MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

52 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessReview

Algorithmic Techniques for GPU Scheduling: A Comprehensive Survey

by Robert Chab, Fei Li and Sanjeev Setia

Algorithms 2025, 18(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070385 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

In this survey, we provide a comprehensive classification of GPU task scheduling approaches, categorized by their underlying algorithmic techniques and evaluation metrics. We examine traditional methods—including greedy algorithms, dynamic programming, and mathematical programming—alongside advanced machine learning techniques integrated into scheduling policies. We also [...] Read more.

In this survey, we provide a comprehensive classification of GPU task scheduling approaches, categorized by their underlying algorithmic techniques and evaluation metrics. We examine traditional methods—including greedy algorithms, dynamic programming, and mathematical programming—alongside advanced machine learning techniques integrated into scheduling policies. We also evaluate the performance of these approaches across diverse applications. This work focuses on understanding the trade-offs among various algorithmic techniques, the architectural and job-level factors influencing scheduling decisions, and the balance between user-level and service-level objectives. The analysis shows that no one paradigm dominates; instead, the highest-performing schedulers blend the predictability of formal methods with the adaptability of learning, often moderated by queueing insights for fairness. We also discuss key challenges in optimizing GPU resource management and suggest potential solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Parallel and Distributed Computing: Algorithms and Applications)

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20 pages, 3570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whole Genome of Gordonia aichiensis P6PL2 Associated with Vitis amurensis That Stimulates Plant Growth

by Alexey A. Ananev, Olga A. Aleynova, Nikolay N. Nityagovsky, Andrey R. Suprun, Zlata V. Ogneva and Konstantin V. Kiselev

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070735 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

The global community continues to face the urgent need to develop environmentally friendly methods to increase agricultural productivity. Using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as plant growth stimulants could solve this problem, as this practice is more environmentally friendly than using fertilizers. This study [...] Read more.

The global community continues to face the urgent need to develop environmentally friendly methods to increase agricultural productivity. Using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as plant growth stimulants could solve this problem, as this practice is more environmentally friendly than using fertilizers. This study characterized the Gordonia aichiensis P6PL2 bacterium associated with Vitis amurensis using whole-genome sequencing and in vitro and in vivo testing. The whole genome size of G. aichiensis P6PL2 was 5,435,824 bp with 5279 open reading frames. G. aichiensis P6PL2 possessed genes for the production of phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins) and an increased bioavailability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. In addition, the presence of genes involved in synthesizing growth stimulants, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid and spermidine, has been demonstrated, as has the presence of genes involved in reducing various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Moreover, the results demonstrated the growth-promoting impact of a single application of G. aichiensis P6PL2 on seedlings and 30-day rice plants. This paper has shown and discussed the potential importance of G. aichiensis P6PL2 for agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

53 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anthozoan Chemical Defenses: Integrating Compounds, Enzymatic activities, and Omics-Based Discoveries

by Muhammad Zakariya, Oliver J. Lincoln, Isabella D’Ambra and Chiara Lauritano

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136109 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Anthozoa is a species-rich class with an innate immune system that acts as a defensive tool and shares many of its cellular pathways with mammalian immune responses. In addition to immune-related strategies (e.g., allorecognition and xenorecognition), anthozoans have evolved to use compounds or [...] Read more.

Anthozoa is a species-rich class with an innate immune system that acts as a defensive tool and shares many of its cellular pathways with mammalian immune responses. In addition to immune-related strategies (e.g., allorecognition and xenorecognition), anthozoans have evolved to use compounds or toxins for chemical communication, defense, or predation, which may exhibit biological activities useful for human health, mainly antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antitumor properties of pharmaceutical interest. These compounds/toxins can be alkaloids, amino acids, proteins, ceramides, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes and are mainly distributed into Hexacorallia and Octocorallia. Anthozoans are enriched in defensive enzymes, which can either be found in anthozoan species or their symbionts and help them survive in hostile conditions. Studies related to genomics and transcriptomics using advanced sequencing efforts revealed the presence of genetic elements in anthozoans that help them survive against abiotic and biotic stressors in the marine environment. This review presents developments and highlights the current state of knowledge about anthozoans’ chemical weaponry that can drive further bioprospection of anthozoan species producing compounds and toxins which may be useful in biotechnological applications. Omics research in Anthozoa is still nascent, and more efforts are required to fully understand the chemical ecology, diversity, and possible biotechnological applications of cnidarian genes and their products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Natural Compounds: Biotechnological Potential and Pharmacological Targets)

14 pages, 1052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Femoral Artery Access Characteristics and Female Sex in In-Hospital Complications for Patients Undergoing Recanalization of Chronic Total Occlusions

by Kevin Hamzaraj, Caglayan Demirel, Antonia Domanig, Senta Graf, Mariann Gyöngyösi, Christian Hengstenberg, Bernhard Frey and Rayyan Hemetsberger

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4496; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134496 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) remains a complex procedure that requires advanced operator skills and dedicated devices. Despite increased success rates in experienced centers, the in-hospital complications of CTO PCI remain notably high. Female patients undergoing CTO PCI [...] Read more.

