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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2021) | Viewed by 31786

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Prof. Dr. Ryszard Dindorf

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechatronics and Armament, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: fluid power drives and controls; mechatronics engineering; production process automation
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Prof. Dr. Jakub Takosoglu

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Co-Guest Editor

Department of Mechatronics and Armament, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: fluid power drives and controls; mechatronics engineering; fuzzy-logic control; pneumatic manipulators
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Dr. Piotr Wos

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Co-Guest Editor

Department of Mechatronics and Armament, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: fluid power drives and controls; mechatronics engineering; adaptive control; hydraulic manipulators
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are inviting submissions for a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of "Advances in Fluid Power Systems”. Fluid power systems (hydraulic and pneumatic drives and control) involve the use of fluid properties to generate, control, and transmit power using pressurized fluid flow. Fluid power systems are simple and easy to use, which can accurately control position, speed, force, and torque, and are economical and safe to operate. The fluid power system sector is undergoing tremendous expansion, invigorating strategic companies—power engineering, oil and gas industry, mining industry, shipbuilding, steel industry, machine industry, and metal processing. There are major challenges for fluid power systems, such as increasing energy efficiency, improving reliability, building smart components and systems, reducing the size and weight of components, reducing environmental impact, improving the capabilities for recovery and storage of energy for reuse, digitalization, and 5G wireless connectivity of smart components. Advances in fluid power systems are leading to the creation of new smart devices replacing tried-and-true solutions of the past. This Special Issue focuses on the recent advances and smart of fluid power systems in a wide range of topics, including the following:

Fluid power to the IoT and Industry0
Smart fluid power technology
Wireless 5G connectivity in fluid power
Smart components and sensors
Fluid power in the renewable energy sector
Hydraulic drivetrains for wind power
Hydraulic drivetrains for wave and marine current power
Hydraulic systems for solar power
Fluid power hybrid
Hybrid transmissions
Energy recovery and accumulation
Energy efficiency of hybrid drives
Industrial and mobile fluid power
Industrial fluid power solutions
Mobile fluid power solutions
Energy efficiency solutions for fluid power systems
Environmental aspects of fluid power
Water hydraulic control technology
Noise and vibration of fluid power components
Safety, reliability, fault analysis and diagnosis of fluid power systems
Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems
Servo-drive control systems
Fluid power drives in manipulators and robots
Fluid power in autonomous solutions

Prof. Ryszard Dindorf
Assoc. Prof. Jakub Takosoglu
Asst. Prof. Piotr Wos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Fluid power
Hydraulics
Pneumatics
Control systems
Drives systems
Mechatronics
Autonomous solutions
Industry 4.0
Hybrid systems

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Fluid Power Systems

by Ryszard Dindorf, Jakub Takosoglu and Piotr Wos

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8589; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248589 - 20 Dec 2021

Viewed by 1648

Abstract

The main purpose of this special edition of “Advances in Fluid Power Systems” was to present new scientific work in the field of fluid power systems for the hydraulic and pneumatic control of machines and devices that are used in various industries [...] [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

22 pages, 5529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Uncertainty-Based Control Scheme of the Small Modular Dual Fluid Reactor and Its Optimization

by Chunyu Liu, Run Luo and Rafael Macián-Juan

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6708; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206708 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1422

Abstract

The small modular dual fluid reactor is a novel variant of the Generation IV molten salt reactor and liquid metal fast reactor. In the primary circuit, molten salt or liquid eutectic metal (U-Pu-Cr) is employed as fuel, and liquid lead works as the coolant in the secondary circuit. To design the control system of such an advanced reactor, the uncertainties of the employed computer model and the physicochemical properties of the materials must be considered. In this paper, a one-dimensional model of a core is established based on the equivalent parameters achieved via the coupled three-dimensional model, taking into account delayed neutron precursor drifting, and a power control system is developed. The performance of the designed controllers is assessed, taking into account the model and property uncertainties. The achieved results show that the designed control system is able to maintain the stability of the system and regulate the power as expected. Among the considered uncertain parameters, the reactivity coefficients of fuel temperature have the largest influence on the performance of the control system. The most optimized configuration of the control system is delivered based on the characteristics of uncertainty propagation by using the particle swarm optimization method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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16 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Concept of Risk Prioritization in FMEA Analysis for Fluid Power Systems

by Joanna Fabis-Domagala, Mariusz Domagala and Hassan Momeni

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6482; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206482 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 1845

