Geosciences

28 pages, 8881 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pegmatite and Fault Spatial Distribution Patterns in Kalba-Narym Zone, East Kazakhstan: Integrated Field Observation, GIS, and Remote Sensing Analysis

by Azam Soltani Dehnavi, Syed Muzyan Shahzad, Piotr Skrzypacz and Fereshteh Shabani-Sefiddashti

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120458 (registering DOI) - 2 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study is an attempt to compile and complete structural features of the Kalba-Narym Zone in East Kazakhstan belonging to the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is known to be well-endowed with the occurrence of pegmatite rare-metal mineralization. Remote sensing and GIS-based [...] Read more.

This study is an attempt to compile and complete structural features of the Kalba-Narym Zone in East Kazakhstan belonging to the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is known to be well-endowed with the occurrence of pegmatite rare-metal mineralization. Remote sensing and GIS-based 2D are utilized to map the geological structural lineaments of faults and granitic pegmatite and pegmatite dikes. This includes lineament extraction on regional and district scales. Then, the spatial relationship between pegmatite dikes and faults is analyzed, including the lineament trends and proximity patterns. The spatial analyses are performed via the geo-computational method of Distance to Nearest Neighbors (DNN), Ripley’s L′ function, and pegmatite orientation families were employed to study the spatial distribution pattern of the pegmatites. The results of this study demonstrate that the occurrence of pegmatite dikes in various Greenfields and Brownfields of the Kalba-Narym Zone follows clustered distributions, the orientation of pegmatite swarms is dominantly NW-SE, and pegmatite emplacement is proximal to the intersection of multiple faulting systems. Extracted fault strikes, demonstrating a pronounced NW–SE to NNW–SSE structural fabric across the zone, show orientation association with the pegmatite dikes. Extraction and demarcation of pegmatites on a regional scale via remote sensing techniques help efficiently narrow down the target areas before conducting geological campaigns. This investigation proposes several new districts of pegmatite occurrence in the Kalba-Narym Zone as potential targets for exploration of critical metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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16 pages, 4819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Groundwater Recharge Sources to Spring-Fed Lake Ezu, Kumamoto City, Japan from Hydrochemical Characteristics

by Irfan Tsany Rahmawan, Kimpei Ichiyanagi, Haruchika Hamatake, Ilyas Nurfadhil Basuki and Teru Nagaoka

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120457 (registering DOI) - 2 Dec 2025

Abstract

Kumamoto is a city in Japan that relies completely on groundwater for drinking water. Groundwater in the Kumamoto region divided into shallow and deep aquifers. Around Lake Ezu, where one of Kumamoto City’s largest tap-water source wells are located, groundwater from both aquifers [...] Read more.

Kumamoto is a city in Japan that relies completely on groundwater for drinking water. Groundwater in the Kumamoto region divided into shallow and deep aquifers. Around Lake Ezu, where one of Kumamoto City’s largest tap-water source wells are located, groundwater from both aquifers mixes, resulting in numerous springs. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the relative contributions of the groundwater sources that discharge into Ezu Lake. River, lake, spring, and artesian well samples were collected every month between April 2021 and March 2022, and groundwater chemistry data for the shallow and deep aquifers were obtained from previous studies. The NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ concentrations indicated three end-members: (A) high NO₃⁻ from anthropogenic sources, (B) high SO₄²⁻ from Shirakawa River water, and (C) low NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ from denitrification or dilution. Mixing analysis show 60–70% from A, 17–22% from B, and 7–25% from C for the lake waters. Also, the result showed that springs in the Kami-Ezu area were dominated by shallow aquifer water, whereas artesian wells in the Shimo-Ezu area reflected deep aquifer water. This is the first time that the contributions of groundwater sources in this area have been quantified using a three-component mixing approach. Furthermore, it was estimated that Shirakawa River infiltration, including the artificial recharge project from rice paddy, contributed approximately 57% to groundwater discharge into Ezu Lake in 2020. These results provide new insights into the contribution of artificial recharge from agricultural land to groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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28 pages, 26156 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Structural Modeling and Analysis of the Devonian–Permian Succession in the Tasbulak Trough, Central Kazakhstan: Insights into Trap Formation and Preservation

by Almas Zhumagulov and Auez Abetov

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120456 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Devonian–Permian succession of the Tasbulak Trough in the Shu–Sarysu Basin contains confirmed gas shows (wells 462, 1-P Izykyr, 1-P Sokyr-Tobe, and 1-P Kamenistaya) and a sedimentary cover exceeding 5500 m but still lacks a unified 3D structural interpretation capable of explaining the [...] Read more.