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) remains a complex procedure that requires advanced operator skills and dedicated devices. Despite increased success rates in experienced centers, the in-hospital complications of CTO PCI remain notably high. Female patients undergoing CTO PCI are reported to experience higher rates of complications; however, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately defined. Methods: We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients undergoing CTO PCI at our university-affiliated tertiary care center over 4 years (2018–2021), aiming to elucidate sex-based disparities in in-hospital complications. In addition, we investigated the impact of angiographic femoral artery metrics on in-hospital complications. Results: Among 271 patients who underwent antegrade or retrograde CTO PCI, 222 (81.9%) were men and 49 (18.9%) women. Female patients were significantly older (67 ± 11 vs. 72 ± 12 years; p = 0.005) and had a comparable lesion complexity. Women exhibited smaller femoral artery diameters, more side branches at the puncture area and higher bifurcations. In-hospital complications occurred more frequently in women compared to men (16.3% vs. 6.8%; p = 0.044). Female sex independently predicted in-hospital complications (OR = 2.92; CI 1.07 to 7.60; p = 0.024), yet lost significance after adjustment for femoral artery characteristics. Maximal femoral artery diameter (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.50, p < 0.001) and side-branch density (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.26 to 5.20, p = 0.012) independently predicted in-hospital complications. Conclusions: Female patients undergoing CTO PCI are at increased risk for procedural complications, likely driven by femoral artery anatomical differences. Detailed pre-procedural assessment of femoral artery metrics may improve patient selection, procedural planning, and outcomes, particularly among women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Future Directions in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI))

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19 pages, 921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Drilling and the Idea of Next-Generation Deep Mineral Exploration

by George Nikolakopoulos, Anton Koval, Matteo Fumagalli, Martyna Konieczna-Fuławka, Laura Santas Moreu, Victor Vigara-Puche, Kashish Verma, Bob de Waard and René Deutsch

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133953 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Remote drilling technologies play a crucial role in automating both underground and open-pit hard rock mining operations. These technologies enhance efficiency and, most importantly, improve safety in the mining sector. Autonomous drilling rigs can navigate to pre-determined positions and utilize the appropriate parameters [...] Read more.

Remote drilling technologies play a crucial role in automating both underground and open-pit hard rock mining operations. These technologies enhance efficiency and, most importantly, improve safety in the mining sector. Autonomous drilling rigs can navigate to pre-determined positions and utilize the appropriate parameters to drill boreholes effectively. This article explores various aspects of automation, including the integration of advanced data collection methods that monitor the drilling parameters and facilitate the creation of 3D models of rock hardness. The shift toward machine automation involves transitioning from human-operated machines to systems powered by artificial intelligence, which are capable of making real-time decisions. Navigating underground environments presents unique challenges, as traditional RF-based localization systems often fail in these settings. New solutions, such as constant localization and mapping techniques like SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), provide innovative methods for navigating mines, particularly in uncharted territories. The development of robotic exploration rigs equipped with modules that can operate autonomously in hazardous areas has the potential to revolutionize mineral exploration in underground mines. This article also discusses solutions aimed at validating and improving existing methods by optimizing drilling strategies to ensure accuracy, enhance efficiency, and ensure safety. These topics are explored in the context of the Horizon Europe-funded PERSEPHONE project, which seeks to deliver fully autonomous, sensor-integrated robotic systems for deep mineral exploration in challenging underground environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)

21 pages, 3896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Glyceryl Monolaurate Supplementation During Pregnancy Enhances Fetal Intrauterine Development and Antioxidant Capacity in Sows via Microbiota Modulation

by Zhichao Fu, Jun Wang, Yueqi Zhao, Tanyi Deng, Ziwei Ma, Wutai Guan, Xiangfang Zeng and Fang Chen

Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070783 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying the positive effect of glyceryl monolaurate (GML) on fetal intrauterine development via maternal gut-microbiota modulating effects using a sow model. Addition of GML (1000 mg/kg) improved neonatal intestinal conditions (jejunal villus height, VH/CD ratio and tight junctions) [...] Read more.

This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying the positive effect of glyceryl monolaurate (GML) on fetal intrauterine development via maternal gut-microbiota modulating effects using a sow model. Addition of GML (1000 mg/kg) improved neonatal intestinal conditions (jejunal villus height, VH/CD ratio and tight junctions) and dorsal longissimus muscle (MyoD, MyoG and MSTN) development in the GML-treated group. Furthermore, GML improved maternal gut microbiota composition by enriching short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Meanwhile, SCFA concentrations in sow feces and newborn plasma, as well as their receptors (GPR41/43) in intestine and muscle were upregulated with GML, corresponding with enhanced antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity. Further correlation analysis revealed Akkermansia and Lactobacillus positively correlated with SCFAs, antioxidative indicators, and anti-inflammatory capacity markers. Moreover, GML inhibited the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. In summary, GML enhanced fetal intrauterine development by modulating sow intestinal SCFA-producing bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Animal Reproduction and Nutrition)

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29 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forest Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Method Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Using Tree Crown Segmentation and Individual Tree Parameter Extraction Model

by Guangsen Ma, Gang Yang, Hao Lu and Xue Zhang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132179 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Efficient and accurate acquisition of tree distribution and three-dimensional geometric information in forest scenes, along with three-dimensional reconstructions of entire forest environments, hold significant application value in precision forestry and forestry digital twins. However, due to complex vegetation structures, fine geometric details, and [...] Read more.

Efficient and accurate acquisition of tree distribution and three-dimensional geometric information in forest scenes, along with three-dimensional reconstructions of entire forest environments, hold significant application value in precision forestry and forestry digital twins. However, due to complex vegetation structures, fine geometric details, and severe occlusions in forest environments, existing methods—whether vision-based or LiDAR-based—still face challenges such as high data acquisition costs, feature extraction difficulties, and limited reconstruction accuracy. This study focuses on reconstructing tree distribution and extracting key individual tree parameters, and it proposes a forest 3D reconstruction framework based on high-resolution remote sensing images. Firstly, an optimized Mask R-CNN model was employed to segment individual tree crowns and extract distribution information. Then, a Tree Parameter and Reconstruction Network (TPRN) was constructed to directly estimate key structural parameters (height, DBH etc.) from crown images and generate tree 3D models. Subsequently, the 3D forest scene could be reconstructed by combining the distribution information and tree 3D models. In addition, to address the data scarcity, a hybrid training strategy integrating virtual and real data was proposed for crown segmentation and individual tree parameter estimation. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method could reconstruct an entire forest scene within seconds while accurately preserving tree distribution and individual tree attributes. In two real-world plots, the tree counting accuracy exceeded 90%, with an average tree localization error under 0.2 m. The TPRN achieved parameter extraction accuracies of 92.7% and 96% for tree height, and 95.4% and 94.1% for DBH. Furthermore, the generated individual tree models achieved average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) scores of 11.24 and 0.53, respectively, validating the quality of the reconstruction. This approach enables fast and effective large-scale forest scene reconstruction using only a single remote sensing image as input, demonstrating significant potential for applications in both dynamic forest resource monitoring and forestry-oriented digital twin systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Modeling for Sustainable Forest Management)

