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Metals
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Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel
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Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2019) | Viewed by 23517

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mariangela Lombardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Integrated Additive Manufacturing Center (IAM)—Politecnico di Torino, Corso Castelfidardo, 51, 10129 Torino, Italy
2. Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: laser powder bed fusion; directed energy deposition; aluminum alloys; microstructures; mechanical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Post-processing treatments of metallic materials play a key role in the achievement of high mechanical and surface properties of the final components and in the optimization of their behaviour in service conditions.  Thermal or finishing processes determine the development of specific microstructures, influencing material properties but also cost and time for industrial production. New technologies for steel forming often require the set up and the optimization of post-processing treatments, understanding their influence on microstructural, mechanical and surface properties. Optimized post-processed components having improved mechanical and functional behaviors can be exploited for innovative applications, for moulds, aerospace, automotive, transportation, energy, oil and gas, tools, etc.

This Special Issue aims to present the latest research related to post-processing treatments for steel parts realized through innovative forming and manufacturing technologies. Reviews focused on innovative post-processing treatments of steel are also welcome.

Prof. Mariangela Lombardi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Innovative post-processing for steel
  • Thermal treatments
  • Finishing treatments
  • Microstructure evolution
  • Mechanical behavior
  • Surface properties
  • Innovative technologies

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 151 KiB  
Editorial
Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel
by Mariangela Lombardi
Metals 2020, 10(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020230 - 07 Feb 2020
Viewed by 1553
Abstract
Post-processing treatments of metallic materials play a key role in the achievement of high mechanical and surface properties of the final components and in the optimization of their behavior in service conditions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