The Devonian–Permian succession of the Tasbulak Trough in the Shu–Sarysu Basin contains confirmed gas shows (wells 462, 1-P Izykyr, 1-P Sokyr-Tobe, and 1-P Kamenistaya) and a sedimentary cover exceeding 5500 m but still lacks a unified 3D structural interpretation capable of explaining the distribution of gas-prone intervals. This study addresses this gap by digitizing and integrating legacy well and 2D seismic datasets to construct horizon-consistent three-dimensional structural surfaces for eight target horizons. The resulting model reveals a low-deformation structural framework dominated by a previously undocumented element—the Central Tasbulak Ridge—which exerts first-order control on fault segmentation, trap geometry, and gas preservation. Structural surfaces were synthesized with stratigraphic intervals to define reservoir–seal–trap relationships, highlighting the late Visean–early Serpukhovian carbonate subformation as the primary target interval. Building on these relationships, a prospect evaluation matrix was developed to classify structural, stratigraphic (including intraformational), and combination trap types together with their corresponding sealing units. The results demonstrate long-term tectonic stability, multi-level evaporitic seals, and inheritance-guided trap evolution, providing a reference framework for assessing gas prospectivity in data-limited intracratonic basins and advancing understanding of petroleum-system architecture in stable continental settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Applied Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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23 pages, 50732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Evaluation of Coastal Sinking and Management Issues in Sayung, Central Java, Indonesia

by Dewayany Sutrisno, Ratih Dewanti Dimyati, Rizatus Shofiyati, Yosef Prihanto, Janthy Trilusianthy Hidayat, Mulyanto Darmawan, Syamsul Bahri Agus, Muhammad Helmi, Heri Sadmono and Nanin Anggraini

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120455 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Coastal flooding driven by sea-level rise and land subsidence poses severe risks to low-lying communities. This study evaluates the causes and impacts of coastal sinking in Sayung, Demak, Central Java, using multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1977, 2024), tidal gauge data, and GPS measurements. A [...] Read more.

Coastal flooding driven by sea-level rise and land subsidence poses severe risks to low-lying communities. This study evaluates the causes and impacts of coastal sinking in Sayung, Demak, Central Java, using multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1977, 2024), tidal gauge data, and GPS measurements. A set of spectral indices—Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Weighted Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (WMNDWI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)—were calculated and integrated as input features for a Random Forest machine learning model to detect and classify environmental changes. Results indicated an average land subsidence rate of approximately 6 cm/year ± 0.8 cm/year, validated against InSAR-based measurements, and a classification accuracy of 91% (RMSE of 0.8 cm/year). A substantial decline in vegetation indices was observed, reflecting the conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas and water bodies. Extensive flooding and shoreline retreat were documented, with high-risk zones concentrated along densely developed coastlines. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated management strategies, including stricter groundwater regulation, continuous remote-sensing-based monitoring, and large-scale mangrove restoration, to safeguard ecological functions and enhance the socio-economic resilience of coastal communities in the face of accelerating climate change impacts. Full article

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21 pages, 5142 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geological Map of the Frasassi Gorge (Northern Apennines, Italy)

by Sandro Galdenzi

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120454 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work presents a new 1:10,000-scale geological map of the Frasassi area (central Italy), integrating recent surface and cave surveys. The map is complemented by new data on the lithostratigraphic characterisation of the Calcare Massiccio Formation (MAS), which forms the core of the [...] Read more.