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13 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ChatGPT in the Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Promising Support or Digital Illusion? Insights from a Multicenter Observational Study

by Riccardo Manzella, Angelo Immordino, Cosimo Galletti, Federica Giammona Indaco, Giovanna Stilo, Giuliano Messina, Francesco Lorusso, Rosalia Gargano, Silvia Frangipane, Giorgia Giunta, Diana Mariut, Daniele Portelli, Patrizia Zambito, Maria Grazia Ferrisi, Francesco Ciodaro, Manuela Centineo, Salvatore Maira, Francesco Dispenza, Salvatore Gallina, Ignazio La Mantia, Francesco Galletti, Bruno Galletti and Federico Sireci Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4501; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134501 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a chronic inflammatory disease with a significant impact on quality of life and is frequently associated, from a pathogenetic perspective, with type 2 inflammation. The introduction of biologic therapies has marked a turning point in the [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a chronic inflammatory disease with a significant impact on quality of life and is frequently associated, from a pathogenetic perspective, with type 2 inflammation. The introduction of biologic therapies has marked a turning point in the management of severe forms of the disease, offering a valuable treatment option. However, selecting the most suitable biologic agent for a specific patient remains a clinical challenge. Artificial intelligence, and, in particular, ChatGPT, has recently been proposed as a potential tool to support medical decision-making and guide therapeutic choices. To evaluate the concordance between the therapeutic recommendations provided by ChatGPT and those of a multidisciplinary expert board in selecting the most appropriate biologic therapy for CRSwNP patients, based on the analysis of their phenotype and endotype. Methods: A multicenter observational cohort study was conducted. Clinical data from 286 patients with CRSwNP were analyzed. For each case, the therapeutic choice among Dupilumab, Mepolizumab, and Omalizumab was compared between the board and ChatGPT. Concordance rates and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient were calculated. Results: Overall concordance was 59.2%, with a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.116. Concordance by drug was 62.8% for Dupilumab, 26.5% for Mepolizumab, and 9.1% for Omalizumab. Patients presented with severe clinical profiles, with an average Nasal Polyp Score of 6.22 and an average SNOT-22 score of 64.5. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that, despite its substantial theoretical potential, ChatGPT is currently not a reliable tool for the autonomous selection of biological therapies in patients with CRSwNP. Further studies are necessary to enhance its reliability and integration into clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence in Public Health: Current Trends and Future Possibilities, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impacts of Tourism on the Well-Being of Local Communities

by Maksim Godovykh, Alan Fyall and Abraham Pizam

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5849; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135849 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Tourism can influence residents’ well-being in both positive and negative ways. Therefore, it is important to understand the nature of these effects and propose directions for future research from the residents’ perspective of positive tourism. This paper introduces a conceptual framework and proposes [...] Read more.

Tourism can influence residents’ well-being in both positive and negative ways. Therefore, it is important to understand the nature of these effects and propose directions for future research from the residents’ perspective of positive tourism. This paper introduces a conceptual framework and proposes theoretical foundations and methods for exploring the impacts of tourism on residents’ well-being. It also aims to contribute to the development of tourism practices that promote well-being for all stakeholders, with a clear emphasis on resident well-being, ensuring that tourism benefits are shared between visitors and the communities they visit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism: The Impacts of Tourism Development on Destination Communities)

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24 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Tracking HIV Outcomes Among Key Populations in the Routine Health Information Management System: A Systematic Review

by Mashudu Rampilo, Edith Phalane and Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya

Sexes 2025, 6(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes6030032 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Despite having the world’s largest HIV burden, South Africa has yet to attain the 95-95-95 targets. Accurate, complete, and timely data are critical for monitoring a country’s HIV progress. The integration of unique identifier codes (UICs) for key populations (KPs) into routine health [...] Read more.

Despite having the world’s largest HIV burden, South Africa has yet to attain the 95-95-95 targets. Accurate, complete, and timely data are critical for monitoring a country’s HIV progress. The integration of unique identifier codes (UICs) for key populations (KPs) into routine health information management systems (RHIMS) strengthens data accuracy and completeness, facilitating more targeted HIV interventions and greater accountability. This systematic review assessed how Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have integrated KPs’ UICs into RHIMS, highlighting key enablers, challenges, and opportunities. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PLOS ONE, and various government and non-government websites to identify the published and grey literature relevant to the study objective from June 2013 to December 2024. References were managed using Zotero version 6.0.36. Two authors independently screened studies using Covidence software. The review was done in accordance with the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with the “International Prospective Register of PROSPERO) Systematic Reviews” with the registration number CRD42023440656. Out of 1735 studies screened, 361 duplicates were removed. The review found that only nine of the fifty-three SSA countries have incorporated UICs for KPs into their RHIMS through alphanumeric codes. They include Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Kenya, Uganda, Togo, Malawi, and Liberia. Facilitators for KPs’ UIC adoption included strong data security and political will, whereas barriers encompassed compromised privacy, stigma and discrimination. In South Africa, the UIC for KPs can be integrated into the new electronic medical record (EMR) system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Social, Structural and Behavioral Interventions for HIV Prevention)

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18 pages, 2943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Mediterranean Area Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Leaf Powder Production for Food Fortification

by Carlo Greco, Raimondo Gaglio, Luca Settanni, Antonio Alfonzo, Santo Orlando, Salvatore Ciulla and Michele Massimo Mammano

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131359 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

