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Vaccines
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Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments
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Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 11754

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ha Thanh Dong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Program, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Nueng 12120, Thailand
Interests: infectious and emerging infectious diseases; disease diagnostics; fish immunology; vaccines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fish immunology and vaccines are exciting areas of intense research in modern aquaculture. Vaccination is not only a successful strategy for combating infectious and emerging diseases, but it is also a non-chemical, long-term solution for reducing antimicrobial resistance and suppressing antimicrobial use in the aquaculture industry. This Special Issue comprises basic and applied research on fish immunology, vaccines, and novel treatments (e.g., immunostilulants, antimicrobial peptides, nanobubbles, etc.) that are involved in the assessment of innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious agents. It is my pleasure to cordially invite you to contribute your excellent research to this Special Issue. Original research papers (including negative results) and reviews are encouraged.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ha Thanh Dong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish immunology
  • vaccines
  • novel treatments
  • infectious diseases
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 6264 KiB  
Article
Haemato-Immunological Response of Immunized Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Moritella viscosa Challenge and Antigens
by Maryam Ghasemieshkaftaki, Trung Cao, Ahmed Hossain, Ignacio Vasquez and Javier Santander
Vaccines 2024, 12(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010070 - 10 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1176
Abstract
Winter ulcer disease is a health issue in the Atlantic salmonid aquaculture industry, mainly caused by Moritella viscosa. Although vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent bacterial outbreaks in the salmon farming industry, ulcer disease related to bacterial infections is [...] Read more.
Winter ulcer disease is a health issue in the Atlantic salmonid aquaculture industry, mainly caused by Moritella viscosa. Although vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent bacterial outbreaks in the salmon farming industry, ulcer disease related to bacterial infections is being reported on Canada’s Atlantic coast. Here, we studied the immune response of farmed immunized Atlantic salmon to bath and intraperitoneal (ip) M. viscosa challenges and evaluated the immunogenicity of M. viscosa cell components. IgM titers were determined after infection, post boost immunization, and post challenge with M. viscosa. IgM+ (B cell) in the spleen and blood cell populations were also identified and quantified by 3,3 dihexyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC6) and IgM-Texas red using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. At 14 days post challenge, IgM was detected in the serum and spleen. There was a significant increase in circulating neutrophils 3 days after ip and bath challenges in the M. viscosa outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) boosted group compared to non-boosted. Lymphocytes increased in the blood at 7 and 14 days after the ip and bath challenges, respectively, in OMVs boosted group. Furthermore, a rise in IgM titers was detected in the OMVs boosted group. We determined that a commercial vaccine is effective against M. viscosa strain, and OMVs are the most immunogenic component of M. viscosa cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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14 pages, 4318 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Peritoneal Cells Reveals the Early Immune Response of Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Inactivated Vibrio anguillarum Immunization
by Xianghu Meng, Heng Chi, Zuobing Zhang, Qian Li, Xiuzhen Sheng, Xiaoqian Tang, Jing Xing and Wenbin Zhan
Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101603 - 16 Oct 2023
Viewed by 918
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum (V. anguillarum) is a bacterium that seriously harms flounder and other aquaculture species. Vaccination is an effective means of preventing vibriosis and is mainly administered by intraperitoneal injection. Effective antigen processing at the initial stage of immunization is essential [...] Read more.
Vibrio anguillarum (V. anguillarum) is a bacterium that seriously harms flounder and other aquaculture species. Vaccination is an effective means of preventing vibriosis and is mainly administered by intraperitoneal injection. Effective antigen processing at the initial stage of immunization is essential to elicit adaptive immune responses and improve vaccine efficacy. To understand the early immune response of flounder caused by inactivated V. anguillarum, we detected the transcriptome profiles of the cells in the peritoneal cavity (PoPerCs) after inactivated V. anguillarum immunization. More than 10 billion high-quality reads were obtained, of which about 89.33% were successfully mapped to the reference genome of flounder. A total of 1985, 3072, 4001, and 5476 differentially expressed genes were captured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post immunization, respectively. The hub module correlated with the immunization time was identified by WGCNA. GO and KEGG analysis showed that hub module genes were abundantly expressed in various immune-related aspects, including the response to stimuli, the immune system process, signal transducer activity, autophagy, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, and Th17 cell differentiation. Additionally, genes related to Th cell differentiation are presented as heatmaps. These genes constitute a complex immune regulatory network, mainly involved in pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, and Th cell differentiation. The results of this study provide the first transcriptome profile of PoPerCs associated with inactivated V. anguillarum immunity and lay a solid foundation for further studies on effective V. anguillarum vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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11 pages, 1551 KiB  
Article
Whole Genomic Characterization of Streptococcus iniae Isolates from Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and Preliminary Evidence of Cross-Protective Immunization
by Sunita Awate, Salma Mubarka and Roland G. Huber
Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091443 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1246
Abstract
Lates calcarifer, also known as Barramundi or Asian seabass, is a highly productive and fast-growing species that is well suited to large-scale aquaculture due to its attractive harvestable yields (premium fish). This fish has been envisioned as having the potential to be [...] Read more.