Abstract

FMEA analysis is a tool of quality improvement that has been widely used for decades. Its classical version prioritizes risk of failure by risk priority number (RPN). The RPN is a product of severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection (D), where all of the factors have equal levels of significance. This assumption is one of the most commonly criticized drawbacks, as it has given unreasonable results for real-world applications. The RPN can produce equal values for combinations of risk factors with different risk implications. Another issue is that of the uncertainties and subjectivities of information employed in FMEA analysis that may arise from lack of knowledge, experience, and employed linguistic terms. Many alternatives of risk assessment methods have been proposed to overcome the weaknesses of classical FMEA risk management in which we can distinguish methods of modification of RPN numbers of employing new tools. In this study, we propose a modification of the traditional RPN number. The main difference is that severity and occurrence are valued based on subfactors. The detection number remained unchanged. Additionally, the proposed method prioritizes risk in terms of implied risk to the systems by implementing functional failures (effects of potential failures). A typical fluid power system was used to illustrate the application of this method. The method showed the correct failure classification, which meets the industrial experience and other research results of failures of fluid power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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26 pages, 10920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methods of Determining Pressure Drop in Internal Channels of a Hydraulic Motor

by Pawel Sliwinski and Piotr Patrosz

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5669; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185669 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1943

Abstract

In this paper, new methods for determining the pressure drop in internal channels of a hydraulic motor are proposed and described. Mathematical models of pressure losses in internal channels have also been described. Experimental tests of the satellite motor were carried out according to one of the proposed methods. The tests were carried out for two liquids, i.e., water and mineral oil. Experimental studies have shown that at a high flow rate in the motor supplied with water the pressure losses are a dozen or so percent greater than in the motor supplied with oil. However, at low flow rates is the inverse, that is, the pressure losses in the motor supplied with water are about ten percent lower than in the motor supplied with oil. The CFD calculation of the pressure drop in the internal channel of the motor was also conducted. It was assumed that holes in the commutation unit plate are placed face to face and that the liquid did not cause changes in the working chambers’ volume. In this way, it has been proven that those simplified assumptions can have up to a 50% difference in relation to the experimental tests. Full article

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23 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Control Characteristics for a Molten Salt Reactor Plant under Normal and Accident Conditions

by Run Luo, Chunyu Liu and Rafael Macián-Juan

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5279; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175279 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

A molten salt reactor (MSR) has unique safety and economic advantages due to the liquid fluoride salt adopted as the reactor fuel and heat carrier fluid. The operation scheme and control strategy of the MSR plant are significantly different from those of traditional solid-fuel reactors because of the delayed neutron precursors drift with the liquid-fuel flow. In this paper, a simulation platform of the MSR plant is developed to study the control characteristics under normal and accident conditions. A nonlinear dynamic model of the whole system is built in the platform consisting of a liquid-fuel reactor with a graphite moderator, an intermediate heat exchanger and a steam generator. A new control strategy is presented based on a feed-forward and feedback combined scheme, a power control system and a steam temperature control system are designed to regulate load changes of the plant. Three different types of operation conditions are simulated with the control systems, including transients of normal load-follow operation, a reactivity insertion accident and a loss of flow accident. The simulation results show that the developed control system not only has a fast load-follow capability during normal operation, but also has a good control performance under accident conditions. Full article

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16 pages, 3972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Disturbance-Observer-Based Control in Breath Pressure Control of Aviation Electronic Oxygen Regulator

by Rui Pan, Guiping Lin, Zhigao Shi, Yu Zeng and Xue Yang

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165189 - 22 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2113

Abstract

The electronic oxygen regulator (EOR) is a new type of aviation oxygen equipment which uses electronic servo control technology to control breathing gas pressure. In this paper, the control method of EOR was studied, and the dynamic model of the aviation oxygen system was established. A disturbance-observer-based controller (DOBC) was designed by the backstepping method to achieve the goal of stable and fast breath pressure control. The sensitivity function was proposed to describe the effect of inspiratory flow on breath pressure. Combined with the frequency domain analysis of the input sensitivity function, the parameters of the DOBC were analyzed and designed. Simulation and experiment studies were carried out to examine the control performance of DOBC in respiratory resistance and positive pressurization process under the influence of noise and time delay in the discrete electronic control system, which could meet the aviation physiology requirements. The research results not only verified the rationality of the application of DOBC in the breath control of EOR, but also proved the effectiveness of the control parameters design method according to the frequency domain analysis, which provided an important design basis for the subsequent study of EOR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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17 pages, 4655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of Optoelectronic Scanning and Tracking Seeker by Means the LQR Modified Method with the Input Signal Estimated Using of the Extended Kalman Filter

by Daniel Gapiński and Zbigniew Koruba

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3109; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113109 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3218