This work presents a new 1:10,000-scale geological map of the Frasassi area (central Italy), integrating recent surface and cave surveys. The map is complemented by new data on the lithostratigraphic characterisation of the Calcare Massiccio Formation (MAS), which forms the core of the local Jurassic structural high. This refined analysis allows for a more detailed subdivision of the MAS and better correlation with the overlying condensed Jurassic succession (BU) and surrounding Maiolica Formation (MAI). The map documents the complex tectono-sedimentary contacts between these units, highlighting the geometry of the MAS–MAI boundary and the occurrence of neptunian dykes both at the surface and within the cave system. The proposed structural interpretation suggests that the Frasassi high was an elongated NW–SE block bounded by conjugate oblique-slip normal faults later reactivated during folding. The results refine the understanding of Jurassic paleogeography and post-Jurassic deformation in the northern Apennines and provide an updated framework to support future geological studies in the area. Full article

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21 pages, 5847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Slope Stability Assessment of Tropical Hillslopes in Southern Guam Under Typhoon-Induced Infiltration

by Ujwalkumar Dashrath Patil, Myeong-Ho Yeo, Sayantan Chakraborty, Surya Sarat Chandra Congress and Bryan Higgs

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120453 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Uncertainty and variability in soil properties strongly impact slope stability under extreme rainfall. This study applies a probabilistic hydro-mechanical slope stability assessment to unsaturated volcanic hillslopes in southern Guam, covering a range of slope angles and subjected to four major 2023 typhoons. The [...] Read more.

Uncertainty and variability in soil properties strongly impact slope stability under extreme rainfall. This study applies a probabilistic hydro-mechanical slope stability assessment to unsaturated volcanic hillslopes in southern Guam, covering a range of slope angles and subjected to four major 2023 typhoons. The slope scenarios analyzed include bare slopes, vegetated slopes with root water uptake, and vetiver with both uptake and root reinforcement. Laboratory-derived variability in effective cohesion, friction angle, and unit weight was incorporated via Latin hypercube sampling. Gentler slopes (≤40°) remained stable with a probability of failure (PoF) = 0%. For steep slopes (45–60°), vetiver root reinforcement improved the mean factor of safety by up to 12–15% and reduced variability in outcomes to less than 2%. Probabilistic predictions advanced failure timing compared to deterministic estimates, with differences more pronounced on steeper slopes. By integrating soil variability and vegetation effects within probabilistic frameworks, this approach provides a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of tropical slope failure risks, thereby informing more effective and resilient slope management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical and Biochemical (THMBC) Characterization and Modelling of Unsaturated Soils)

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16 pages, 9349 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Ice Velocity near the Terminus of Grey Glacier in the Southern Patagonian Icefield, Based on Direct Field Measurements

by Roberto García-Esteban

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120452 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Glacier mass balance and ice flow dynamics, strongly influenced by climatic variability, topography, and geological–structural controls, can be precisely characterized through in situ GPS measurements of surface ice velocity, though such data remain limited due to logistical challenges in field acquisition. This study [...] Read more.

Glacier mass balance and ice flow dynamics, strongly influenced by climatic variability, topography, and geological–structural controls, can be precisely characterized through in situ GPS measurements of surface ice velocity, though such data remain limited due to logistical challenges in field acquisition. This study presents direct measurements of surface ice velocity on Grey Glacier, a major outlet glacier of the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI) in Chile. Ice flow was monitored over a one-week period in late 2002 by tracking the displacement of six stakes installed on the glacier surface. The resulting velocity data reveal spatial patterns of surface flow that provide significant information for the comparison and validation of remote sensing observations, which is particularly relevant considering that the ice mass from which the data were collected has since disappeared due to glacier retreat. The combined use of ground-based and remote sensing methods is essential for advancing our understanding of glacier motion and behavior, particularly in the context of climate forcing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cryosphere)

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26 pages, 42537 KB

Open AccessArticle

ID-TIMS U-Pb Zircon Ages and Petrogenesis of Granitoid Magmas in Central Madagascar: Geodynamic Perspectives

by Tsilavo Raharimahefa, Christine Rasoazanamparany and Timothy M. Kusky

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120451 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

We present ID-TIMS U-Pb single zircon ages and major and trace element data for granitoid plutons from the Imorona–Itsindro and Kiangara suites in central Madagascar, in order to constrain the timing of igneous emplacement and investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic settings of these [...] Read more.