Lates calcarifer, also known as Barramundi or Asian seabass, is a highly productive and fast-growing species that is well suited to large-scale aquaculture due to its attractive harvestable yields (premium fish). This fish has been envisioned as having the potential to be the “Salmon of Tropics”. Cultivating Lates calcarifer in aquaculture poses challenges, as the dense populations that make such aquaculture commercially viable facilitate the rapid spread of infectious diseases, which in turn significantly impact yield. Hence, the immunization of juveniles is necessary, and the development of new immunization agents enhances the efficiency of aquaculture and improves food security. In our study, we characterize seven novel strains of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus iniae that were collected from commercial fish farms in Singapore and Australia. We find that the capsular operon in our strains is highly conserved and identify a number of major surface antigens previously described in Streptococcus. A genome analysis indicates that the present strains are closely related but form distinct strains within the S. iniae species. We then proceed to demonstrate that inoculation with the inactivated strain P3SAB cross-protects Lates calcarifer against S. iniae infections in vivo from a variety of strains found in both Singapore and Australia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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19 pages, 4344 KiB  
Article
VP4/VP56/VP35 Virus-like Particles Effectively Protect Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) against GCRV-II Infection
by Qingqing Tian, Xingchen Huo, Qian Liu, Chunrong Yang, Yongan Zhang and Jianguo Su
Vaccines 2023, 11(8), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081373 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1434
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) seriously threatens the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) industry. Prophylactic GCRV vaccines prepared by virus-like particle (VLP) assembly biotechnology can improve effectiveness and safety. The highly immunogenic candidate antigens of GCRV vaccines that have been generally considered are [...] Read more.
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) seriously threatens the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) industry. Prophylactic GCRV vaccines prepared by virus-like particle (VLP) assembly biotechnology can improve effectiveness and safety. The highly immunogenic candidate antigens of GCRV vaccines that have been generally considered are the outer capsid proteins VP4, VP56, and VP35. In this study, VP4, VP56, and VP35 were expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system and a Pichia pastoris expression system. The successful assembly of uniform, stable, and non-toxic VP4/VP56/VP35 VLPs was confirmed through various assays. After vaccination and GCRV infection, the survival rate in the VLPs + adjuvant Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) group was the highest (62%), 40% higher than that in control group (22%). Through the antibody levels, tissue viral load, and antioxidant immunity assays, the P. pastoris VLP vaccine effectively improved IgM levels, alleviated tissue virus load, and regulated antioxidant immune-related indicators. The treatment with P. pastoris VLPs enhanced the mRNA expression of important immune-related genes in the head kidney, as measured by qRT-PCR assay. Upon hematoxylin-eosin staining examination, relatively reduced tissue pathological damage was observed in the VLPs + APS group. The novel vaccine using P. pastoris VLPs as an effective green biological agent provides a prospective strategy for the control of fish viral diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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14 pages, 10510 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Intestinal Immunity of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) following Field Vaccination Using a Feed-Based Oral Vaccine
by Thanusha Raju, Tilusha Manchanayake, Amir Danial, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Ina Salwany Md Yasin, Norhariani Mohd Nor and Annas Salleh
Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030602 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1740
Abstract
This study describes the levels of gut lysozyme and IgM, the number, size and density of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) regions, and the lymphocyte population in Asian seabass following field oral administration of a feed-based vaccine. Fish in a grow-out farm were selected [...] Read more.