The increasing global demand for resilient, sustainable agricultural systems has intensified the need for advanced monitoring strategies, particularly for climate-adaptive crops such as Moringa oleifera Lam. This study presents an integrated approach using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral and thermal cameras [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for resilient, sustainable agricultural systems has intensified the need for advanced monitoring strategies, particularly for climate-adaptive crops such as Moringa oleifera Lam. This study presents an integrated approach using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral and thermal cameras to monitor the vegetative performance and determine the optimal harvest period of four M. oleifera genotypes in a Mediterranean environment. High-resolution data were collected and processed to generate the NDVI, canopy temperature, and height maps, enabling the assessment of plant vigor, stress conditions, and spatial canopy structure. NDVI analysis revealed robust vegetative growth (0.7–0.9), with optimal harvest timing identified on 30 October 2024, when the mean NDVI exceeded 0.85. Thermal imaging effectively discriminated plant crowns from surrounding weeds by capturing cooler canopy zones due to active transpiration. A clear inverse correlation between NDVI and Land Surface Temperature (LST) was observed, reinforcing its relevance for stress diagnostics and environmental monitoring. The results underscore the value of UAV-based multi-sensor systems for precision agriculture, offering scalable tools for phenotyping, harvest optimization, and sustainable management of medicinal and aromatic crops in semiarid regions. Moreover, in this study, to produce M. oleifera leaf powder intended for use as a food ingredient, the leaves of four M. oleifera genotypes were dried, milled, and evaluated for their hygiene and safety characteristics. Plate count analyses confirmed the absence of pathogenic bacterial colonies in the M. oleifera leaf powders, highlighting their potential application as natural and functional additives in food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

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19 pages, 7852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of a Freezing Wall Around a Vertical Shaft Under Localized Freezing

by Yu Zhang, Yuhang Wang, Weihao Yang, Zhijiang Yang, Chi Zhang, Tao Han, Tingting Luo, Yongjie Ma and Cheng Zou

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7144; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137144 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

A localized freezing technique was proposed as an auxiliary method for retrofitting the lining of a vertical shaft. The influence of the freezing temperature, lining thickness, slot height, and slot duration on the evolution of the freezing wall in the clay layer was [...] Read more.

A localized freezing technique was proposed as an auxiliary method for retrofitting the lining of a vertical shaft. The influence of the freezing temperature, lining thickness, slot height, and slot duration on the evolution of the freezing wall in the clay layer was analyzed using a hydro-thermal numerical model. Under the baseline conditions (stratum temperature of 24 °C, shaft lining thickness of 2 m, and freezing temperature of −30 °C), the freezing wall behind the slotting zone was 0.74 m at 90 d, 1.89 m at 180 d, 2.78 m at 270 d, and 3.48 m at 360 d. The average growth rate of the freezing wall during one year was negatively linearly correlated with the freezing temperature and the shaft lining thickness, with change rates of −0.00033 m/(d∙°C) and −0.00262 m/(d∙m), respectively. Using the thickness of the freezing wall behind the slotting zone to reach 1.2 m as the slotting criterion, a freezing duration of 123 days is required under typical operational parameters. The evolution of the freezing wall was simulated for a slotting duration of 15 d with a slot height of 0.5–2.0 m and for a slot height of 1.5 m with a slotting duration of 5–20 d. The freezing walls did not melt in both schemes and expanded outward. The research findings are significant for improving freezing methods for shaft linings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Temperature on Geotechnical Engineering)

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34 pages, 1651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effects of Window Design on the Restorative Potential of Movable Smart Co-Working Offices in Small Village Environments Through Immersive Virtual Reality

by Antonio Ciervo, Massimiliano Masullo, Maria Dolores Morelli and Luigi Maffei

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5851; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135851 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

As remote and hybrid work models continue to grow, the design of workspaces and their surrounding environments has gained even more importance. This study explores the impact of window design on the restorative potential of Prefabricated Movable Buildings (PMBs) of smart/co-working located in [...] Read more.

As remote and hybrid work models continue to grow, the design of workspaces and their surrounding environments has gained even more importance. This study explores the impact of window design on the restorative potential of Prefabricated Movable Buildings (PMBs) of smart/co-working located in small villages. Using Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR), seven window configurations, varying in size, frame ratio, and number of glass panes, were evaluated. Participants’ sense of presence, defined as the subjective feeling of ‘being there’ in the virtual environment, and perceived restoration, referring mainly to the psychological (attention and emotions) and physiological (stress) resources recovery, were assessed using, respectively, Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) and the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). The overall IPQ results suggest that the virtual environment in this study provides a “High” sense of presence, highlighting the validity of IVR to evaluate architectural designs. The PRS results found that larger, uninterrupted windows with a higher Window-to-Wall Ratio and lower Frame Ratio significantly enhance participants’ perceived restoration. Restoration effects were also higher when offices were located in small villages rather than in business districts. These results highlight the importance of incorporating large windows in smart/co-working spaces within culturally rich small villages to promote worker well-being and office sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon Building and Sustainable Built Environment)

14 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Brief Form of the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15) into Japanese

by Noelia Lucía Martínez-Rives, Pilar Martín Chaparro, Kenichi Asano, Jone Aliri Lazcano, Olatz Goñi-Balentziaga, Yudai Kaneda, Akemi Hara and Yasuhiro Kotera