We present ID-TIMS U-Pb single zircon ages and major and trace element data for granitoid plutons from the Imorona–Itsindro and Kiangara suites in central Madagascar, in order to constrain the timing of igneous emplacement and investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic settings of these Neoproterozoic plutons. A U-Pb crystallization age of 779 ± 7 Ma was determined from an Imorona–Itsindro intrusion, while a Kiangara intrusion yields 777 ± 4 Ma, older than previously reported. The identical U-Pb ages suggest contemporaneous emplacement of some Kiangara and Imorona–Itsindro intrusions. Elemental data indicate that the two suites display trace element patterns similar to those of arc-type magmas. Some distinct geochemical features are apparent between these two suites. The Imorona–Itsindro sample displays I-type affinity with low REE abundances, whereas the Kiangara samples exhibit A-type signatures with higher REE contents. We suggest that the elemental differences between A-type and I-type reflect the contamination of mantle-derived magma by lower and upper crustal rocks, respectively. We suggest that the coeval A-type and I-type granitoids in central Madagascar were generated in a subduction system associated with slab rollback and back-arc extension like extension. The compositional diversity in these Neoproterozoic plutons reflects the evolution of the tectonic regime within a single geodynamic environment, similar to that proposed for plutons in other Precambrian and younger terranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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4 pages, 151 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Earth Observation by GNSS and GIS Techniques”

by Aggeliki Kyriou, Lia Bárbara Cunha Barata Duarte and Christos Pikridas

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120450 - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have undergone transformative developments that have profoundly influenced positioning/navigation, data science, and geospatial technologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earth Observation by GNSS and GIS Techniques)

19 pages, 13143 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of Regional-Scale Soil Mechanics Parameter Disturbances on Rainfall Landslides Warning

by Kai Wang, Shuailong Xie, Linmao Xie, Shaojie Zhang, Lin Zhu, Fuzhou Qi, Haohao Luo and Xiangyang Zhao

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120449 - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The spatial uncertainty of soil mechanical parameters remains a major challenge in physical models for the prediction of rainfall landslides. Currently, the widely adopted stochastic methods for parameter selection disregard the lithological variations and fail to account for rainfall infiltration’s attenuation effects on [...] Read more.

The spatial uncertainty of soil mechanical parameters remains a major challenge in physical models for the prediction of rainfall landslides. Currently, the widely adopted stochastic methods for parameter selection disregard the lithological variations and fail to account for rainfall infiltration’s attenuation effects on soil mechanical parameters. Through field sampling and laboratory testing, this study examined the distribution of mechanical parameters across five lithological zones in Fengjie County, Chongqing, China. The soil mechanical parameters at liquid and plastic limits were used as boundaries, and nine attenuation scenarios of mechanical parameters were devised based on disturbance ratios from 0.1 to 0.9, simulating the attenuation effect of rainfall infiltration on parameters. The prediction performance across different attenuation scenarios was then explored. The findings revealed that different lithologies displayed unique normal distribution characteristics. Prediction results from slope units indicate lower disturbance ratios (0.1–0.3) yield ideal miss rates (below 10%) but very high false alarm rates. With higher disturbance ratios (0.4–0.9), missing alarm rates increased while false alarm rates continually decreased. At 0.4 disturbance ratio, both the false and missed alarm rates are optimal. This study recommends setting the disturbance ratio of soil mechanical parameters to 0.4 to achieve a preferable predictive performance in Fengjie County. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslides: The Contribution of Multi-Source Multi-Temporal Data for Monitoring, Analysis and Risk Mitigation)