Abstract

The paper presents the concept of controlling the designed optoelectronic scanning and tracking seeker. The above device is intended for the so-called passive guidance of short-range anti-aircraft missiles to various types of air maneuvering targets. In the presented control method, the modified linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) and the estimation of input signals using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) were used. The LQR regulation utilizes linearization of the mathematical model of the above-mentioned seeker by means of the so-called Jacobians. What is more, in order to improve the stability of the seeker control, vector selection of signals received by the optoelectronic system was used, which also utilized EKF. The results of the research are presented in a graphical form. Numerical simulations were carried out on the basis of the author’s own program developed in the programming language C++. Full article

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14 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Matrix FMEA Analysis of Variable Delivery Vane Pumps

by Joanna Fabis-Domagala, Mariusz Domagala and Hassan Momeni

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061741 - 21 Mar 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2580

Abstract

Hydraulic systems are widely used in the aeronautic, machinery, and energy industries. The functions that these systems perform require high reliability, which can be achieved by examining the causes of possible defects and failures and by taking appropriate preventative measures. One of the most popular methods used to achieve this goal is FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), the foundations of which were developed and implemented in the early 1950s. It was systematized in the following years and practically implemented. It has also been standardized and implemented as one of the methods of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series standards on quality assurance and management. Apart from wide application, FMEA has a number of weaknesses, which undoubtedly include risk analysis based on the RPN (Risk Priority Number), which is evaluated as a product of severity, occurrence, and detection. In recent years, the risk analysis has been very often replaced by fuzzy logic. This study proposes the use of matrix analysis and statistical methods for performing simplified RCA (Root Cause Analysis) and for classification potential failures for a variable delivery vane pump. The presented methodology is an extension of matrix FMEA and allows for prioritizing potential failures and their causes in relation to functions performed by pump components, the end effects, and the defined symptoms of failure of the vane pump. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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24 pages, 14940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Sensitivity of a Gyroscope System Homing a Quadcopter onto a Moving Ground Target under the Action of External Disturbance

by Izabela Krzysztofik and Zbigniew Koruba

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061696 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

This paper investigates the sensitivity (resistance) of a quadcopter on-board gyroscope system for the observation and tracking of a moving ground target to changing parameters of its regulator under interference conditions. It was shown that the gain in matrix elements is most sensitive, and even their slightest deviation from optimal values can lead to reduced target tracking efficiency and even loss of control system stability. Furthermore, the authors studied the energy expenditure at various gyroscope system control parameter values, while homing a quadcopter onto a ground target. A Matlab/Simulink environment was used to conduct simulations of the controlled gyroscope system dynamics. Selected test results are shown in graphic form. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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20 pages, 7600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Theoretical and Actual Working Volume of a Hydraulic Motor—Part II (The Method Based on the Characteristics of Effective Absorbency of the Motor)

by Pawel Sliwinski

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061648 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

In this article, the second method of determination of the theoretical and actual working volume of a hydraulic motor is described. The proposed new method is based on the characteristics of effective absorbency of the motor. The effective absorbency has been defined as the ratio of flow rate in a motor to the rotational speed of the motor’s shaft. It has been shown that the effective absorbency is a nonlinear function of the rotational speed and nonlinear function of the pressure drop in the motor’s working chambers. Furthermore, it has been proven that the actual working volume of a motor is a function of a third degree of pressure drop in the motor’s working chamber. The actual working volume should be taken to assess the mechanical and volumetric energy losses in the motor. Furthermore, the influence of the flowmeter location in the measurement system and the compressibility of liquid on the result of the theoretical and actual working volume calculation was also taken into account and is described in this article. The differences in the assessment of the volumetric efficiency assuming the theoretical and actual working volume was also shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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17 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exhaust Noise Reduction by Application of Expanded Collecting System in Pneumatic Tools and Machines

