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19 pages, 1986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Muscular Ultrasonography for Assessing Inflammation and Muscle Mass in Patients at Risk of Malnutrition

by Juan José López-Gómez, Lucía Estévez-Asensio, Ángela Cebriá, Olatz Izaola-Jauregui, Paloma Pérez López, Jaime González-Gutiérrez, David Primo-Martín, Rebeca Jiménez-Sahagún, Emilia Gómez-Hoyos, Daniel Rico-Bargues, Eduardo Jorge Godoy and Daniel A. De Luis-Román

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101620 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition, influenced by inflammation, is associated with muscle depletion and body composition changes. This study aimed to evaluate muscle mass and quality using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced ultrasonography in patients with inflammation. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 502 malnourished patients, assessed through [...] Read more.

Background: Malnutrition, influenced by inflammation, is associated with muscle depletion and body composition changes. This study aimed to evaluate muscle mass and quality using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced ultrasonography in patients with inflammation. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 502 malnourished patients, assessed through anthropometry, electrical bioimpedanciometry, and ultrasonography of the quadriceps rectus femoris (QRF). AI-assisted ultrasonography was used to segment regions of interest (ROI) from transversal QRF images to measure muscle thickness (RFMT) and area (RFMA), while a Multi-Otsu algorithm was used to extract biomarkers for muscle mass (MiT) and fat mass (FatiT). Inflammation was defined as C-reactive protein (CRP) levels above 3 mg/L. Results: The results showed a mean patient age of 63.72 (15.95) years, with malnutrition present in 82.3% and inflammation in 44.8%. Oncological diseases were prevalent (46.8%). The 44.8% of patients with inflammation (CRP > 3) exhibited reduced RFMA (2.91 (1.11) vs. 3.20 (1.19) cm², p < 0.01) and RFMT (0.94 (0.28) vs. 1.01 (0.30) cm, p < 0.01). Muscle quality was reduced, with lower MiT (45.32 (9.98%) vs. 49.10 (1.22%), p < 0.01) and higher FatiT (40.03 (6.72%) vs. 37.58 (5.63%), p < 0.01). Adjusted for age and sex, inflammation increased the risks of low muscle area (OR = 1.59, CI: 1.10–2.31), low MiT (OR = 1.49, CI: 1.04–2.15), and high FatiT (OR = 1.44, CI: 1.00–2.06). Conclusions: AI-assisted ultrasonography revealed that malnourished patients with inflammation had reduced muscle area, thickness, and quality (higher fat content and lower muscle percentage). Elevated inflammation levels were associated with increased risks of poor muscle metrics. Future research should focus on exploring the impact of inflammation on muscles across various patient groups and developing AI-driven biomarkers to enhance the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of malnutrition and sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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21 pages, 4595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TIMP1 Overexpression in Ovarian Cancer Spheroids: Implications for Prognosis, Resistance, and Metastatic Potential

by Andrea Jemma, Alessandra Ardizzoia, Chiara Villa, Sara Bonomo, Mario Mauri, Carla Reale, Concetta Ambrosino, Massimiliano Cadamuro, Marialuisa Lavitrano and Donatella Conconi

Cancers 2025, 17(10), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17101605 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background: High dissemination potential and resistance to standard therapy significantly contribute to high mortality associated with ovarian cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence after treatments’ failure. Here, we provide the first evidence of TIMP1 overexpression in ovarian CSCs, [...] Read more.

Background: High dissemination potential and resistance to standard therapy significantly contribute to high mortality associated with ovarian cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence after treatments’ failure. Here, we provide the first evidence of TIMP1 overexpression in ovarian CSCs, suggesting its potential role as a prognostic biomarker. Methods: Different ovarian cancer cell models were used to explore the potential link between TIMP1 and stem-like phenotypes. Experiments included spheroid formation, drug treatments, gene expression, functional assays, and zebrafish xenograft models to assess cell behavior and molecular changes. Results: TIMP1 was overexpressed in CSCs, and its expression was also upregulated in chemoresistant and anoikis-resistant cells. Our database analysis revealed a correlation between TIMP1 expression levels and poor patient prognosis. Overexpression of TIMP1 in ovarian cancer cell lines was able to recapitulate several features of the ovarian cancer stem cell phenotype, including treatment resistance, expression of stem cell markers, and anoikis resistance. TIMP1-overexpressing cells also exhibited enhanced migration potential in vitro and increased metastatic potential in vivo. Moreover, TIMP1 overexpression significantly altered the transcriptome landscape of cells, highlighting its role in modulating critical pathways associated with cell migration and inflammation. Conclusions: This study identifies the pivotal role of TIMP1 in ovarian CSCs and its contribution to therapy resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Technologies 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Insights into the Biological Activity and Molecular Docking of Citral (3,7-Dimethyl-2, 6-Octadienal) Against Trichomonas vaginalis

by Alexia Brauner de Mello, Juliana Montelli Fenalti, Bruna Baccega, Yan Wahast Islabão, Filipe Obelar Martins, Paloma Taborda Birmann, Angela Maria Casaril, Tallyson Nogueira Barbosa, Angela Sena-Lopes, Francieli Liz Monteiro, Lucielli Savegnago, Sibele Borsuk, Silvia de Oliveira Hubner, Nara de Amélia da Rosa Farias, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano and Camila Belmonte Oliveira

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(5), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16050096 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

The increasing resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to the only approved chemical family of drugs for treatment, the 5-nitroimidazoles, has prompted the exploration of new therapeutic agents against this prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection. Natural products have emerged as a significant source of novel [...] Read more.