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38 pages, 13323 KB

Open AccessReview

Pockmark Distribution and Genesis in the Mediterranean and Black Seas: A Regional Synthesis

by Daniele Spatola, Martin Torvald Hovland, Daniele Casalbore, Marzia Rovere, Francesco Latino Chiocci, Stéphanie Dupré, Gemma Ercilla, Aaron Micallef, George Papatheodorou, Attilio Sulli and Juan Tomás Vázquez

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120448 - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pockmarks are ubiquitous seafloor depressions formed by the fluid/gas seepage through marine sediments, with implications for geohazards, benthic ecosystems, and climate-related processes. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms controlling the formation and spatial distribution of pockmarks are not completely understood, owing to the diverse [...] Read more.

Pockmarks are ubiquitous seafloor depressions formed by the fluid/gas seepage through marine sediments, with implications for geohazards, benthic ecosystems, and climate-related processes. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms controlling the formation and spatial distribution of pockmarks are not completely understood, owing to the diverse and site-specific geo-environmental conditions. In this study, we provide a first review of over 7500 pockmarks mapped across the Mediterranean and Black seas, showing their relationship with depth range, slope gradient, seafloor lithology, proximity to tectonic faults, and sediment thickness. Our analysis reveals that pockmarks are predominantly located at intermediate water depths (100–700 m), with two main clusters around 100–200 and 500–700 m. They are commonly found on gently sloping seafloor (<4°), often clustering around slope breaks. In detail, two slope-related peaks around 1.5° and 3.5° suggest distinct geological settings for pockmark formation: sediment-rich and low-energy environments versus more dynamic slope domains. Fault proximity plays a critical role, with over 40% of pockmarks occurring within 1 km of mapped faults, indicating that structural discontinuities act as preferential fluid pathways. Pockmarks concentrate in areas with moderate Plio-Quaternary sediment thickness (300–600 m), suggesting an optimal window for overpressure generation and fluid expulsion. A strong lithological control is evident: 74% of pockmarks occur on muddy sand or sand-rich substrates. In terms of ongoing to recent seepage/activity, ~27% of pockmarks show evidence of ongoing fluid seepage (e.g., acoustic gas flares, seismic wipeouts), particularly in regions such as the Black Sea, Aegean, and Central Tyrrhenian, where faulting, salt tectonics, or hydrothermal systems enhance permeability. Conversely, pockmarks in the Western Mediterranean appear to be generally inactive and buried. These findings underscore the influence of tectono-sedimentary architecture on seafloor fluid escape and provide essential insight into methane seepage, slope stability, and benthic habitats. This pedagogic review enhances our understanding of pockmark systems and establishes a foundation for future geohazard assessment, climate studies, and marine resource exploration. Full article

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37 pages, 9652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrocarbon Trap Evolution Along the Nezamabad Fault System: Cross-Scale Coupling of Basement Faulting in the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt

by Mohammad Amin Okhovatzadeh, Zahra Maleki and Pooria Kianoush

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120447 - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Nezamabad Fault System (NFS) in the Fars area of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt represents a persistent, basement-rooted transverse shear zone that fundamentally controls the regional hydrocarbon system. This study integrates seismicity distribution, isopach analysis, and tectono-stratigraphic modeling from the Triassic to the [...] Read more.

The Nezamabad Fault System (NFS) in the Fars area of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt represents a persistent, basement-rooted transverse shear zone that fundamentally controls the regional hydrocarbon system. This study integrates seismicity distribution, isopach analysis, and tectono-stratigraphic modeling from the Triassic to the Cenozoic to unravel how recurrent basement reactivation governs trap evolution. Isopach maps reveal a pronounced southwest-thickening asymmetry, with Triassic successions exceeding 1400 m, indicating long-term differential subsidence during four key phases: (1) Triassic syn-rift salt accumulation (Dashtak Formation) forming the primary detachment; (2) Jurassic–Early Cretaceous passive subsidence promoting source rock deposition; (3) Mid-Cretaceous transpression enhancing reservoir dolomitization; and (4) Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic inversion generating hybrid traps. Seismicity analysis of over 240 events confirms the 256-km-long NFS is a crustal-scale structure, with most foci at 10–33 km depth and others extending to 150 km, implying lithospheric stress transfer. This deep-crustal activity has periodically reorganized stress, enhanced fracture permeability, and rejuvenated traps through seismic pumping and cross-scale mechanical coupling. The results demonstrate that hydrocarbons in the Fars area are not a passive outcome of folding but a dynamic expression of lithospheric coupling. The findings establish a predictive framework for identifying analogous basement-influenced petroleum systems in other foreland fold–thrust belts worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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4 pages, 147 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Zircon U–Pb Geochronology Applied to Tectonics and Ore Deposits