by Dominik Gryboś, Jacek S. Leszczyński, Dorota Czopek and Jerzy Wiciak

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061592 - 13 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate how to reduce the noise level of expanded air from pneumatic tools. Instead of a muffler, we propose the expanded collecting system, where the air expands through the pneumatic tube and expansion collector. We have elaborated a mathematical model which illustrates the dynamics of the air flow, as well as the acoustic pressure at the end of the tube. The computational results were compared with experimental data to check the air dynamics and sound pressure. Moreover, the study presents the methodology of noise measurement generated in a pneumatic screwdriver in a quiet back room and on a window-fitting stand in a production hall. In addition, we have performed noise measurements for the pneumatic screwdriver and the pneumatic screwdriver on an industrial scale. These measurements prove the noise reduction of the pneumatic tools when the expanded collecting system is used. When the expanded collecting system was applied to the screwdriver, the measured Sound Pressure Level (SPL) decreased from 87 to 80 dB(A). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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15 pages, 4133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Aggressive Driving on Vehicle Parameters

by Emilia M. Szumska and Rafał Jurecki

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6675; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246675 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3085

Abstract

Driver behavior is one of the most relevant factors affecting road safety. Many traffic situations require a driver to be able to recognize possible danger. In numerous works, aggressive driving is understood as unsafe and as a hazard entailing the risk of potential crashes. However, traffic safety is not the only thing affected by a vehicle operator’s driving style. A driver’s behavior also impacts the operating costs of a vehicle and the emission of environmental air pollutants. This is confirmed by numerous works devoted to the examination of the effect of driving style on fuel economy and air pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of aggressive driving on fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants. The simulation was carried out based on real velocity profiles collected in real-world tests under urban and motorway driving conditions. The results of simulations confirm that an aggressive driving style causes a significant increase in both fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants. This is particularly apparent in urban test cycles, where an aggressive driving style results in higher average fuel consumption and in pollutant emissions as much as 30% to 40% above the average compared to calm driving. Full article

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16 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Thermoelastic Phenomena on the Energy Conservation in Non-Contacting Face Seals

by Slawomir Blasiak

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5283; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205283 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1476

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model for non-contacting face seals to analyze how their performance is affected by thermoelastic phenomena. The model was used to solve thermal conductivity and thermoelasticity problems. The primary goal was to calculate the values of thermal deformations of the sealing rings in a non-contacting face seal with a flexibly mounted rotor (FMR) for a turbomachine. The model assumes the conversion of mechanical energy into heat in the fluid film. The heat flux generated in the fluid film is transferred first to the sealing rings and then to the fluid surrounding them. Asymmetric distribution of temperature within the sealing rings leads to the occurrence of thermal stresses and, consequently, a change in the geometry of the rings. The model is solved analytically. The distributions of temperature fields for the sealing rings in the cross-sections are calculated using the Fourier-Bessel series as a superficial function of two variables (r,z). The thermoelasticity problems described by the Navier equations are solved by applying the Boussinesq harmonic functions and Goodier’s thermoelastic displacement potential function. The proposed method involves solving various theoretical and practical problems of thermoelasticity in FMR-type non-contacting face seals. The solution of the mathematical model was made use of analytical methods, and the most important obtained results are presented in graphical form, such as the temperature distributions and axial thermal distortions in cross-sections of the rings. The calculated thermal deformations of the sealing rings are used to determine the most important seal performance parameters such as the leakage rate and power loss. The article also presents a multi-criteria analysis of seal rings materials and geometry, which makes it easier to choose the type of materials used for the sliding rings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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13 pages, 6202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure Loss Reduction in an Innovative Directional Poppet Control Valve

by Grzegorz Filo, Edward Lisowski and Janusz Rajda

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123149 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

This article presents the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an innovative directional control valve consisting of four poppet seat valves and two electromagnets enclosed inside a single body. The valve has a unique design, allowing the use of any poppet valve configuration. Both normally opened (NO) and normally closed (NC) seat valves can be applied. The combination of four universal valve seats and two electromagnets gives a wide range of flow path configurations. This significantly increases the possibility of practical applications. However, due to the significant miniaturization of the valve body and the requirement to obtain necessary connections between flow paths, multiple geometrically complex channels had to be made inside the body. Hence, the main purpose of work was to shape the geometry of the flow channels in such a way as to minimize pressure losses. During the CFD analyses velocity distribution in flow channels and pressure distribution on the walls were determined. The results were used to obtain pressure loss as a function of flow rate, which was then verified by means of laboratory experiments conducted on a test bench. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fluid Power Systems)

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