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Nanomaterials
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Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators
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Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 36836

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhen Wen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
Interests: energy harvesting; triboelectric nanogenerator; self-powered sensing; flexible electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hengyu Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
Interests: nanogenerator; mechanical energy harvester; piezotronics; semiconductor physics
Dr. Longfei Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
Interests: piezoelectricity; piezotronics; piezo-phototronics; flexoelectricity; flexotronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanogenerators (NGs) are a field that uses Maxwell’s displacement current as the driving force for effectively converting mechanical energy into electric power. Besides targeting worldwide energy needs within a large scope, an area of nanoenergy has been developed aiming at using nanotechnology to harvest the energy required for the sustainable, independent and maintenance-free operation of micro-/nanosystems and mobile/portable electronics. Based on three effects including piezoelectricity, triboelectricity and pyroelectricity, NGs have broad applications in energy science, environmental protection, wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, medical science, robotics and artificial intelligence.

This Special Issue of Nanomaterials aims to cover the most recent advances in materials and technologies for the preparation of different types of NGs, and related physicochemical effects such as tribotronics, piezotronics, piezophototronics, pyroelectrics and flexotronics, as well as the potential applications such as wearable electronics, self-powered sensors and blue energy.

We welcome full papers, communications and review articles emphasizing the broad scope of the topic.

Prof. Dr. Zhen Wen
Prof. Dr. Hengyu Guo
Dr. Longfei Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanogenerator
  • triboelectric
  • tribotronics
  • piezoelectric
  • piezotronics
  • piezophototronics
  • pyroelectric
  • blue energy
  • self-powered sensing

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 185 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for Special Issue: Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators
by Zhen Wen, Hengyu Guo and Longfei Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203606 - 14 Oct 2022
Viewed by 937
Abstract
Nanogenerators, based on Maxwell’s displacement current as the driving force, have inspired a new and developing field since their invention in 2006 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

11 pages, 4906 KiB  
Article
Tapping-Actuated Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Surface Charge Density Optimization for Human Motion Energy Harvesting
by Marcos Duque and Gonzalo Murillo
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193271 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1950
Abstract
In this article, triboelectric effect has been used to harvest mechanical energy from human motion and convert it into electrical energy. To do so, different ways of optimizing the energy generated have been studied through the correct selection of materials, the design of [...] Read more.
In this article, triboelectric effect has been used to harvest mechanical energy from human motion and convert it into electrical energy. To do so, different ways of optimizing the energy generated have been studied through the correct selection of materials, the design of new spacers to improve the contact surface area, and charge injection by high-voltage corona charging to increase the charge density of dielectric materials. Finally, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been manufactured, which is capable of collecting the mechanical energy of the force applied by hand tapping and using it to power miniaturized electronic sensors in a self-sufficient and sustainable way. This work shows the theoretical concept and simulations of the proposed TENG device, as well as the experimental work carried out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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14 pages, 2399 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Evolutionary Path of Nanogenerator Technology: A Novel Method Based on Sentence-BERT
by Huailan Liu, Rui Zhang, Yufei Liu and Cunxiang He
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122018 - 11 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1870
Abstract
In recent years, nanogenerator technology has developed rapidly with the rise of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and other fields. Therefore, the quick identification of the evolutionary path of nanogenerator technology from a large amount of data attracts much attention. It is of great [...] Read more.
