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Molecules
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Flame Retardants in a Sustainable World
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Flame Retardants in a Sustainable World

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 5179

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jelena Vasiljević

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: materials science; polymer composites and nanocomposites; sol-gel coatings; surface modification; flame retardancy; thermal stability; water and oil repellency; antimicrobial properties; mechanical properties; multifunctional properties; protective textile materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ivan Jerman

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Assistant Professor, Department of Material Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: synthesis of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane; sol-gel thin films; modification of pigments; spectrally selective paint coatings; high solar absorptivity coatings for concentrated solar power; textile finishing; flame retardant polymers; surface treatments; nanocoatings; electrochromic materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gabriela Kalčíková

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 113 Večna Pot, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: bioremediation; constructed wetlands; ecotoxicity; environmental engineering; microplastics; phytoremediation; pollutants; wastewater treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gunnar Seide

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased, Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Urmonderbaan 22 Chemelot Center Court gebouw 200, 6167 KD Geleen, The Netherlands
Interests: polymer processing; fibre spinning; computational fluid dynamics; biobased polymers; machine and process development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of new flame retardant (FR) formulations has become inevitably intertwined with long-term environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The main driving forces in the development and design of new FR systems, their preparation strategies and application approaches are (1) efficiency and performance of flame retardant in specific applications; (2) sustainability of flame retardant, including smoke toxicity, migration/leaching of FR, and its (eco)toxicity profile; and (3) sustainability of FR preparation/application processes, including their environmental and public health impact as well as production cost. This visionary concept has already given rise to the development of novel synthesized as well as bio-based flame-retardant alternatives to banned persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic FRs. Therefore, this Special Issue aims to broaden scientific knowledge with recent developments on innovative and sustainable inorganic and organic FRs of low or high molecular weight; bio-based FR systems; FR synergistic mixtures; their preparation processes; application in the polymer bulk, composite, film- and fiber-forming polymers, coatings, textile; and performance.

We invite the research community to contribute to this Special Issue by submitting original research articles or comprehensive reviews. The topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Inorganic, organic and inorganic/organic flame retardants
  • Bio-based flame retardants
  • Flame-retardant co-monomers and co-polymers
  • Multi-component flame-retardant systems
  • Multifunctional flame retardants
  • Application of flame retardants
  • Thermal stability
  • Flammability and combustion behavior
  • Flame retardant mechanism
  • Smoke toxicity
  • Migration/leaching
  • (Eco)toxicity 

Dr. Jelena Vasiljević
Prof. Dr. Ivan Jerman
Dr. Gabriela Kalčíková
Prof. Dr. Gunnar Seide
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Flame retardants
  • Synthetic chemistry
  • Bio-based chemistry
  • Polymers
  • Co-polymers
  • Composites/Nanocomposites
  • Flammability
  • Combustion
  • Thermal decomposition
  • Multifunctionality
  • Sustainability
  • Toxicity
  • Ecotoxicity
  • Migration/leaching

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6766 KiB  
Article
Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane
by Shaolin Lu, Botao Shen and Xudong Chen
Molecules 2021, 26(2), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020340 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2101
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame [...] Read more.
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P–N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants in a Sustainable World)
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19 pages, 4600 KiB  
Article
Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants
by Neeraj Mandlekar, Aurélie Cayla, François Rault, Stéphane Giraud, Fabien Salaün and Jinping Guan
Molecules 2020, 25(21), 4963; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214963 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns [...] Read more.
Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants in a Sustainable World)
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