The increasing resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to the only approved chemical family of drugs for treatment, the 5-nitroimidazoles, has prompted the exploration of new therapeutic agents against this prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection. Natural products have emerged as a significant source of novel treatments for trichomoniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis activity of citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), the main constituent of the essential oil of Cymbopogon species, commonly known as lemongrass. Our findings indicate that citral exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 μM, effectively inhibiting the growth of T. vaginalis trophozoites within 12 h of exposure, and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of approximately 40 μM after 24 h. Furthermore, the evaluation of nitric oxide (NO) levels suggests that citral possesses antioxidant properties. Molecular docking studies reveal a weak interaction with three parasite proteins: thioredoxin reductase (TvTrxR), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (TvPNP), and methionine gamma lyase (TvMGL). The present study highlights the potential of citral as a candidate for the development of no-nitroimidazole drugs, offering new avenues for trichomoniasis treatment and underscoring the importance of further investigation into citral’s mechanism of action. Full article

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22 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Food Basket: Sustainable and Culturally Adaptive Nutrition for Moldova

by Rodica Siminiuc, Dinu Țurcanu and Sergiu Siminiuc

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4294; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104294 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

In a global context marked by food insecurity and the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases, this study proposes a healthy food basket (HFB) model tailored to the demographic, cultural, and economic specificities of the Republic of Moldova which is aligned with international standards. [...] Read more.

In a global context marked by food insecurity and the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases, this study proposes a healthy food basket (HFB) model tailored to the demographic, cultural, and economic specificities of the Republic of Moldova which is aligned with international standards. The research employed a comprehensive methodology, including estimations of daily energy requirements using revised Harris–Benedict equations, food selection based on nutritional value, economic availability, and cultural relevance, and nutritional validation through the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), which was derived from nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) and dietary reference values (DRVs) established by the EFSA. Nutrient intake calculations were based on food composition data and not population-level dietary surveys. Fat-soluble vitamins were excluded due to insufficient available data. The results indicate adequate intake levels of vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₃, and C) and minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium) while highlighting deficiencies in calcium and sodium that require dietary adjustments. The inclusion of traditional foods, such as kefir and salted or raw pork fat, underscores the model’s cultural acceptability and economic relevance, strengthening the integration of global nutritional principles with regional dietary habits. This study’s limitations, including the use of secondary data and the lack of empirical validation, highlight the need for longitudinal studies. The HFB model offers a replicable solution for other regions facing similar challenges, contributing to global efforts to reduce malnutrition and promote sustainable diets. Full article

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35 pages, 13295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluctuating Development Traits of Industrial Land Mismatch and Its Influence on Urban Ecological Modernization

by Ke Liu, Ran Du and Jiaxin He

Land 2025, 14(5), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051035 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Drawing on the longitudinal dataset from 262 cities at the provincial tier and higher across China between 2011 and 2022, this research employs the production model to formulate the China Urban Industrial Land Mismatch Index, quantifying the extent of industrial land misalignment across [...] Read more.

Drawing on the longitudinal dataset from 262 cities at the provincial tier and higher across China between 2011 and 2022, this research employs the production model to formulate the China Urban Industrial Land Mismatch Index, quantifying the extent of industrial land misalignment across China. It also analyzes its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and regional differentiation characteristics, and explores the influence of China’s urban industrial land discordance on the advancement of urban ecological modernization. The key insights are outlined below. Firstly, across the entire spectrum of Chinese urban centers, cities from the eastern, central, and western zones, as well as those situated along the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins, exhibit comparable patterns in industrial land misalignment. The extent of industrial land discordance has diminished, regional disparities have lessened to some degree, and there is an absence of polarization or the Matthew effect. Secondly, the variation in industrial land discordance within cities in the eastern region is the most pronounced, followed by the central region, with the western region showing the least disparity. The greatest contrast in the urban industrial land mismatch is found between the eastern and central regions. The primary driver of the discrepancy in industrial land misalignment across the eastern, central, and western regions is predominantly the ultra-variable density, followed by intra-regional disparities, with inter-regional differences contributing the least. Furthermore, the variation in the industrial land mismatch within cities in the Yangtze River Basin surpasses that within cities in the Yellow River Basin. The disparity in industrial land misalignment between the two follows a pattern of initially increasing, then decreasing, and subsequently rising again. The primary origin of this discrepancy lies within regional variations, followed by ultra-variable density, with inter-regional differences contributing the least. Thirdly, the regression analysis reveals that the discordance in industrial land use across Chinese cities exerts a substantial negative influence on urban ecological evolution. This effect operates through technological innovation and the employment levels in the secondary sector. Fourthly, industrial land discordance significantly hampers urban ecological advancement in the eastern region, shows a negative but statistically insignificant impact in the central region, and has a positive yet inconsequential effect in the western region. Moreover, the misalignment of industrial land exerts a notable suppressive influence on the ecological modernization of cities within the Yangtze River Basin, while it plays a significant role in fostering the ecological modernization of cities in the Yellow River Basin. Fifth, the mismatch of urban industrial land has produced significant negative spatial spillover effects on urban ecological modernization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuing Culture Through Ecosystem Services: Integrating Economic, Social, and Land Perspectives)

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20 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cybersecurity Detection Platform Integrating IOTA DLT and IPFS for Vulnerability Management

by Iuon-Chang Lin, Jyun-Yan Ruan, Ching-Chun Chang, Chin-Chen Chang and Chun-Tse Wang

Electronics 2025, 14(10), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101929 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

In response to the Cybersecurity Law, organizations face numerous management and technical requirements. Detection techniques such as vulnerability scanning and penetration testing are employed to identify risks. Addressing these vulnerabilities demands substantial manpower, time, and financial resources. Security concerns also arise during digital [...] Read more.

In response to the Cybersecurity Law, organizations face numerous management and technical requirements. Detection techniques such as vulnerability scanning and penetration testing are employed to identify risks. Addressing these vulnerabilities demands substantial manpower, time, and financial resources. Security concerns also arise during digital file transmission and remediation efforts. This study proposes a security detection platform with step-by-step implementation guidelines, enabling resource-limited units to replicate the setup and address security gaps. It compares detection results between open-source and commercial tools, highlighting key differences and offering remediation strategies. Numerous digital files (e.g., test reports) are generated during testing. To ensure secure storage and sharing, the system integrates IOTA’s distributed ledger and IPFS, generating HASH values and uploading files on-chain to preserve integrity and authenticity. The objective is to deliver a scalable, cost-effective security detection framework that enhances system resilience while minimizing resource consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Security and Privacy in Blockchain and the IoT)

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16 pages, 6530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Aerial Image Misalignment in Face-to-Face 3D Aerial Display

by Atsutoshi Kurihara and Yue Bao

J. Imaging 2025, 11(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050150 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

A Micromirror Array Plate (MMAP) has been proposed as a type of aerial display that allows users to directly touch the floating image. However, the aerial images generated by this optical element have a limited viewing angle, making them difficult to use in [...] Read more.

