich: Zurich, Switzerland, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Maharik, M.; Fischhoff, B.; Morgan, G.M. Risk knowledge and risk attitudes regarding nuclear energy sources in space. Risk Anal. 1993, 13, 345–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saaty, T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Würtenberger, L.; Binder, C.R. Organization of North-South Joint Ventures; Final Report to the Alliance for Global Sustainability; Institute for Human-Environment Systems: Zürich, Switzerland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Pretty, J.N.; Shah, P. Making soil and water conservation sustainable: from coercion and control to partnerships and participation. Land Degrad. Dev. 1997, 8, 39–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynam, T.; de Jong, W.; Sheil, D.; Kusumanto, T.; Evans, K. A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences and values into decision making in natural resource management. Ecol. Soc. 2007, 12, 5. [Google Scholar]
- Ramirez, R. Participatory learning and communication approaches for managing pluralism: implications for sustainable forestry, agriculture and rural development. In Proceedings of the FAO International Workshop on Pluralism and Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development, Rome, Italy, December 9–12 1997.
- Salganik, M.J.; Heckathorn, D.D. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociol. Methodol. 2004, 34, 193–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hermanns, L.M. Dynamic actor network analysis for diffuse pollution in the province of North-Holland. Water Sci. Technol. 2005, 49, 205–212. [Google Scholar]
- Maier Bergé, S.; Hadorn, G.H. Options & Restrictions: a heuristic tool in transdiciplinary research for an effective implementation of sustainable practices. In Proceedings of the 2002 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change "Knowledge for the Sustainability Transition. The Challenge for Social Science", Berlin, Germany, December 6–7 2002.
- Walters, B.B.; Cadelina, A.; Cardano, A.; Visitacion, E. Community history and rural development: why some farmers participate more readily than others. Agr. Syst. 1999, 59, 193–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsee, C.K.; Weber, E.U. Cross-national differences in risk preference and lay predictions. J. Behav. Decis. Making 1999, 12, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baumberger, N. Exposition, Überzeugung und Risikoverhalten im Umgang mit Pestiziden: Eine Fallstudie bei Kartoffelbauern in Vereda la Hoya, Kolumbien; Universität Zürich: Zürich, Switzerland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Digman, J.M. Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1990, 41, 417–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Binder, C.R.; Schöll, R. Structured Mental Model Approach for Analyzing Perception of Risks to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2010, 2, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010001
Binder CR, Schöll R. Structured Mental Model Approach for Analyzing Perception of Risks to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries. Sustainability. 2010; 2(1):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleBinder, Claudia R., and Regina Schöll. 2010. "Structured Mental Model Approach for Analyzing Perception of Risks to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries" Sustainability 2, no. 1: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010001