Societies 2025, 15(7), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070179 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to translate and develop a culturally adapted Japanese version of the brief form of the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15) and to evaluate its psychometric properties for Japanese adults. (2) Methods: In the pilot test, we asked five Japanese [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to translate and develop a culturally adapted Japanese version of the brief form of the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15) and to evaluate its psychometric properties for Japanese adults. (2) Methods: In the pilot test, we asked five Japanese university students to rate their understanding. Then, a final sample of 428 adults between 18 and 40 years old (45.1%male and 54.0% female) completed the Japanese version of the ICQ-15. To examine the psychometric properties of the ICQ-15, item analyses, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency analyses, and convergent and divergent validity analysis were performed. (3) Results: Although the items did not follow a normal distribution, most of them showed a good homogeneity index, suggesting good internal consistency between the items. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five-factor model had acceptable fit indices. Spearman correlations between the ICQ-15 and the Communication Skills Questionnaire (CSQ) supported its convergent validity, while correlations between the ICQ-15 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) supported its divergent validity. (4) Discussion and conclusions: A Japanese version of the ICQ-15 was developed showing good psychometric properties to be used to assess interpersonal competence in adults. This questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability among Japanese adults. A future study will investigate the criterion-related validity and temporal stability of the scale. Full article

13 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Airborne Phenol and Biological Monitoring of Accumulation Trends

by Gyu-Jin Sim, Sun-Haeng Choi and Ki-Youn Kim

Healthcare 2025, 13(13), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13131516 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne phenol and its biological accumulation in chemical plant workers, with a particular focus on urinary phenol levels. It also explores the influence of job roles, employment duration, protective equipment use, and personal [...] Read more.

Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne phenol and its biological accumulation in chemical plant workers, with a particular focus on urinary phenol levels. It also explores the influence of job roles, employment duration, protective equipment use, and personal lifestyle habits on internal exposure. Methods: A cohort of bisphenol A (BPA) manufacturing workers was classified based on job tasks and exposure characteristics. Airborne phenol concentrations were measured using standard occupational hygiene methods, and urinary phenol levels were analyzed before and after work shifts. Statistical analyses examined associations between phenol exposure and occupational and behavioral variables. Results: Urinary phenol levels significantly increased after work shifts, particularly among workers involved in cleaning tasks. A strong correlation was observed between airborne phenol concentrations and urinary levels, indicating that even low-level environmental exposure can result in measurable biological accumulation. Notably, workers who did not use personal protective equipment or who reported smoking showed higher internal phenol burdens. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of integrating biological monitoring with conventional exposure assessments in phenol-handling workplaces. Effective exposure control should include improved ventilation, strict compliance with personal protective equipment use, and health education programs that address modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to reduce occupational health risks associated with phenol exposure. Full article

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15 pages, 546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endothelial Damage in Sepsis: The Interplay of Coagulopathy, Capillary Leak, and Vasoplegia—A Physiopathological Study

by Gianni Turcato, Arian Zaboli, Lucia Filippi, Alessandro Cipriano, Paolo Ferretto, Michael Maggi, Fabrizio Lucente, Massimo Marchetti, Lorenzo Ghiadoni and Christian J. Wiedermann

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(7), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15070120 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and understanding endothelial damage is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Endothelial dysfunction in sepsis contributes to coagulopathy, increased capillary permeability, and vasoplegia, but the interplay between these processes remains underexplored. The study aims to [...] Read more.

Background: Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and understanding endothelial damage is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Endothelial dysfunction in sepsis contributes to coagulopathy, increased capillary permeability, and vasoplegia, but the interplay between these processes remains underexplored. The study aims to evaluate the clinical relationship between those factors due to sepsis-induced endothelial damage. Methods: A prospective single-center study on 75 community-acquired septic patients admitted to an Intermediate Care Unit. The Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy (SIC) score, serum albumin (as a surrogate for capillary leak), and Total Peripheral Resistance Index (TPRI) (as a surrogate for vasoplegia) were assessed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) explored the relationship between variables, hypothesizing a common latent factor (endothelial damage). Principal Component Analysis assessed the shared variance among variables. Results: The mean SIC score was 3.4 (SD 1.3), with 44% of patients affected. TPRI and albumin had mean values of 1954 (SD 738) and 2.58 (SD 0.59), respectively, both negatively correlated with SIC: TPRI −0.263 (p = 0.023) and albumin −0.454 (p < 0.001). SEM showed SIC, albumin, and TPRI are associated with a latent factor (endothelial damage), explaining 68% of the variance (CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000). Albumin was inversely correlated (p = 0.004), and TPRI was significantly associated (p = 0.003). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that coagulopathy, increased vascular permeability, and vasoplegia may be clinically interrelated manifestations of endothelial injury in sepsis. These findings support the feasibility of modeling a unified pathophysiological construct using accessible bedside data, potentially guiding future individualized approaches in sepsis management. Full article

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19 pages, 9131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Quality and Heavy Metal Source Analyses for Characteristic Agricultural Products in Luzuo Town, China

by Zhaoyu Zhou, Zeming Shi, Linsong Yu, Haiyin Fan and Fang Wan

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131360 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Identifying the soil quality and the sources of heavy metals in the production areas of characteristic agricultural products is crucial for ensuring the quality of such products and the sustainable development of agriculture. This research took the farmland soil of Luzuo Town, a [...] Read more.

Identifying the soil quality and the sources of heavy metals in the production areas of characteristic agricultural products is crucial for ensuring the quality of such products and the sustainable development of agriculture. This research took the farmland soil of Luzuo Town, a characteristic production area of Cangshan garlic in Linyi City, as the research object. The contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in farmland soil were analyzed. The ecological risks were evaluated using the Geographical Cumulative Index (I_geo) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index. The spatial distribution characteristics of the elements were determined through geostatistical analysis, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used for source apportionment. The results show the following: (1) The average concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded local background values, with Cr and Hg surpassing the screening thresholds from China’s “Soil Pollution Risk Control Standards” (GB 15618-2018). (2) The results of the Moran’s index show that, except for Hg and Cd, all the elements had a high spatial autocorrelation, and there are two potential highly polluted areas in the study area. (3) Soils were generally uncontaminated or low risk, with Hg and Cd as the primary ecological risk contributors. (4) Five sources were quantified: fertilizer and pesticide sources (32.28%); mixed sources of fertilizer, pesticides, and manure (14.15%); mixed sources of traffic activities and agricultural waste discharge (19.95%); natural sources (20.55%); and incineration sources (13.07%). This study demonstrates the value of integrating geospatial and statistical methods for soil pollution management. Targeted control of Hg/Cd and reduced agrochemical use are recommended to protect this important agricultural region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

20 pages, 11171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis

by Atsuko Nonomura, Shuichi Hasegawa, Akira Jomori, Minoru Okumura, Haruki Ojyuku, Hiroaki Hoshino, Tetsuya Toyama, Atsuyoshi Jomori and Yoshiyuki Kaneda

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132184 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Mapping methods for loosened rock mass in mountainous areas are useful for risk management of landslide disasters. Depending on the type of aircraft and sensor, there are several different aerial electromagnetic measurement methods for estimating subsurface structures. Helicopter-borne electromagnetic methods are commonly used. [...] Read more.