A Micromirror Array Plate (MMAP) has been proposed as a type of aerial display that allows users to directly touch the floating image. However, the aerial images generated by this optical element have a limited viewing angle, making them difficult to use in face-to-face interactions. Conventional methods enable face-to-face usability by displaying multiple aerial images corresponding to different viewpoints. However, because these images are two-dimensional, they cannot be displayed at the same position due to the inherent characteristics of MMAP. An omnidirectional 3D autostereoscopic aerial display has been developed to address this issue, but it requires multiple expensive and specially shaped MMAPs to generate aerial images. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a method that combines a single MMAP with integral photography (IP) to produce 3D aerial images with depth while reducing image misalignment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully displays a 3D aerial image using a single MMAP and reduces image misalignment to 1.1 mm. Full article

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20 pages, 5116 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of the Hydrological Performance of Grass Swales for Urban Stormwater Management: A Bibliometric Review from 2000 to 2023

by Xuefei Wang, Run Zhang, Qi Hu, Chuanhao Sun, Rana Muhammad Adnan Ikram, Mo Wang and Guo Cheng

Water 2025, 17(10), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101425 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Grass swales have emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable stormwater management solution, addressing the increasing challenges of urbanization, flooding, and water pollution. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 224 publications to assess research trends, key contributors, and knowledge gaps in grass swale [...] Read more.

Grass swales have emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable stormwater management solution, addressing the increasing challenges of urbanization, flooding, and water pollution. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 224 publications to assess research trends, key contributors, and knowledge gaps in grass swale applications. Findings highlighted the growing emphasis on optimizing hydrological performance, particularly in response to intensifying climate change and urban flood risks. Experimental and simulation-based studies have demonstrated that grass swale efficiency is influenced by multiple design factors, including vegetation type, substrate composition, hydraulic retention time, and slope gradient. Notably, pollutant removal efficiency varies significantly, with total suspended solids (TSS) reduced by 34.09–89.90%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 7.75–56.71%, and total nitrogen (TN) by 32.37–56.71%. Additionally, studies utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and TRAVA models have demonstrated that integrating grass swales into urban drainage systems can result in a 17% reduction in total runoff volume and peak flow attenuation. Despite these advancements, key research gaps remain, including cost-effective design strategies, long-term maintenance protocols, and integration with other green infrastructure systems. Future research should focus on developing innovative, low-cost swale designs, refining optimal vegetation selection, and assessing seasonal variations in performance. Addressing these challenges will enhance the scientific foundation for grass swale implementation, ensuring their sustainable integration into climate-resilient urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Flood Mitigation and Sustainable Stormwater Management—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Multiparty Digital Signature for Distributed Systems: Application in Intelligent Vehicle Surveillance

by Samir Guediri, Messaoud Abbas, Mostefa Kara and Muath AlShaikh

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2025, 5(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5020022 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of distributed systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the need for robust authentication and data integrity mechanisms to ensure public security in dynamic environments. This article presents a hierarchical multiparty digital signature (HMPS) technique designed to [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of distributed systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the need for robust authentication and data integrity mechanisms to ensure public security in dynamic environments. This article presents a hierarchical multiparty digital signature (HMPS) technique designed to address the unique challenges of resource-constrained and decentralized systems. By integrating a modified ElGamal-based individual signature with linear encryption and hierarchical aggregation, HMPS delivers enhanced security through collaborative and layered signing processes. A key application is demonstrated in intelligent vehicle surveillance, where the scheme ensures the authenticity and integrity of commands and data in multi-level communication scenarios. Comprehensive security analysis confirms resistance to forgery, single points of failure, and unauthorized access. HMPS exhibits superior computational efficiency, scalability, and energy efficiency, as evidenced by comparative performance evaluations with state-of-the-art techniques. These results highlight HMPS as a highly effective solution for secure, real-time IoT applications, providing a pathway to more resilient and trustworthy distributed systems. Full article

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17 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Tourist’s Perceived Safety and Their Behavioral Intention in Thailand: A Pathway to Sustainable Tourism and Sustainable Economic Growth

by Muhammad Awais-E-Yazdan, Virgil Popescu, Ramona Birau and Iuliana Carmen Bărbăcioru

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4297; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104297 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between tourists’ level of perceived safety in Thailand and their future behavioral intentions to revisit Thailand in a post-COVID-19 context. Moreover, the study also examines the moderating role of a destination’s image and the mediating effects of perceived [...] Read more.

This study examines the relationship between tourists’ level of perceived safety in Thailand and their future behavioral intentions to revisit Thailand in a post-COVID-19 context. Moreover, the study also examines the moderating role of a destination’s image and the mediating effects of perceived constraints on the relationship of tourists’ perceived safety and their future behavioral intentions. The aim of this study is to fill gap in the literature regarding the impact of safety perceptions on future sustainable travel intentions. For this purpose, a cross-sectional research design was used, and data were collected through purposive sampling. Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the data. A total of 219 tourists participated in the study, of which 122 were male and 97 were female. The results revealed a positive association between perceived safety and future behavioral intentions. Moreover, the moderating effect of a destination’s image on the relationship between perceived safety and future behavioral intentions was found to be positive. Additionally, the mediating role of perceived constraint in the relationship between perceived safety and future behavioral intentions exhibited a negative effect. While no significant gender differences were observed in most variables, perceived constraints differed significantly between male and female tourists. These results underscore the crucial roles of safety and a destination’s image in influencing tourists’ future travel decisions. By emphasizing safety and positive destination imagery, the findings contribute to sustainable tourism development by promoting long-term visitor engagement, enhancing destination resilience, and supporting the socio-economic recovery of tourism-dependent communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Performance and Efficiency Evaluation of Enterprises)

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16 pages, 3306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perinatal Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Weanling Rats

by Matheus L. Moro, Natany G. Reis, Aline Z. Schavinski, João B. Camargo Neto, Ana Paula Assis, Jonathas R. Santos, Luciane C. Albericci, Isis C. Kettelhut and Luiz C. C. Navegantes

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4534; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104534 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Perinatal vitamin D (Vit. D) deficiency (VDD) disrupts the development of key tissues involved in metabolic regulation, including the endocrine pancreas, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), essential for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis, may also be affected, but the [...] Read more.