by Khin Zaw, Charles Makoundi and Jillian Aira S. Gabo-Ratio

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120446 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Zircon U–Pb geochronology has become one of the most fundamental and powerful tools in modern Earth and planetary sciences [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Applied to Tectonics and Ore Deposits)

29 pages, 7692 KB

Open AccessReview

Quantifiable Elements of Seismic Image Fidelity: A Tutorial Review

by Lelin Sun, Hua-Wei Zhou, Zhihui Zou, Hao Hu, Yukai Wo and Yinshuai Ding

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120445 - 23 Nov 2025

Abstract

The interpretability of seismic images of Earth’s interior properties relies on the quantifiable level of image fidelity. We recommend evaluating seismic image fidelity via three quantifiable elements: image resolution, artifact level, and position accuracy. Though the resolution of seismic images is routinely assessed, [...] Read more.

The interpretability of seismic images of Earth’s interior properties relies on the quantifiable level of image fidelity. We recommend evaluating seismic image fidelity via three quantifiable elements: image resolution, artifact level, and position accuracy. Though the resolution of seismic images is routinely assessed, it is difficult to detect deceiving image artifacts or evaluate the accuracy of image position beyond the drilling limit. Many image artifacts, such as fake or distorted features, are generated by mistaking the signals in the imaging process or due to limitations in seismic illumination and imaging methods. Most image position errors are produced by erroneous velocity models used in seismic imaging. To ensure seismic image fidelity, we should establish practical evaluation standards during the processes of making and interpreting seismic images. For mitigating image artifacts and position errors, we should analyze their causes and follow practical rules, such as “from known to unknown”, in evaluating and interpreting seismic images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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24 pages, 3816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geomorphodynamic Controls on the Distribution and Abundance of the Federally Threatened Puritan Tiger Beetle (Ellipsoptera puritana) Along the Maryland Chesapeake Bay Coast and Implications for Conservation

by Michael S. Fenster and C. Barry Knisley

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120444 - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The federally threatened Puritan tiger beetle (Ellipsoptera puritana; PTB) inhabits Upper Chesapeake Bay bluffs, beaches and Connecticut River point bars. This study focuses on Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay population (Calvert County and Sassafras River), where adult PTBs prey on beach arthropods but [...] Read more.

The federally threatened Puritan tiger beetle (Ellipsoptera puritana; PTB) inhabits Upper Chesapeake Bay bluffs, beaches and Connecticut River point bars. This study focuses on Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay population (Calvert County and Sassafras River), where adult PTBs prey on beach arthropods but establish larval habitat on the adjacent bluffs. A combination of panoramic photography, GIS mapping, and field and laboratory measurements of sedimentological and ecological characteristics were measured across 17 high- and low-density Maryland beetle sites to identify the geologic and biological controls on population distribution and abundance. Results indicate that temporal and spatial fluctuations in PTB abundance are governed by bluff face quality, which in turn, is shaped by antecedent geology (medium-compacted, fine-to-medium, well-sorted sands) and bluff dynamics. We present a four-stage, multi-decadal geomorphodynamic conceptual model in which long-term bluff recession and short-term storm-driven colluvium removal periodically expose fresh bluff surfaces required for larval establishment. By integrating geomorphic, geologic, and ecological perspectives, this study highlights the role of sedimentary processes in maintaining critical estuarine habitats and provides a framework for predicting species persistence in dynamic coastal landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biogeosciences)