Mapping methods for loosened rock mass in mountainous areas are useful for risk management of landslide disasters. Depending on the type of aircraft and sensor, there are several different aerial electromagnetic measurement methods for estimating subsurface structures. Helicopter-borne electromagnetic methods are commonly used. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have been used. By understanding the characteristics of each method, it is possible to choose a suitable method for the target of observation. In this study, resistivity from the frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) method and resistivity from the time-domain drone-grounded electrical-source airborne transient electromagnetic (D-GREATEM) method were compared to estimate loosened zones in mountainous areas. The resistivity cross-sectional profiles were largely similar, but differences were observed near the surface in some zones. The comparative analysis of both methods with outcrop observations revealed that D-GREATEM resistivity data can detect both loosened rock mass from the surface to an approximately 30 m depth located above the groundwater and saturated rock mass. It is because D-GREATEM resistivity was obtained by assuming five layers from the surface to a depth of 40 m. This indicates that D-GREATEM is suitable for estimating near-surface loosened rock mass distribution in the valleys. However, D-GREATEM has a limited observation range. Therefore, it was concluded that the D-GREATEM method is suitable for a detailed and localized estimation of landslide susceptibility near the surface, whereas the HEM method is suitable for wide-area analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing and Geophysics Methods for Geomorphology Research)

20 pages, 2612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Maxillofacial Morphology on Temporomandibular Joint Degenerative Alterations and Condyle Position Assessed by CBCT in Class II Malocclusion Adult Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sebastian Dygas, Izabela Szarmach, Ilona Radej and José Chaqués-Asensi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4499; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134499 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional analytical study investigated the relationship between the craniofacial morphology, condylar displacement, and degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in adult patients with class II skeletal malocclusion. To compare cephalometric variables, joint space dimensions, and centric slide measurements between patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional analytical study investigated the relationship between the craniofacial morphology, condylar displacement, and degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in adult patients with class II skeletal malocclusion. To compare cephalometric variables, joint space dimensions, and centric slide measurements between patients with and without CBCT-confirmed TMJ degenerative alterations. Methods: Sixty adults with class II malocclusion were divided into two equal groups (n = 30) based on the presence or absence of TMJ degenerative changes on CBCT. Joint spaces were measured, condylar displacement was evaluated using a condylar position indicator (CPI), and cephalometric analysis was performed in both maximal intercuspation and centric relation. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-tests, chi-squared tests, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Patients with degenerative TMJ changes exhibited significantly greater overjet (p = 0.0001) and a trend toward increased ANB angles (p = 0.055). The superior joint space was reduced on the right side (p = 0.031). Condylar displacements ≥ 2 mm were more frequent in the affected group and correlated with sagittal cephalometric discrepancies (45% vs. 24% in controls). Conclusions: Aggravated skeletal class II malocclusion with increased overjet could be associated with TMJ degenerative changes. CR-based cephalometry and CBCT evaluation may aid in diagnostic assessment, but longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the clinical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics: Current Advances and Future Options)

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14 pages, 6415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Wear Mechanism and Subsurface Deformation of Zr-Based Metallic Glass at Subzero Temperature

by Xin Li, Jianan Fu, Zhen Li, Fei Sun, Kaikai Song and Jiang Ma

Materials 2025, 18(13), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133012 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Metallic glasses (MGs) with excellent mechanical properties have significant applications in frontier technological fields such as medical, energy and aerospace industries. Recently, MGs have been considered as ideal candidates for subzero engineering applications due to their disordered atomic structure array. However, the mechanical [...] Read more.

Metallic glasses (MGs) with excellent mechanical properties have significant applications in frontier technological fields such as medical, energy and aerospace industries. Recently, MGs have been considered as ideal candidates for subzero engineering applications due to their disordered atomic structure array. However, the mechanical properties and wear behaviors of MGs at subzero temperatures have rarely been explored. In this work, the wear properties and wear mechanisms of Zr-based MG were systematically evaluated at a subzero temperature of −50 °C. Compared to the wear results at room temperature, MG in a subzero environment shows a ~60% reduction in wear rate. The main contributing factor is that MG at room temperature will easily forms a thin, brittle oxide layer at the sliding interface, which will lead to oxidation, adhesive and abrasive wear on its surface, whereas these wear behaviors do not occur in subzero conditions where only abrasive wear occurs. Meanwhile, MG at subzero temperatures has a higher elastic modulus. These properties make MG more wear-resistant in subzero environments. The current study will provide new perspectives on the wear mechanisms and subsurface deformation of MG in subzero environments and valuable insights into the use of MG in subzero engineering applications, such as deep space and polar exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)

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34 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetrical Learning and Transferring: Efficient Knowledge Distillation for Remote Sensing Image Classification

by Huaxiang Song, Junping Xie, Liang Liang, Yan Su, Yao Xiao, Xinyuan Zhang, Yuqi Ouyang, Xinling Li, Siyi Chen and Yucheng Li

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071002 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Knowledge distillation (KD) is crucial for remote sensing image (RSI) classification, particularly as the operating environment in remote sensing is often constrained by hardware limitations. However, prior research has not fully addressed the challenge of leveraging KD to develop lightweight, high-accuracy models for [...] Read more.