Perinatal vitamin D (Vit. D) deficiency (VDD) disrupts the development of key tissues involved in metabolic regulation, including the endocrine pancreas, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), essential for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis, may also be affected, but the impact of perinatal VDD on BAT physiology remains unclear. In this study, forty female Wistar rats were fed either a standard AIN93G diet (1000 IU Vit. D₃/kg; control group, CT) (n = 20) or a modified AIN93G diet lacking Vit. D (VDD group) (n = 20) for six weeks prior to conception and throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were evaluated at weaning (PN21) and adulthood (PN180) after Vit. D status was normalized through a standard diet. We found that perinatal VDD reduced total lipid droplet area, increased oxygen consumption, and upregulated thermogenic gene expression in BAT at weaning. Correspondingly, VDD offspring exhibited greater cold tolerance and enhanced BAT recruitment upon cold exposure (4 °C). Notably, normalization of Vit. D status by adulthood fully reversed these changes, indicating that while perinatal VDD transiently enhances BAT thermogenic activity during early life, it does not produce lasting effects into adulthood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Human Health and Diseases 4.0)

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15 pages, 3112 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficient Production of (R)-3-Aminobutyric Acid by Biotransformation of Recombinant E. coli

by Hongtao Zhang, Qing Xu, Jiajia Lv, Jiaxing Zhang, Tongyi Dou, Shengping You, Rongxin Su and Wei Qi

Catalysts 2025, 15(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15050466 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

(R)-3-aminobutyric acid is an important raw material for dolutegravir production, which is a key antiretroviral medicine for AIDS treatment. Currently, the industrial production of (R)-3-aminobutyric acid relies on chiral resolution methods, which are plagued by high pollution and low yield efficiency. Here, we [...] Read more.

(R)-3-aminobutyric acid is an important raw material for dolutegravir production, which is a key antiretroviral medicine for AIDS treatment. Currently, the industrial production of (R)-3-aminobutyric acid relies on chiral resolution methods, which are plagued by high pollution and low yield efficiency. Here, we report an efficient pathway for (R)-3-aminobutyric acid production via engineered aspartase-driven biotransformation in recombinant E. coli. The engineered aspartase mutants, obtained through rational design based on catalytic mechanisms, were specifically employed to catalyze the production of (R)-3-aminobutyric acid from crotonic acid. The engineered T187L/N142R/N326L aspartase mutant exhibited the highest enzyme activity of 1516 U/mg. Through cell permeabilization, the system achieved (R)-3-aminobutyric acid yield of 287.6 g/L (96% productivity) within 24 h. Subsequent scale-up in a 7 L fermenter achieved a final product yield of 284 g/L (95% productivity) within 24 h. Economic balance showed that the cost of industrial production (¥116.21/kg) is about 1/4 of the laboratory production (¥479.76/kg). In summary, the engineered aspartase-mediated bioconversion pathway using recombinant E. coli offers an industrially viable approach for (R)-3-aminobutyric acid production, featuring mild reaction conditions, environmental sustainability, streamlined processing, high yield, and cost-effective substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocatalysis—Enzymes in Industrial Applications)

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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 5306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Higher-Order Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control of Unknown Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

by Quanmin Zhu, Jianhua Zhang, Zhen Liu and Shuanghe Yu

Mathematics 2025, 13(10), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13101559 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

In contrast to the majority of model-based terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) approaches that rely on the plant physical model and/or data-driven adaptive pointwise model, this study treats the unknown dynamic plant as a total uncertainty in a black box with enabled control [...] Read more.

In contrast to the majority of model-based terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) approaches that rely on the plant physical model and/or data-driven adaptive pointwise model, this study treats the unknown dynamic plant as a total uncertainty in a black box with enabled control inputs and attainable outputs (either measured or estimated), which accordingly proposes a model-free (MF) nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (MFTSMC) for higher-order dynamic systems to reduce the tedious modelling work and the design complexity associated with the model-based control approaches. The total model-free controllers, derived from the Lyapunov differential inequality, obviously provide conciseness and robustness in analysis/design/tuning and implementation while keeping the essence of the TSMC. Three simulated bench test examples, in which two of them have representatively numerical challenges and the other is a two-link rigid robotic manipulator with two input and two output (TITO) operational mode as a typical multi-degree interconnected nonlinear dynamics tool, are studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the MFTSMC and employed to show the user-transparent procedure to facilitate the potential applications. The major MFTSMC performance includes (1) finite time (

2.5 \pm 0.05

s) dynamic stabilization to equilibria in dealing with total physical model uncertainty and disturbance, (2) effective dynamic tracking and small steady state error

0 \pm 0.002

, (3) robustness (zero sensitivity at state output against the unknown bounded internal uncertainty and external disturbance), (4) no singularity issue in the neighborhood of TSM

σ = 0

, (5) stable chattering with low amplitude (

\pm 0.01

) at frequency 50 mHz due to high gain used against disturbance

d (t) = 100 + 30 \sin (2 π t)

). The simulation results are similar to those from well-known nominal model-based approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Nonlinear Dynamics Theory and Applications)

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10 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Annotated Barriers to Peritoneal and Home Hemodialysis in the U.S.

by Thomas A. Golper

Kidney Dial. 2025, 5(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5020018 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

In the last decade, barriers to the growth and utilization of home dialysis have been described in mainstream and significant Nephrology journals. Since then, the suggested solutions have received little attention or have proven ineffective. This situation is even more significant because, in [...] Read more.