In recent years, nanogenerator technology has developed rapidly with the rise of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and other fields. Therefore, the quick identification of the evolutionary path of nanogenerator technology from a large amount of data attracts much attention. It is of great significance in grasping technical trends and analyzing technical areas of interest. However, there are some limitations in previous studies. On the one hand, previous research on technological evolution has generally utilized bibliometrics, patent analysis, and citations between patents and papers, ignoring the rich semantic information contained therein; on the other hand, its evolution analysis perspective is single, and it is difficult to obtain accurate results. Therefore, this paper proposes a new framework based on the methods of Sentence-BERT and phrase mining, using multi-source data, such as papers and patents, to unveil the evolutionary path of nanogenerator technology. Firstly, using text vectorization, clustering algorithms, and the phrase mining method, current technical themes of significant interest to researchers can be obtained. Next, this paper correlates the multi-source fusion themes through semantic similarity calculation and demonstrates the multi-dimensional technology evolutionary path by using the “theme river map”. Finally, this paper presents an evolution analysis from the perspective of frontier research and technology research, so as to discover the development focus of nanogenerators and predict the future application prospects of nanogenerator technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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14 pages, 1179 KiB  
Article
Advanced Technology Evolution Pathways of Nanogenerators: A Novel Framework Based on Multi-Source Data and Knowledge Graph
by Yufei Liu, Guan Wang, Yuan Zhou and Yuhan Liu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(5), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050838 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
As an emerging nano energy technology, nanogenerators have been developed rapidly, which makes it crucial to analyze the evolutionary pathways of advanced technology in this field to help estimate the development trend and direction. However, some limitations existed in previous studies. On the [...] Read more.
As an emerging nano energy technology, nanogenerators have been developed rapidly, which makes it crucial to analyze the evolutionary pathways of advanced technology in this field to help estimate the development trend and direction. However, some limitations existed in previous studies. On the one hand, previous studies generally made use of the explicit correlation of data such as citation and cooperation between patents and papers, which ignored the rich semantic information contained in them. On the other hand, the progressive evolutionary process from scientific grants to academic papers and then to patents was not considered. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel framework based on a separated three-layer knowledge graph with several time slices using grant data, paper data, and patent data. Firstly, by the representation learning method and clustering algorithm, several clusters representing specific technologies in different layers and different time slices can be obtained. Then, by calculating the similarity between clusters of different layers, the evolutionary pathways of advanced technology from grants to papers and then to patents is drawn. Finally, this paper monitors the pathways of some developed technologies, which evolve from grants to papers and then to patents, and finds some emerging technologies under research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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10 pages, 3618 KiB  
Article
An Ionically Conductive, Self-Powered and Stable Organogel for Pressure Sensing
by Li Wang, Zhengduo Wang, Yingtao Li, Yu Luo, Bingheng Lu, Yiyang Gao, Wei Yu, Guoxin Gao and Shujiang Ding
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040714 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Gel-based ionic conductors are promising candidates for flexible electronics, serving as stretchable sensors or electrodes. However, most of them suffer from a short operating life, low conductivity and rely on an external power supply, limiting their practical application. Herein, we report a stable [...] Read more.
Gel-based ionic conductors are promising candidates for flexible electronics, serving as stretchable sensors or electrodes. However, most of them suffer from a short operating life, low conductivity and rely on an external power supply, limiting their practical application. Herein, we report a stable organogel ionic conductor with high conductivity and self-powering ability. Briefly, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, as a conductive salt, provides high conductivity and the poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) layers, as a self-powering system, supply stable energy output under the influence of pressure. Moreover, the proposed conductors withstand long-term and multi-cycle durability tests. The prepared auxiliary training device can withstand the impact of a basketball and detect the impact force, showing potential in passive sensing during practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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14 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
A High-Performance Coniform Helmholtz Resonator-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Acoustic Energy Harvesting
by Haichao Yuan, Hongyong Yu, Xiangyu Liu, Hongfa Zhao, Yiping Zhang, Ziyue Xi, Qiqi Zhang, Ling Liu, Yejin Lin, Xinxiang Pan and Minyi Xu
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123431 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4347
Abstract
Harvesting acoustic energy in the environment and converting it into electricity can provide essential ideas for self-powering the widely distributed sensor devices in the age of the Internet of Things. In this study, we propose a low-cost, easily fabricated and high-performance coniform Helmholtz [...] Read more.