Knowledge distillation (KD) is crucial for remote sensing image (RSI) classification, particularly as the operating environment in remote sensing is often constrained by hardware limitations. However, prior research has not fully addressed the challenge of leveraging KD to develop lightweight, high-accuracy models for RSI classification. A key issue is the sparse distribution of training data, which often results in asymmetry within the data. This asymmetry impedes the transfer of prior knowledge during the distillation process, diminishing the overall efficacy of KD techniques. To overcome this challenge, we propose a novel, symmetry-enhanced approach that augments the logit-based KD process, improving its effectiveness and efficiency for RSI classification. Our method is distinguished by three core innovations: a symmetrically generative algorithm to enhance the symmetry of the training data, an efficient algorithm for constructing a robust teacher ensemble model, and a quantitative technique for feature alignment. Rigorous evaluations on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms 14 existing KD-based approaches and 30 other state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, the student model trained with our approach achieves accuracy improvements of up to 22.5% while reducing the model size and inference time by as much as 96% and 88%, respectively. In conclusion, this research makes a significant contribution to RSI classification by introducing an efficient and effective data symmetry-driven method to enhance the knowledge transferring efficiency of the logit-based KD process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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51 pages, 2600 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of DEtection TRansformer: From Basic Architecture to Advanced Developments and Visual Perception Applications

by Liang Yu, Lin Tang and Lisha Mu

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 3952; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133952 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

DEtection TRansformer (DETR) introduced an end-to-end object detection paradigm using Transformers, eliminating hand-crafted components like anchor boxes and Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) via set prediction and bipartite matching. Despite its potential, the original DETR suffered from slow convergence, poor small object detection, and low [...] Read more.

DEtection TRansformer (DETR) introduced an end-to-end object detection paradigm using Transformers, eliminating hand-crafted components like anchor boxes and Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) via set prediction and bipartite matching. Despite its potential, the original DETR suffered from slow convergence, poor small object detection, and low efficiency, prompting extensive research. This paper systematically reviews DETR’s technical evolution from a “problem-driven” perspective, focusing on advancements in attention mechanisms, query design, training strategies, and architectural efficiency. We also outline DETR’s applications in autonomous driving, medical imaging, and remote sensing, and its expansion to fine-grained classification and video understanding. Finally, we summarize current challenges and future directions. This “problem-driven” analysis offers researchers a comprehensive and insightful overview, aiming to fill gaps in the existing literature on DETR’s evolution and logic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Object Detection and Recognition Based on Deep Learning)

18 pages, 2393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Exogenous Hormone Response, Gene Structure, and Conserved Motif Analysis of the GRF Gene Family in Cerasus humilis

by Lingyang Kong, Lengleng Ma, Shan Jiang, Xinyi Zhang, Junbai Ma, Meitong Pan, Wei Wu, Weili Liu, Weichao Ren and Wei Ma

Biology 2025, 14(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070763 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

The Cerasus humilis, a perennial shrub belonging to the Cerasus genus, is native to China and holds significant ecological and economic importance. Growth regulation factors (GRF) are a family of transcription factors (TF) that play a key role in plant [...] Read more.

The Cerasus humilis, a perennial shrub belonging to the Cerasus genus, is native to China and holds significant ecological and economic importance. Growth regulation factors (GRF) are a family of transcription factors (TF) that play a key role in plant growth and development. This research entailed an in-depth examination of the GRF family in C. humilis, exploring its significance in the evolution of C. humilis. Twelve GRF genes were identified in the C. humilis genome. Named separately as ChGRF1-Chumilis15987.1, ChGRF2-Chumilis25207.1, ChGRF3-Chumilis26233.1, ChGRF4-Chumilis08578.3, ChGRF5-Chumilis18808.1, ChGRF6-Chumilis12052.1, ChGRF7-Chumilis10417.1, ChGRF8-Chumilis01608.1, ChGRF9-Chumilis14057.1, ChGRF10-Chumilis12169.1, ChGRF11-Chumilis14952.1, and ChGRF12-Chumilis07534.1. Phylogenetic analysis divided twelve GRF genes into five subfamilies. The gene structure, pattern, and cis-regulatory components of the GRF gene family were analyzed. In addition, according to collinearity analysis, there are six collinearity with Arabidopsis, twelve collinearity with Malus pumila, eight collinearity with Vitis vinifera, and three collinearity with Oryza sativa. Intraspecific collinearity analysis revealed the presence of three pairs of tandem repeat genes in the dwarf cherry genome. Identifying cis-acting elements revealed the prominent presence of gibberellin reaction elements, which are widely distributed in the promoter region. Cluster heatmap analysis showed that ChGRF2 had the highest expression levels in fruits and stems. ChGRF3 is highly expressed in red fruits of different colors, while ChGRF6 and ChGRF12 are highly expressed in yellow fruits. This study mainly focused on dwarf cherries treated with gibberellin. As the treatment time increased, the ChGRF gene showed different expression levels. ChGRF2, ChGRF3, ChGRF6, and ChGRF12 were up-regulated under gibberellin treatment. These genes all contain hormone-responsive cis-acting elements, indicating tht the ChGRF gene family plays a vital role under gibberellin treatment in C. humilis. The results laid the foundation for further research on the biological functions of the GRF genes in C. humilis. Full article

21 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Organizational Factors on the Mitigation of Information Security Insider Threats

by Nader Sohrabi Safa and Hossein Abroshan

Information 2025, 16(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070538 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Insider threats pose significant challenges to organizations, seriously endangering information security and privacy protection. These threats arise when employees with legitimate access to systems and databases misuse their privileges. Such individuals may alter, delete, or insert data into datasets, sell customer or client [...] Read more.