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23 pages, 8736 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discrete Element Simulation on the Evolution Mechanism of Excavation Damage Zone in Deep-Buried Tunnels Under Confining Pressure and Comprehensive Structural Planes

by Zhina Liu, Yan Qiao, Yuanfeng Suo and Haoyu Diao

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120443 - 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

The failure mechanism of fractured rock masses under high in situ stress is crucial to the stability of deep underground engineering. This study employs the discrete element method to investigate the evolution of the excavation damage zone (EDZ) in deep-buried tunnels. Numerical models [...] Read more.

The failure mechanism of fractured rock masses under high in situ stress is crucial to the stability of deep underground engineering. This study employs the discrete element method to investigate the evolution of the excavation damage zone (EDZ) in deep-buried tunnels. Numerical models of granite were developed to analyze how confining pressure influences single fractures with varying characteristics and to compare the behavior of filled versus unfilled fractures in double-fracture configurations. The results show the following: (1) confining pressure exerts a dual role, promoting crack initiation and EDZ expansion in intact rock and exposed fractures due to stress concentration while suppressing damage near hidden filled fractures through confinement; (2) EDZ geometry is governed by fracture orientation and filling condition, with filled fractures maintaining stress continuity and raising the crack initiation stress ratio to 0.3–0.4; (3) in multi-fracture setups, unfilled fractures facilitate stress release and crack coalescence, whereas filled fractures act as barriers, diverting cracks and promoting symmetric stress redistribution; and (4) models accurately reproduced failure patterns from real rockburst cases, validating the method for predicting fracture behavior, with filled fractures reducing EDZ area by up to 44%. These findings provide theoretical support for rockburst risk assessment and support design in complex geological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics)

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25 pages, 7223 KB

Open AccessArticle

Depositional Environment as Main Controlling Factor for Low TOC Sediments in the Early Carboniferous Dawuba Formation of the Qiannan Depression

by Yuzuo Liu, Jiao Wang, Tuo Lin, Dongxiao Li, Jie Chen, Shengzhu Wang, Wanzhong Shi, Ren Wang, Xiaoming Zhang, Xiaofeng Xu and Kai Liu

Geosciences 2025, 15(12), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120442 - 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

The evolution of the sedimentary environment in the Early Carboniferous Dawuba Formation of the Qiannan Depression significantly controlled the distribution of low-total organic carbon (TOC) sediments. In this study, the core samples were analyzed by thin section microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, pyrite [...] Read more.

The evolution of the sedimentary environment in the Early Carboniferous Dawuba Formation of the Qiannan Depression significantly controlled the distribution of low-total organic carbon (TOC) sediments. In this study, the core samples were analyzed by thin section microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, pyrite morphology, X-ray diffraction, and geochemical analysis (TOC, sulfur, organic petrography, and major and trace elements). The formation is vertically divided into two members from bottom to top: Member 1 (average TOC = 1.15%) and Member 2 (average TOC = 0.88%). Depositional environment parameters indicate that Member 1 was in a suboxic-oxic transition environment, with weak detrital influx, and moderate paleoproductivity (more developed algae). Member 2 evolved into a stable oxic environment, with significantly enhanced detrital influx and reduced paleoproductivity. The correlations between multiple geochemical proxies (paleoredox, paleoproductivity, and terrestrial detrital influx) and TOC content indicate that high productivity in Member 1 was the main driver of organic matter accumulation, but the suboxic-oxic environment limited preservation efficiency (1.00% < TOC < 2.00%). Member 2, deposited during sea-level fall, experienced long-term oxic conditions and low productivity due to shallower water. Nevertheless, the partial reduction in the exposure time of organic matter within the oxic water column-driven by rapid detrital accumulation-represents a critical mechanism favoring organic-poor sediments (TOC < 1.00%). In conclusion, the development of low-TOC sediments in the Dawuba Formation reflects a transition from a relatively deep to shallow water column, where the synergistic effects of redox conditions, paleoproductivity, and terrigenous detrital influx controlled the distribution and enrichment of organic matter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Unconventional Shale Oil and Gas: Geological Mechanisms, Technological Innovations, and Economic–Environmental Sustainability Assessment)