Harvesting acoustic energy in the environment and converting it into electricity can provide essential ideas for self-powering the widely distributed sensor devices in the age of the Internet of Things. In this study, we propose a low-cost, easily fabricated and high-performance coniform Helmholtz resonator-based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (CHR-TENG) with the purpose of acoustic energy harvesting. Output performances of the CHR-TENG with varied geometrical sizes were systematically investigated under different acoustic energy conditions. Remarkably, the CHR-TENG could achieve a 58.2% higher power density per unit of sound pressure of acoustic energy harvesting compared with the ever-reported best result. In addition, the reported CHR-TENG was demonstrated by charging a 1000 μF capacitor up to 3 V in 165 s, powering a sensor for continuous temperature and humidity monitoring and lighting up as many as five 0.5 W commercial LED bulbs for acoustic energy harvesting. With a collection features of high output performance, lightweight, wide frequency response band and environmental friendliness, the cleverly designed CHR-TENG represents a practicable acoustic energy harvesting approach for powering sensor devices in the age of the Internet of Things. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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13 pages, 3458 KiB  
Article
The Regulation of O2 Spin State and Direct Oxidation of CO at Room Temperature Using Triboelectric Plasma by Harvesting Mechanical Energy
by Xue Shi, Sumin Li, Bao Zhang, Jiao Wang, Xiaochen Xiang, Yifei Zhu, Ke Zhao, Wanyu Shang, Guangqin Gu, Junmeng Guo, Peng Cui, Gang Cheng and Zuliang Du
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123408 - 16 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
Oxidation reactions play a critical role in processes involving energy utilization, chemical conversion, and pollutant elimination. However, due to its spin-forbidden nature, the reaction of molecular dioxygen (O2) with a substrate is difficult under mild conditions. Herein, we describe a system [...] Read more.
Oxidation reactions play a critical role in processes involving energy utilization, chemical conversion, and pollutant elimination. However, due to its spin-forbidden nature, the reaction of molecular dioxygen (O2) with a substrate is difficult under mild conditions. Herein, we describe a system that activates O2 via the direct modulation of its spin state by mechanical energy-induced triboelectric corona plasma, enabling the CO oxidation reaction under normal temperature and pressure. Under optimized reaction conditions, the activity was 7.2 μmol h−1, and the energy consumption per mole CO was 4.2 MJ. The results of kinetic isotope effect, colorimetry, and density functional theory calculation studies demonstrated that electrons generated in the triboelectric plasma were directly injected into the antibonding orbital of O2 to form highly reactive negative ions O2−, which effectively promoted the rate-limiting step of O2 dissociation. The barrier of the reaction of O2− ions and CO molecular was 3.4 eV lower than that of O2 and CO molecular. This work provides an effective strategy for using renewable and green mechanical energy to realize spin-forbidden reactions of small molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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8 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
Magnetorheological Elastomer-Based Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for Monitoring Magnetic Field
by Dong Wan, Ningchen Ma, Taochuang Zhao, Xiaojing Cui, Zhaosu Wang, Hulin Zhang and Kai Zhuo
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112815 - 23 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1862
Abstract
The adaptable monitoring of the ubiquitous magnetic field is of great importance not only for scientific research but also for industrial production. However, the current detecting techniques are unwieldly and lack essential mobility owing to the complex configuration and indispensability of the power [...] Read more.