Insider threats pose significant challenges to organizations, seriously endangering information security and privacy protection. These threats arise when employees with legitimate access to systems and databases misuse their privileges. Such individuals may alter, delete, or insert data into datasets, sell customer or client email addresses, leak strategic company plans, or transfer industrial and intellectual property information. These actions can severely damage a company’s reputation, result in revenue losses and loss of competitive advantage, and, in extreme cases, lead to bankruptcy. This study presents a novel solution that examines how organizational factors such as job satisfaction and security, organizational support, attachment, commitment, involvement in information security, and organizational norms influence employees’ attitudes and intentions, thereby mitigating insider threats. A key strength of this research is its integration of two foundational theories: the Social Bond Theory (SBT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The results reveal that job satisfaction and security, affective and normative commitment, information security training, and personal norms all contribute to reducing insider threats. Furthermore, the findings indicate that employees’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms significantly influence their intentions to mitigate insider threats. However, organizational support and continuance commitment were not found to have a significant impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Cyber Security: Social Engineering, Behavioural Aspects and Resilience Solutions)

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10 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CD4/CD8 Ratio Increase in Female Living with HIV Switching to Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine: A Real-Life 24 Weeks Evaluation

by Serena Spampinato, Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, Giuseppe Nicolò Conti, Andrea De Vito, Andrea Marino, Teresa Cirelli, Viviana Coco, Alessia Mirabile, Rossella Fontana del Vecchio, Antonina Franco, Arturo Montineri, Chiara Frasca, Chiara Gullotta, Michele Salvatore Paternò Raddusa, Ylenia Russotto, Aakash Fugooah, Sarah Pulvirenti, Sonia Sofia, Grazia Pantò, Claudia Calì, Roberto Bruno, Eugenia Pistarà, Nunziatina Villari, Carmelo Iacobello, Bruno Cacopardo, Benedetto Maurizio Celesia, Giovanni F. Pellicanò, Francesco P. Antonucci, Giordano Madeddu, Sergio Lo Caputo and Giuseppe Nunnari Show full author list Hide full author list

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070633 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

In 2022, 20 million women globally were living with HIV, yet they remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those for antiretroviral treatments (ART). This study assesses the safety and efficacy of the long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine (CAB-RPV) regimen in a cohort of 54 women living [...] Read more.

In 2022, 20 million women globally were living with HIV, yet they remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those for antiretroviral treatments (ART). This study assesses the safety and efficacy of the long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine (CAB-RPV) regimen in a cohort of 54 women living with HIV (WLWH) over 24 weeks. A retrospective cohort study from the Sardinian HIV Network and Sicilian HIV Cohort (SHiNe-SHiC) included WLWH who switched to CAB-RPV. Primary objectives were achieving and maintaining HIV RNA levels <50 copies/mL at 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included treatment safety, durability, and reasons for discontinuation. Data on demographics, viro-immunological markers, lipid profiles, and treatment interruptions were analyzed. Of 54 WLWH, 46 reached 24 weeks. The median age was 50 years. A total of 71.8% transitioned from dolutegravir (DTG) regimens. Virological suppression was 97.8% at baseline and 95.5% at 24 weeks. Significant increases in the CD4/CD8 ratio (p = 0.0076) and decreases in serum creatinine levels (p = 0.0109) were observed. Cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, and AST levels remained unchanged. The CAB-RPV regimen demonstrated significant virological and immunological efficacy and safety in women living with HIV over 24 weeks. Notably, the improvement in the CD4/CD8 ratio and the increase in the percentage of women achieving target not detected (TND) status highlight the regimen’s effectiveness. These findings emphasize the importance of gender-focused research in HIV treatment and the need for equitable access to effective treatment options for women, which is crucial for global efforts to eliminate HIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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20 pages, 9393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fire and Logging Decrease Soil CO₂ Efflux in Siberian Central Taiga Forests

by Elena A. Kukavskaya, Alexey V. Panov, Anastasia V. Makhnykina and Pavel Y. Groisman

Forests 2025, 16(7), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071057 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Extensive wildfires and logging have affected the Russian boreal forests in recent decades. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests are widespread in Russia and are one of the most disturbed tree species in Siberia. However, the effects of disturbance on soil CO [...] Read more.

Extensive wildfires and logging have affected the Russian boreal forests in recent decades. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests are widespread in Russia and are one of the most disturbed tree species in Siberia. However, the effects of disturbance on soil CO₂ efflux in the vast Siberian forests are still poorly understood. We used the LI 8100A infrared gas analyzer to study changes in soil CO₂ efflux into the atmosphere in mature Scots pine forests in the Siberian central taiga five–six years following fires and logging. Measurements of soil CO₂ efflux rates were performed on sites where automatic weather stations have been continuously operational since 2022, which gives us temporal patterns of meteorological fluctuations across forests with different disturbance histories. We found significant differences in soil efflux rates depending on the site and disturbance characteristics. In the undisturbed dry lichen-dominated forest, CO₂ efflux was 4.8 ± 2.1 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, while in the wet moss-dominated forest it was 2.3 ± 1.3 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, with soil efflux in Sphagnum sp. being twofold of that in feather moss. Both fire and logging significantly reduced CO₂ efflux, with a smaller reduction in soil CO₂ efflux observed in the moss-dominated plots (5%–40%) compared to the lichen-dominated plots (36%–55%). The soil efflux rate increased exponentially with increasing topsoil temperatures in lichen-dominated Scots pine sites, with disturbed plots showing less dependence compared to undisturbed forest. In the wet moss-dominated Scots pine forest, we found no significant dependence of soil efflux on temperature for all disturbance types. We also found a positive moderate relationship between soil efflux and forest floor depth in both lichen- and moss-dominated Scots pine forests across all the plots studied. Our findings advance the understanding of the effects of fire and logging on the carbon cycle and highlight the importance of accounting for disturbance factors in Earth system models due to changing climate and anthropogenic patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managing Forest Wildfires in Climate Changes: New Paradigms and Challenges)

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