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29 pages, 4258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Performance of Data-Driven Powder Factor Optimization in Tunnel Blasting Under Complex Geological Conditions

by Azita Yusoof, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad, Mohd Saidin Misnan, Mohammad Afrazi and Danial Jahed Armaghani

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110441 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a cohesive and flexible methodology for optimizing tunnel blasting in the Gambang Tunnel 1 project, located in Malaysia’s geologically intricate tropical setting. The study examines the intrinsic difficulties of attaining safe and effective rock fragmentation in weathered, fractured, and large [...] Read more.

This study introduces a cohesive and flexible methodology for optimizing tunnel blasting in the Gambang Tunnel 1 project, located in Malaysia’s geologically intricate tropical setting. The study examines the intrinsic difficulties of attaining safe and effective rock fragmentation in weathered, fractured, and large rock conditions commonly found along the tunnel alignment. The study utilized established rock mass classification methodologies, specifically the Q-system and Rock Mass Rating (RMR), to classify the tunnel face into specific geological zones. The optimization of the blast design aimed to determine appropriate powder factor ranges for each rock class by connecting rock mass quality with actual blast performance and fragmentation results. The results indicated that weathered zones (Q-value < 1.0) efficiently responded to powder factors of 0.65 to 0.85 kg/m³, whereas fractured zones (Q-value 1.0–4.0) attained optimal fragmentation with powder factors ranging from 0.85 to 1.10 kg/m³. The study emphasizes that incorporating rock mass categorization into blast design increases technical accuracy, minimizes over break and vibration, optimizes mucking efficiency, and fosters safer working environments. Furthermore, the methodology complies with regulatory standards established by authorities, ensuring that blasting activities are secure and subject to audit. This study offers pragmatic recommendations for forthcoming tunneling endeavors in analogous geological contexts, illustrating the significance of data-informed, site-specific blast design in fulfilling engineering, safety, and environmental goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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25 pages, 17911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cenozoic Multiphasic Activity and Mesozoic Basin-Control Role of the Dingri–Gangba Fault, Southern Tibet: An Integrated Study of Structural Analysis, Stratigraphic Correlation, and ESR Geochronology

by Chongyang Xin, Songtao Yan, Hu Li, Xuejian Dai, Tao Liu and Jie Wang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110440 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Dingri–Gangba fault, a major structure within the Himalayan Orogenic Belt, records significant geological events, including the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Indian plate and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its geometry, kinematics, and tectonic characteristics remain debated. [...] Read more.

The Dingri–Gangba fault, a major structure within the Himalayan Orogenic Belt, records significant geological events, including the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Indian plate and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its geometry, kinematics, and tectonic characteristics remain debated. To constrain the tectonic evolution of the Dingri–Gangba fault, this study integrates detailed field investigations and structural analysis with Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating to characterize its three-dimensional architecture and quantify the timing of its deformation phases. The results show that the fault trends nearly E–W and exhibits multi-phase structural superimposition, including thrusting (60–40 Ma), normal faulting (35–11 Ma), and strike-slip shear (18–6.8 Ma). These phases reflect a multi-stage tectonic evolution following the India–Eurasia collision. Stratigraphic comparisons reveal that during the Mesozoic, the Dingri–Gangba fault played a significant basin-controlling role, marked by variations in sedimentary thickness, soft-sediment deformation, and volcanic activity. The sedimentary evolution alternated between periods of “differentiation” and “uniformity”. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the tectonic evolution of the Dingri–Gangba fault is closely linked to the dynamic transition of the Tethys Himalaya from a passive continental margin to a collision orogeny, also reflecting changes in the tectonic stress field following the India–Eurasia collision. These findings provide valuable insights into the tectono–sedimentary–magmatic coupling along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Full article

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