The adaptable monitoring of the ubiquitous magnetic field is of great importance not only for scientific research but also for industrial production. However, the current detecting techniques are unwieldly and lack essential mobility owing to the complex configuration and indispensability of the power source. Here, we have constructed a self-powered magnetic sensor based on a subtle triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that consists of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). This magnetic sensor relies on triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to produce electrical signals in response to the MRE’s deformation induced by the variational magnetic field without using any external power sources. The fabricated magnetic sensor shows a fast response of 80ms and a desirable sensitivity of 31.6 mV/mT in a magnetic field range of 35–60 mT as well as preliminary vectorability enabled by the multichannel layout. Our work provides a new route for monitoring dynamic magnetic fields and paves a way for self-powered electric-magnetic coupled applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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11 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
All-in-One Self-Powered Human–Machine Interaction System for Wireless Remote Telemetry and Control of Intelligent Cars
by Tingting Zhang, Lingjie Xie, Junyan Li, Zheguan Huang, Hao Lei, Yina Liu, Zhen Wen, Yonglin Xie and Xuhui Sun
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2711; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102711 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3027
Abstract
The components in traditional human–machine interaction (HMI) systems are relatively independent, distributed and low-integrated, and the wearing experience is poor when the system adopts wearable electronics for intelligent control. The continuous and stable operation of every part always poses challenges for energy supply. [...] Read more.
The components in traditional human–machine interaction (HMI) systems are relatively independent, distributed and low-integrated, and the wearing experience is poor when the system adopts wearable electronics for intelligent control. The continuous and stable operation of every part always poses challenges for energy supply. In this work, a triboelectric technology-based all-in-one self-powered HMI system for wireless remote telemetry and the control of intelligent cars is proposed. The dual-network crosslinking hydrogel was synthesized and wrapped with functional layers to fabricate a stretchable fibrous triboelectric nanogenerator (SF-TENG) and a supercapacitor (SF-SC), respectively. A self-charging power unit containing woven SF-TENGs, SF-SCs, and a power management circuit was exploited to harvest mechanical energy from the human body and provided power for the whole system. A smart glove designed with five SF-TENGs on the dorsum of five fingers acts as a gesture sensor to generate signal permutations. The signals were processed by the microcontroller and then wirelessly transmitted to the intelligent car for remote telemetry and control. This work is of paramount potential for the application of various terminal devices in self-powered HMI systems with high integration for wearable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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9 pages, 2837 KiB  
Article
A Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Sodium Chloride Powder for Self-Powered Humidity Sensor
by Zhuyu Ding, Ming Zou, Peng Yao, Zhiyuan Zhu and Li Fan
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102657 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2448
Abstract
Recently, the research of distributed sensor networks based on triboelectric technology has attracted extensive attention. Here, we reported a new triboelectric nanogenerator based on sodium chloride powder (S-TENG) to obtain mechanical energy. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film and sodium chloride powder layer serve as [...] Read more.
Recently, the research of distributed sensor networks based on triboelectric technology has attracted extensive attention. Here, we reported a new triboelectric nanogenerator based on sodium chloride powder (S-TENG) to obtain mechanical energy. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film and sodium chloride powder layer serve as the triboelectric pair. After testing and calculation, the internal resistance of S-TENG is 30 MΩ, and the output power of S-TENG (size: 6 cm × 6 cm) can arrive at the maximum value (about 403.3 µW). Furthermore, the S-TENG can achieve the open circuit voltage (Voc) of 198 V and short-circuit current (Isc) of 6.66 µA, respectively. Moreover, owing to the moisture absorption of sodium chloride powder, the S-TENG device also has the function of the humidity sensor. This work proposed a functional TENG device, and it can promote the advancement of self-powered sensors based on the TENG devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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Review

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24 pages, 7297 KiB  
Review
Application of Triboelectric Nanogenerator in Fluid Dynamics Sensing: Past and Future
by Leo N. Y. Cao, Zijie Xu and Zhong Lin Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193261 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2914
Abstract
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) developed by Z. L. Wang’s team to harvest random mechanical energy is a promising new energy source for distributed sensing systems in the new era of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for a smart world. [...] Read more.