8 pages, 1279 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Drawability of a Circular Deep Drawn Metal Cup
by M. A. M. Basril, M. Azuddin and I. A. Choudhury
Metals 2019, 9(12), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121303 - 03 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2791
Abstract
Product quality is one of the important aspects in deep drawing practice and the variation in process temperature was claimed to improve the quality. Therefore, in this research, the effect of the heating temperature on the drawability of a circular metal cup has [...] Read more.
Product quality is one of the important aspects in deep drawing practice and the variation in process temperature was claimed to improve the quality. Therefore, in this research, the effect of the heating temperature on the drawability of a circular metal cup has been investigated. Firstly, circular metal cups of aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel were drawn from the blank diameters of 60 mm, 65 mm, and 70 mm. The experiment was conducted at room temperature followed by at 100 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C. The Taguchi method was selected as the design of experiment approach, and L9 (34) array design methodology was adopted in this experimental research. The drawability was measured based on the punching force needed to deform the sheet metal blanks. The deep drawing process was conducted at room, and elevated temperature conditions and the response factor was analysed and compared through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical approach. The results obtained from ANOVA indicate that the blank material has a significant influence on the deep drawing process followed by the blank size, heating temperature and heating technique. The optimal parameter combinations are blank diameter of 60 mm, heating temperature of 200 °C and the die and punch heating technique. Out of the three materials investigated, aluminium has a better drawability compared to mild steel and stainless steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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14 pages, 7729 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Tensile Performance of Steel Members by Analysis of Corroded Steel Surface Using Deep Learning
by Pang-jo Chun, Tatsuro Yamane, Shota Izumi and Toshihiro Kameda
Metals 2019, 9(12), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121259 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3483
Abstract
To conduct safety checks of corroded steel structures and formulate appropriate maintenance strategies, the residual strength of steel structural members must be assessed with high accuracy. Finite element method (FEM) analyses that precisely recreate the morphology of corroded surfaces using solid elements are [...] Read more.
To conduct safety checks of corroded steel structures and formulate appropriate maintenance strategies, the residual strength of steel structural members must be assessed with high accuracy. Finite element method (FEM) analyses that precisely recreate the morphology of corroded surfaces using solid elements are expected to accurately assess the strength; however, the cost of conducting these calculations is extremely high. Therefore, a model that uses mean thickness as the thickness of the shell element is widely used but this method has precision issues, particularly regarding overestimation of risk. Thus, this study proposes a method of structural analysis in which the effective thickness of a shell element is assessed using the convolutional neural network (CNN), a type of deep learning performed on tensile structural members. An FEM model is then built based on the shell element that uses this effective thickness. We cross-validated this method by adding a feature extraction layer that reflects the domain knowledge, together with convolutional and pooling layers that are commonly used for CNN and found that a high level of accuracy could be achieved. Furthermore, regarding corroded steel plates and H-section steel, our method demonstrated results that were extremely close to those of models that used solid elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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11 pages, 4230 KiB  
Article
Influence of Process Parameters and Deposition Strategy on Laser Metal Deposition of 316L Powder
by Federico Mazzucato, Alberta Aversa, Roberto Doglione, Sara Biamino, Anna Valente and Mariangela Lombardi
Metals 2019, 9(11), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111160 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5094
Abstract
In blown powder additive manufacturing technologies the geometrical stability of the built parts is more complex with respect to more conventional powder bed processes. Because of this reason, in order to select the most suitable building parameters, it is important to investigate the [...] Read more.
In blown powder additive manufacturing technologies the geometrical stability of the built parts is more complex with respect to more conventional powder bed processes. Because of this reason, in order to select the most suitable building parameters, it is important to investigate the shape and the properties of the single metal bead formation and the effect that a scan track has on the nearby ones. In the present study, a methodology to identify an appropriate laser metal deposition process window was introduced, and the effect of the building parameters on the geometry of circular steel samples was investigated. The effect of the scanning strategy on the deposited part was also investigated. This work draws the attention to the importance of the obtainment of the most suitable melt pool shape, demonstrating that the laser power and the scanning strategy have a strong influence not only on the shape but also on the mechanical properties of the final component. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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16 pages, 6629 KiB  
Article
Surface Modification of Rusted Rebar and Enhanced Passivation/Anticorrosion Performance in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions with Different Alkalinity
by Dan Song, Falin Yang, Mingzhi Guo, Sujing Zhao, Jun Hao, Zhaojun Chen, Jiapeng Sun, Yifeng Xu and Jinyang Jiang
Metals 2019, 9(10), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9101050 - 27 Sep 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3490
Abstract
Naturally exposed rusted rebar has been widely used for the production of reinforced concrete. However, rusted rebar is prone to corrosion under chloride ion (Cl−) contamination and/or at a low alkalinity of concrete. This study employed two surface modification methods, sand [...] Read more.
Naturally exposed rusted rebar has been widely used for the production of reinforced concrete. However, rusted rebar is prone to corrosion under chloride ion (Cl−) contamination and/or at a low alkalinity of concrete. This study employed two surface modification methods, sand blasting and wire brushing, to augment the corrosion resistance of naturally exposed rusted rebar. Electrochemical tests revealed that the surface-modified rebar displayed a significant improvement of passivation in the concrete alkaline environment and anticorrosion performance in both the Cl− free and Cl−-containing simulated concrete pore solutions of different alkalinity. The enhanced performance was mainly due to the elimination of the rust layer and the direct exposure of the fresh metallic surface to the alkaline medium. Moreover, the effect of surface nanograins on the intensified passive film led to the best passivation performance of the wire-brushed rebar. The overall findings demonstrate that the two developed methods were conducive to the passivation and anticorrosion performance of the rusted rebar and thereby hold great promise for improving the service life of the reinforced concrete structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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12 pages, 2930 KiB  
Article
Sliding Wear Behavior of Friction Couples Primarily Selected for Corrosion Resistance: Iron Boride/Iron Boride and Iron Boride/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
by Pierre D’Ans and Marc Degrez
Metals 2018, 8(12), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121071 - 16 Dec 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3410
Abstract
Wear mitigation in a sliding couple is challenging if wear has to be minimized on both surfaces. In this paper, ball-on-disk testing is performed on sliding couples where both surfaces (ball and disk) are treated for wear resistance. Studied materials are pack borided [...] Read more.
Wear mitigation in a sliding couple is challenging if wear has to be minimized on both surfaces. In this paper, ball-on-disk testing is performed on sliding couples where both surfaces (ball and disk) are treated for wear resistance. Studied materials are pack borided H13 tool steel (ASTM A681), pack borided AISI 420 stainless steel (ASTM A276) and plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Borided H13 steel exhibits a single phase Fe2B layer, while AISI 420 has a double phase layer, with FeB on the outer surface. Both FeB/Fe2B and FeB/YSZ couples generate three-body abrasion. In the latter case, mass transfer occurs from the ball to the disk as well. Friction coefficient is ~0.6 for the AISI 420/Fe2B and FeB/Fe2B sliding pairs, with less vibration on the latter and wear rates close to 10−3 mm³·(N·m)−1 for both the ball and the disk. In comparison, the FeB/YSZ pair has a friction coefficient of ~0.65, a similar total mass loss, but a much higher wear rate for YSZ than for FeB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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10 pages, 5906 KiB  
Article
Annealing Behavior of Surface-Locally Cold-Deformed Low-Carbon Steel with a Large Strain Gradient
by Xianguang Zhang, Kiyotaka Matsuura and Munekazu Ohno
Metals 2018, 8(11), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110976 - 21 Nov 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
The annealing behavior of surface-locally cold-deformed 0.2 mass% carbon steel with a large strain gradient was investigated, with special attention paid to the change in grain size. The surface local deformation was introduced by a ball-dropping (BD) model experiment. The local plastic strain [...] Read more.
The annealing behavior of surface-locally cold-deformed 0.2 mass% carbon steel with a large strain gradient was investigated, with special attention paid to the change in grain size. The surface local deformation was introduced by a ball-dropping (BD) model experiment. The local plastic strain profile evaluated from pure iron was used to confirm the occurrence of surface local deformation. It was found that the BD test led to severe local deformation near the surface, with a large strain gradient. Both the ferrite and as-transformed austenite exhibited a gradual change in grain size along the depth direction after annealing. The increased nucleation density of austenite in the deformed surface layer is not attributed to the increase in the density of the recrystallized ferrite–ferrite grain boundaries, but rather to the broken and dispersed cementite particles introduced by the deformation. The gradual change in ferrite and austenite grain size should be attributed to be the gradual change in the deformation degree of ferrite and perlite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Processing Improvements for Mechanical, Microstructure, and Surface Properties of Steel)
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