In the last decade, barriers to the growth and utilization of home dialysis have been described in mainstream and significant Nephrology journals. Since then, the suggested solutions have received little attention or have proven ineffective. This situation is even more significant because, in 2019, President Trump issued an executive order to increase the utilization of home dialysis and transplantation. The reasons for failing to achieve the stated goals of the executive order are numerous and can be attributed to barriers at many levels in the health care system. Some of the barriers are unique to the United States and learning from foreign systems would be beneficial. This correspondence attempts to describe and annotate these barriers. I classify them such that local institutions can identify and prioritize solutions. Home dialysis growth can only occur with all stakeholders committing to that end. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peritoneal Dialysis: Procedure & Physiology, Complications, and the Future Ahead)

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12 pages, 4674 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Long-Term Survival in Metachronous Primary Malignancies: Stage III Nasopharyngeal Cancer and Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

by Gabriela Rahnea-Nita, Alexandru Nechifor, Mihai-Teodor Georgescu, Dorel Firescu, Adrian-Cornel Maier, Radu-Valeriu Toma, Valentin Titus Grigorean, Liliana-Florina Andronache, Roxana-Andreea Rahnea-Nita, Ionut Simion Coman and Laura-Florentina Rebegea

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3299; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103299 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The occurrence of a second primary lung cancer after head and neck cancer is a challenge for multidisciplinary teams, since the development of a second lung cancer negatively affects the survival rate of patients with head and neck cancer. Case Presentation [...] Read more.

Introduction: The occurrence of a second primary lung cancer after head and neck cancer is a challenge for multidisciplinary teams, since the development of a second lung cancer negatively affects the survival rate of patients with head and neck cancer. Case Presentation: This article presents the case of a patient with a double location of cancer: inoperable stage III nasopharyngeal carcinoma, biopsied in December 2017 (non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma), treated by means of radiotherapy and chemotherapy (2018–2021), and stage IV lung cancer (squamous carcinoma) with lung metastases, diagnosed in December 2021, treated using polychemotherapy, subsequent maintenance monochemotherapy, radiotherapy of the thorax, and subsequent maintenance monochemotherapy with a favorable result. The patient was still under treatment as of February 2025, the date of the preparation of the current article. Discussion and Literature Review: Regarding the location of the second metachronous cancer, studies show that the most frequent locations are the lungs and the esophagus, with the main causes being alcohol consumption and smoking. Therefore, these patients should be monitored by screening the respiratory and digestive tracts, especially in men, in order to identify a second cancer, either synchronous or metachronous, in an early stage. Conclusions: Educating the patient with head and neck cancer regarding quitting smoking and cutting out alcohol, as well as conducting a follow-up survey, may reduce the incidence of multiple primaries. Moreover, the multidisciplinary management of second primary lung malignancies in patients with head and neck cancer may lead to long-term disease monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nuclear Medicine & Radiology)

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20 pages, 4054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proline–Nitrogen Metabolic Coordination Mediates Cold Priming-Induced Freezing Tolerance in Maize

by Zhijia Gai, Lei Liu, Na Zhang, Jingqi Liu, Lijun Cai, Xu Yang, Ao Zhang, Pengfei Zhang, Junjie Ding and Yifei Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101415 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Cold stress critically restricts maize seedling growth in Northeast China, yet the mechanism by which cold priming (CP) enhances cold tolerance through proline–nitrogen metabolic networks remains unclear. This study systematically investigated CP’s synergistic regulation in cold-tolerant (Heyu27) and cold-sensitive (Dunyu213 [...] Read more.

Cold stress critically restricts maize seedling growth in Northeast China, yet the mechanism by which cold priming (CP) enhances cold tolerance through proline–nitrogen metabolic networks remains unclear. This study systematically investigated CP’s synergistic regulation in cold-tolerant (Heyu27) and cold-sensitive (Dunyu213) maize using a two-phase temperature regime (priming induction/stress response) with physiological and multivariate analyses. CP alleviated cold-induced photosynthetic inhibition while maintaining a higher chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate, though biomass responses showed varietal specificity, with Heyu27 minimizing growth loss through optimized carbon–nitrogen allocation. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were pre-activated during early stress, effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, with Heyu27 showing superior redox homeostasis. CP enhanced proline accumulation via bidirectional enzyme regulation (upregulating ∆¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase/reductase [P5CS/P5CR], inhibiting proline dehydrogenase [ProDH]) and reprogrammed nitrogen metabolism through glutamate dehydrogenase/isocitrate dehydrogenase (GDH/ICDH)-mediated ammonium conversion to glutamate, alleviating nitrogen dysregulation while supplying proline precursors. Principal component analysis revealed divergent strategies: Heyu27 prioritized proline–antioxidant synergy, whereas Dunyu213 emphasized photosynthetic adjustments. These findings demonstrate that CP establishes “metabolic memory” through optimized proline–nitrogen coordination, synergistically enhancing osmoregulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and nitrogen utilization. This study elucidates C₄-specific cold adaptation mechanisms, advancing cold-resistant breeding and stress-resilient agronomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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32 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Large Language Model for Attribute Extraction in E-Commerce Product Categorization

by Mehmet Serhan Çiftlikçi, Yusuf Çakmak, Tolga Ahmet Kalaycı, Fatih Abut, Mehmet Fatih Akay and Mehmet Kızıldağ

Electronics 2025, 14(10), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101930 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

In the rapidly evolving field of e-commerce, precise and efficient attribute extraction from product descriptions is crucial for enhancing search functionality, improving customer experience, and streamlining the listing process for sellers. This study proposes a large language model (LLM)-based approach for automated attribute [...] Read more.