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) developed by Z. L. Wang’s team to harvest random mechanical energy is a promising new energy source for distributed sensing systems in the new era of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for a smart world. TENG has many advantages that make it suitable for a wide range of applications, including energy harvesting, environmental protection, wearable electronics, robotics, and self-powered sensors. Sensing as an important part of TENG applications is gradually expanding, with the in-depth study of TENG sensing in its working principle, material selection, processing technology, system integration, surface treatment, and back-end algorithms by researchers. In industry and academia, fluid dynamics sensing for liquid and air is urgently needed but lacking. In particular, local fluid sensing is difficult and limited to traditional sensors. Fortunately, with advantages for ordinary TENGs and TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors, fluid dynamics sensing can be better realized. Therefore, the paper summarizes the up-to-date work on TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors, discusses the advantages of TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors in-depth, and, most importantly, aims to explore possible new key areas to help guide the future direction of TENG in fluid dynamics sensing by addressing the key challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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24 pages, 5959 KiB  
Review
Review for Rare-Earth-Modified Perovskite Materials and Optoelectronic Applications
by Bobo Li, Feng Tian, Xiangqian Cui, Boyuan Xiang, Hongbin Zhao, Haixi Zhang, Dengkui Wang, Jinhua Li, Xiaohua Wang, Xuan Fang, Mingxia Qiu and Dongbo Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101773 - 23 May 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4208
Abstract
In recent years, rare-earth metals with triply oxidized state, lanthanide ions (Ln3+), have been demonstrated as dopants, which can efficiently improve the optical and electronic properties of metal halide perovskite materials. On the one hand, doping Ln3+ ions can convert [...] Read more.
In recent years, rare-earth metals with triply oxidized state, lanthanide ions (Ln3+), have been demonstrated as dopants, which can efficiently improve the optical and electronic properties of metal halide perovskite materials. On the one hand, doping Ln3+ ions can convert near-infrared/ultraviolet light into visible light through the process of up-/down-conversion and then the absorption efficiency of solar spectrum by perovskite solar cells can be significantly increased, leading to high device power conversion efficiency. On the other hand, multi-color light emissions and white light emissions originated from perovskite nanocrystals can be realized via inserting Ln3+ ions into the perovskite crystal lattice, which functioned as quantum cutting. In addition, doping or co-doping Ln3+ ions in perovskite films or devices can effectively facilitate perovskite film growth, tailor the energy band alignment and passivate the defect states, resulting in improved charge carrier transport efficiency or reduced nonradiative recombination. Finally, Ln3+ ions have also been used in the fields of photodetectors and luminescent solar concentrators. These indicate the huge potential of rare-earth metals in improving the perovskite optoelectronic device performances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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23 pages, 5596 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress Regarding Materials and Structures of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for AR and VR
by Jinhao Si, Ruiguang Duan, Menglin Zhang and Xiaomin Liu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081385 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3535
Abstract
With the continuous advancement in technology, electronic products used in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have gradually entered the public eye. As a result, the power supplies of these electronic devices have attracted more attention from scientists. Compared to traditional power [...] Read more.
With the continuous advancement in technology, electronic products used in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have gradually entered the public eye. As a result, the power supplies of these electronic devices have attracted more attention from scientists. Compared to traditional power sources, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are gradually being used for energy harvesting in self-powered sensing technology such as wearable flexible electronics, including AR and VR devices due to their small size, high conversion efficiency, and low energy consumption. As a result, TENGs are the most popular power supplies for AR and VR products. This article first summarizes the working mode and basic theory of TENGs, then reviews the TENG modules used in AR and VR devices, and finally summarizes the material selection and design methods used for TENG preparation. The friction layer of the TENG can be made of a variety of materials such as polymers, metals, and inorganic materials, and among these, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are the most popular materials. To improve TENG performance, the friction layer material must be suitable. Therefore, for different application scenarios, the design methods of the TENG play an important role in its performance, and a reasonable selection of preparation materials and design methods can greatly improve the work efficiency of the TENG. Lastly, we summarize the current research status of nanogenerators, analyze and suggest future application fields, and summarize the main points of material selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Nanogenerators)
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