This study describes the levels of gut lysozyme and IgM, the number, size and density of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) regions, and the lymphocyte population in Asian seabass following field oral administration of a feed-based vaccine. Fish in a grow-out farm were selected and divided into two groups; Group 1 was vaccinated at week 0, 2, and 6, while Group 2 was not vaccinated. Samplings were done at 2-week intervals when the fish were observed for clinical signs, and gross lesions were recorded. The intestinal tissue and gut lavage fluid were collected. GALT regions (numbers, size, density and population of lymphocytes) were analyzed. Clinical signs such as abnormal swimming pattern and death, and gross lesions including scale loss, ocular opacity, and skin ulceration were observed in both groups. At the end of the study, the incidence rate between both groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The gut IgM level and lysozyme activity, lymphocyte population, number, size and density of GALT regions of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Group 2. Therefore, this study concludes that the feed-based vaccine reduces the incidence of vibriosis by stimulating the gut immunity of the vaccinated fish with an enhanced GALT region, specific IgM production against Vibrio harveyi, and lysozyme responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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11 pages, 1794 KiB  
Article
Immune Activation Following Vaccination of Streptococcus iniae Bacterin in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790)
by Pornpawit Tanpichai, Surachart Chaweepack, Saengchan Senapin, Patharapol Piamsomboon and Janenuj Wongtavatchai
Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020351 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1898
Abstract
Juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) (body weight 10 ± 0.7 g) were intraperitoneally injected with 1012 CFU fish−1 of formalin-killed Streptococcus iniae. The protective efficacy of the vaccine on survival and infection rate was assessed upon challenge at [...] Read more.
Juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) (body weight 10 ± 0.7 g) were intraperitoneally injected with 1012 CFU fish−1 of formalin-killed Streptococcus iniae. The protective efficacy of the vaccine on survival and infection rate was assessed upon challenge at 4, 8, 12, 20, and 28 weeks post-vaccination. The results revealed that the challenged vaccinated fish showed no mortality at all time points, and the control fish presented 10–43.33% mortality. The infection rate at 2 weeks post-challenge was 0–13.33% in the vaccinated fish and 30–82.35% in the control group. At 8 weeks post-vaccination, the vaccinated fish showed comparable ELISA antibody levels with the control; however, the antibody levels of the vaccinated fish increased significantly after the challenge (p < 0.05), suggesting the presence of an adaptive response. Innate immune genes, including MHC I, MHC II, IL-1β, IL-4/13B, and IL-10, were significantly upregulated at 12 h post-challenge in the vaccinated fish but not in the control. In summary, vaccination with S. iniae bacterin provided substantial protection by stimulating the innate and specific immune responses of Asian seabass against S. iniae infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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16 pages, 3885 KiB  
Article
Trial Evaluation of Protection and Immunogenicity of Piscine Bivalent Streptococcal Vaccine: From the Lab to the Farms
by Korntip Kannika, Soranut Sirisuay, Hidehiro Kondo, Ikuo Hirono, Nontawith Areechon and Sasimanas Unajak
Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101625 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1934
Abstract
Streptococcosis is one of the major diseases that causes devastation to farmed fish, leading to significant economic losses all around the world. Currently, two serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae, serotype Ia and III, have been identified as virulent strains and major causative agents [...] Read more.
Streptococcosis is one of the major diseases that causes devastation to farmed fish, leading to significant economic losses all around the world. Currently, two serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae, serotype Ia and III, have been identified as virulent strains and major causative agents of the disease in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) in Thailand. Upon inactivated vaccine development, monovalent inactivated whole-cell vaccines demonstrated high specific antibody production against homologous serotypes and limited production with heterologous serotypes. However, for higher efficacy, a bivalent streptococcal vaccine was designed to maximize protective immunity to both serotypes. Interestingly, our bivalent vaccine could successfully induce specific antibody production against both serotypes with similar levels, and the response could extend over the 8 weeks of the experimental period. Evaluation of vaccines in the laboratory scale revealed relative percent survival (RPS) of vaccinated tilapia to serotype Ia (81.2 ± 9.4%) and serotype III (72.2 ± 4.8%), respectively. The efficacy of the bivalent vaccine showed significant RPS higher than the monovalent vaccine (p < 0.05) at 30 days, and the protection of all those vaccines was reduced thereafter. Evaluation of the vaccine in a farm trial in different locations in Thailand revealed the efficacy of the bivalent vaccine in increasing the production yield by greater than 80% in all tested farms in 2015 and 2021. Taken together, this study affirms the efficacy of the bivalent streptococcal vaccine in the prevention of streptococcus disease in Nile tilapia, which could be used in different areas. This vaccine development could be effectively applied in the tilapia culture industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Immunology, Vaccines and Novel Treatments)
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