In the rapidly evolving field of e-commerce, precise and efficient attribute extraction from product descriptions is crucial for enhancing search functionality, improving customer experience, and streamlining the listing process for sellers. This study proposes a large language model (LLM)-based approach for automated attribute extraction on Trendyol’s e-commerce platform. For comparison purposes, a deep learning (DL) model is also developed, leveraging a transformer-based architecture to efficiently identify explicit attributes. In contrast, the LLM, built on the Mistral architecture, demonstrates superior contextual understanding, enabling the extraction of both explicit and implicit attributes from unstructured text. The models are evaluated on an extensive dataset derived from Trendyol’s Turkish-language product catalog, using performance metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score. Results indicate that the proposed LLM outperforms the DL model across most metrics, demonstrating superiority not only in direct single-model comparisons but also in average performance across all evaluated categories. This advantage is particularly evident in handling complex linguistic structures and diverse product descriptions. The system has been integrated into Trendyol’s platform with a scalable backend infrastructure, employing Kubernetes and Nvidia Triton Inference Server for efficient bulk processing and real-time attribute suggestions during the product listing process. This study not only advances attribute extraction for Turkish-language e-commerce but also provides a scalable and efficient NLP-based solution applicable to large-scale marketplaces. The findings offer critical insights into the trade-offs between accuracy and computational efficiency in large-scale multilingual NLP applications, contributing to the broader field of automated product classification and information retrieval in e-commerce ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI/Machine Learning in Computer Vision/Image Processing and Natural Language Processing)

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10 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Measurements in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery with Pulsatile and Non-Pulsatile Flow

by Leyla Kazancıoğlu and Şule Batçık

Medicina 2025, 61(5), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050870 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgeries, monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) is crucial due to neurological risks. Although pulsatile flow (PF) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is considered more physiological than non-pulsatile flow (NPF), its impact on ICP remains unclear. This [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgeries, monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) is crucial due to neurological risks. Although pulsatile flow (PF) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is considered more physiological than non-pulsatile flow (NPF), its impact on ICP remains unclear. This study aimed to compare preoperative and postoperative optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurements between PF and NPF techniques to evaluate their effect on ICP changes. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients undergoing elective CABG (aged 45–75 years, ASA II-III-IV) were enrolled and divided into two groups depending on the cardiopulmonary bypass technique determined by the surgeon: PF (Group P, n = 30) and NPF (Group NP, n = 30). ONSD measurements were performed with ultrasound before surgery (Tpreop) and after surgery (Tpostop). Hemodynamic parameters and jugular and carotid vessel diameters were also recorded. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant increases in ONSD postoperatively compared to preoperative values (p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference in the magnitude of ONSD change was observed between the PF and NPF groups (p > 0.05). Group P showed lower ejection fractions and higher total inotrope requirements compared to Group NP (p < 0.01), but these factors did not translate into differences in postoperative ICP dynamics. Conclusions: ONSD measurements increased significantly after CABG surgery, regardless of perfusion type. PF and NPF strategies were comparable in terms of their effects on ICP as reflected by ONSD changes. ONSD ultrasonography appears to be a simple, rapid, and non-invasive tool for perioperative ICP monitoring in cardiac surgery. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings with dynamic intraoperative monitoring and neurocognitive assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care/ Anesthesiology)

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40 pages, 1905 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Scoping Review on the Transition of Under-3-Year-Old Children from Home to Early Childhood Education and Care

by Catharina Petronella Johanna van Trijp, Marianne Ree, Tove Erna Belland, Sara Esmaeeli, Gunnar Magnus Eidsvåg, Mariella Annika Asikanius and Lars Yngve Rosell

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050589 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

This systematic scoping review aimed to identify and describe published peer-reviewed research articles on the transition of under-3-year-old children from home to early childhood education and care (ECEC) from 1 January 2013 to 19 August 2024. Both national (Idunn, Libris, Oria) and international [...] Read more.

This systematic scoping review aimed to identify and describe published peer-reviewed research articles on the transition of under-3-year-old children from home to early childhood education and care (ECEC) from 1 January 2013 to 19 August 2024. Both national (Idunn, Libris, Oria) and international (Academic Search Premier, ERIC, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science) databases were systematically searched for relevant studies in English, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The results show that the number of publications fluctuated from January 2013 to August 2024. Finland was the most represented country in the different studies, and by continent, most studies were published in Europe. The studies included diverse methodologies, such as descriptive purposes or studies exploring relationships between concepts. Eleven studies used a longitudinal design. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were represented, and data were collected from multiple informants. The studies examined multiple concepts, such as children’s adaptive behavior during the transition, the ECEC process and structural quality, child characteristics, stress, and parents’ roles and experiences. The results of this review contribute to identifying research gaps and what future research can do to increase knowledge about this topic. Full article

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18 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Impaired DNAJB2 Response to Heat Shock in Fibroblasts from a Neuropathy Patient with DNAJB2/HSJ1 Mutation: Cystamine as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention

by Raj Kumar Pradhan, Nikolas G. Kinney, Brigid K. Jensen and Hristelina Ilieva

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(5), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17050073 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Neuropathy is a debilitating disorder characterized by peripheral nerve dysfunction and damage to sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons and their axons. While homozygous mutations in DNAJB2/HSJ1 have been linked to early-onset neuropathy, a heterozygous DNAJB2 c.823+6C>T was discovered in an [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Neuropathy is a debilitating disorder characterized by peripheral nerve dysfunction and damage to sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons and their axons. While homozygous mutations in DNAJB2/HSJ1 have been linked to early-onset neuropathy, a heterozygous DNAJB2 c.823+6C>T was discovered in an adult patient with severe sensory–motor polyneuropathy. This mutation is predicted to affect both isoforms of the protein. DNAJB2 (HSP40), a key member of the heat shock protein family, plays a critical role in cellular protection and stress, including response to heat shock. DNAJB2 traffics unfolded proteins to another heat shock protein, HSP70, and activates its ATPase activity to result in a correctly folded protein(s). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the heterozygous DNAJB2 c.823+6C>T mutation on the stress response of DNAJB2 in fibroblasts obtained from the neuropathy patient. Methods: The fibroblasts were subjected to one hour of heat shock at 42 °C, and the time course of expression levels of DNAJB2 was established. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Cystamine, which has been shown to modulate DNAJB2 levels in cellular and animal models of Huntington’s disease. Results: Our results revealed reduced baseline levels of DNAJB2 between the mutant and control fibroblasts. Importantly the mutant cells exhibited a diminished response to heat shock. Thus, the mutation affects the upregulation of DNAJB2 under stress, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of sensory–motor polyneuropathy. A 48-h pretreatment with 150 μM of Cystamine increased the levels of DNAJB2 in both the control and patient’s fibroblasts. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore this mutant form of DNAJB2 in neuropathy. The study demonstrated that the heterozygous DNAJB2 c.823+6C>T mutation leads to impaired DNAJB2 response to heat shock in the fibroblasts. Cystamine showed promise in restoring DNAJB2 expression, highlighting the need for further research into targeted therapeutic strategies for DNAJB2-related disorders. Full article

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18 pages, 1215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers in HepG2 and V79 Cell Lines: An In Vitro Study Using the Comet and Micronucleus Assays

by Antonija Tadin, Marija Badrov, Danijela Juric Kacunic, Nada Galic, Matea Macan, Ivan Kovacic and Davor Zeljezic

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050169 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of calcium silicate-based sealers (BioRoot RCS and MTA Fillapex) compared to an epoxy-based sealer (AH Plus). Materials and methods: The study was conducted in vitro with the cell [...] Read more.

Background: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of calcium silicate-based sealers (BioRoot RCS and MTA Fillapex) compared to an epoxy-based sealer (AH Plus). Materials and methods: The study was conducted in vitro with the cell lines HepG2 and V79 to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using the comet and micronucleus assays. Eluates of the materials were tested at two different concentrations (3 cm²/mL and 0.5 cm²/mL) after an exposure time of 72 h. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Results: At lower concentrations in both cell lines, MTA Fillapex showed no significant difference in the measured comet assay parameters compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). In addition, it showed significantly lower genotoxic effects compared to AH Plus for all comet assay parameters, concentrations, and cell lines (p ≤ 0.001). BioRoot RCS showed lower primary DNA damage (p ≤ 0.001) than AH Plus, only at higher concentrations and in the HepG2 cell line. Concerning the two tested bioceramic sealers, BioRoot RCS showed higher tail intensity values compared to MTA Fillapex (p < 0.05). In contrast to the results of the comet assay, BioRoot RCS significantly reduced the number of nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges in the HepG2 cell line compared to MTA Fillapex, whereas reduction in the V79 cell line was only observed for nuclear buds (p < 0.05). Both materials increased the number of apoptotic cells compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). In comparison to AH Plus, BioRoot RCS and MTA Fillapex significantly reduced the number of cells with micronuclei and increased the number of cells with undamaged chromatin (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that MTA Fillapex and BioRoot RCS exhibit superior biocompatibility over AH Plus, as evidenced by their lower cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro. These results support the use of calcium silicate-based sealers in clinical practice, highlighting the need for further studies to evaluate their performance in vivo and their implications for patient safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 4160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing Molecular Descriptor Importance to Enhance Endpoint Predictions

by Benjamin Bajželj, Marjana Novič and Viktor Drgan

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050383 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models are essential for predicting endpoints that are otherwise challenging to estimate using other in silico approaches. Developing interpretable models for endpoint prediction is valuable as interpretable models may provide valuable insights into the relationship between molecular structure and [...] Read more.

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models are essential for predicting endpoints that are otherwise challenging to estimate using other in silico approaches. Developing interpretable models for endpoint prediction is valuable as interpretable models may provide valuable insights into the relationship between molecular structure and observed biological or toxicological properties of compounds. In this study, we introduce a novel modification of counter-propagation artificial neural networks that aims to identify key molecular features responsible for classifying molecules into specific endpoint classes. The novel approach presented in this work dynamically adjusts molecular descriptor importance during model training, allowing different molecular descriptor importance values for structurally different molecules, which increases its adaptability to diverse sets of compounds. We applied the method to enzyme inhibition and hepatotoxicity classification datasets. Our findings show that the proposed approach improves the classification of molecules, reduces the number of neurons excited by molecules from different endpoint classes, and increases the number of acceptable models. The proposed approach may be useful in compound toxicity prediction and drug design studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Toxicology: Exposure and Assessment)

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14 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Germination of Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Harper, a Pollinator Plant with Ornamental Appeal

by Grace Carapezza, Sandra B. Wilson, Mica McMillan and Edzard van Santen

Seeds 2025, 4(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds4020023 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Seed propagation is the primary means of reproducing many native and endemic species, including garberia [Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merrill & F. Harper]. This attractive pollinator plant, native to Florida, is scarcely found in nursery production and largely unknown to the gardening [...] Read more.

Seed propagation is the primary means of reproducing many native and endemic species, including garberia [Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merrill & F. Harper]. This attractive pollinator plant, native to Florida, is scarcely found in nursery production and largely unknown to the gardening community. To better understand the seed biology of garberia, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of population on seed viability and germination response to four seasonal temperatures, as well as the effects of time on seed storability. Initial seed viability was 49% and 60% for Central and North Florida populations, respectively. Seeds germinated readily, indicating non-dormancy, with significant effects of population and temperature observed. Overall, on day 28, a greater germination proportion was observed from seeds collected from North Florida than Central Florida across temperatures, except for winter (11/22 °C), where responses were similar. The greatest germination proportion for seeds collected from North Florida was observed at 15/27 °C (fall) and 19/29 °C (spring), whereas the greatest germination from Central Florida was observed at 11/22 °C (winter), with the steepest decline observed at summer temperatures (24/33 °C). Further, it was observed that garberia seeds are intolerant of long-term storage, losing viability as early as 3 months under conventional cold or room temperature storage and decreasing substantially more after 6 months. These findings contribute to the overall understanding of the seed biology of underutilized species such as garberia, key to the development of efficient and reliable propagation systems for our nursery industry. Full article

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26 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainability-Oriented Framework for Life Cycle Environmental Cost Accounting and Carbon Financial Optimization in Prefabricated Steel Structures

by Jingjing Liu, Hanchao Liu and Yun Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4296; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104296 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

The building sector significantly contributes to global resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating integrated approaches to evaluate both environmental and economic performance. This study developed a sustainability-oriented assessment framework—applied in a Chinese context—that integrates life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), [...] Read more.

The building sector significantly contributes to global resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating integrated approaches to evaluate both environmental and economic performance. This study developed a sustainability-oriented assessment framework—applied in a Chinese context—that integrates life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), and carbon financial optimization to evaluate the life cycle performance of prefabricated steel buildings. Using publicly available databases (CEADs, Ecoinvent, and the Chinese Life Cycle Database), the framework quantified cradle-to-grave environmental impacts across raw material extraction, prefabrication, transport, on-site assembly, operation, and end-of-life stages. Emissions were monetized using standardized emission factors and official cost coefficients, enabling environmental costs to be expressed in financial terms. A dynamic financial simulation module was incorporated to assess the effects of carbon price fluctuations and quota allocation schemes. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the influence of key variables such as retrofit investment costs, emission reduction efficiency, and carbon policy scenarios on financial returns. The results show that material production and operational energy use dominate life cycle carbon emissions, jointly contributing more than 90% of the total impacts. Moderate decarbonization investments—such as HVAC upgrades and improved insulation—can achieve positive net economic returns under baseline carbon pricing. This integrated, data-driven framework serves as a practical decision-support tool for policymakers and industry stakeholders. It is adaptable across different regions and material systems, supporting the global transition toward low-carbon and financially viable construction practices. Full article

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21 pages, 3637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis N102 and Lactobacillus sakei H1-5 Added as Starter Strains on the Metabolome, Safety and Quality of Dry-Fermented Sausages

by Yushan Jiao, Min Cai, Wensheng Tang, Zhengkai Wang and Yingli Liu

Foods 2025, 14(10), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101675 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the beneficial effects of individual and co-inoculation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis N102 and Lactobacillus sakei H1-5 on improving safety parameters, sensory characteristics, and non-volatile metabolite profiles in dry-fermented sausages. Comprehensive analyses were conducted throughout the 20-day maturation period (0, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the beneficial effects of individual and co-inoculation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis N102 and Lactobacillus sakei H1-5 on improving safety parameters, sensory characteristics, and non-volatile metabolite profiles in dry-fermented sausages. Comprehensive analyses were conducted throughout the 20-day maturation period (0, 6, 13, 16, and 20 days), including physicochemical monitoring (moisture content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, biogenic amine concentrations, and sodium nitrite residues); sensory evaluation (color parameters and textural properties); and ¹H NMR-based metabolomic profiling. Key findings revealed strain-specific advantages: the N102 inoculation significantly delayed lipid oxidation, achieving the lowest final MDA concentration (4.5 mg/kg) among all groups. Meanwhile, H1-5 supplementation notably improved color attributes (a*/b* ratio = 1.34). The co-inoculation strategy demonstrated synergistic effects through (1) accelerated acidification (pH 5.3 by day 6); (2) enhanced textural properties (significantly increased hardness and elasticity vs. control); (3) optimized water distribution (free water reduced to 0.56% with 64.73% immobilized water); and (4) a significant reduction in sodium nitrite residues (70% decrease) and complete elimination of phenylethylamine (total biogenic amines: 702.94 mg/kg). ¹H NMR metabolomics identified 30 non-volatile metabolites, and the co-inoculation significantly increased the amount of essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine), flavor-related compounds (glutamic acid, succinic acid), and bioactive substances (gooseberry, creatine). These metabolites enhanced antioxidant capacity, freshness, and nutritional value. Our findings demonstrate that strategic co-cultivation of food-grade lactobacilli can synergistically enhance both the techno-functional properties and biochemical composition of fermented meat products, providing a viable approach for quality optimization in industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Fermentation Strains: Physiology, Metabolic Characteristics and Application)

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15 pages, 1857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Surface Roughness in Milling Additively Manufactured High-Strength Maraging Steel Using Broad Learning System

by Cuiling Zhao, Wenwen Tian, Qi Yan and Yuchao Bai

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050566 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) provides a promising method to fabricate advanced functional parts with different mechanical and material performances from their traditional counterparts. However, the poor surface quality makes the subsequent post-processing necessary for precision application. Hybrid manufacturing combining additive and subtractive manufacturing processes [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) provides a promising method to fabricate advanced functional parts with different mechanical and material performances from their traditional counterparts. However, the poor surface quality makes the subsequent post-processing necessary for precision application. Hybrid manufacturing combining additive and subtractive manufacturing processes is an effective method to improve the surface quality of additive manufacturing (AMed) metal parts rapidly by using a subtractive process, in which surface roughness is an important technical indicator. Therefore, accurate surface roughness prediction is crucial for process and quality control in the subtractive machining of additively manufactured parts. In this study, a prediction method utilizing a broad learning system (BLS) is developed to predict the surface roughness of machined AMed maraging steel parts considering aging heat treatment. First, feature extraction was performed on the force signal during the cutting process in the time domain, frequency domain, and time–frequency domain. Then, the maximum information coefficient was used to select important features from high to low feature by feature. Furthermore, the important features and cutting parameters were fused as the input of BLS. Finally, the corresponding prediction results were compared with those based only on cutting parameters. The results show that the prediction accuracy of machined surface roughness is higher when fusing force signal features and cutting parameters. The prediction errors (mean absolute percentage error) were reduced by 67.28% and 16.39% to 0.53% and 0.51%, respectively, for the AMed maraging steels with and without heat treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development in Post-processing for Additive Manufacturing)

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