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Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 28005

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Clodualdo Aranas

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
Interests: thermomechanical processing; development of novel alloys; mechanical properties and deformation behavior of materials; phase transformation in metal alloys; static and dynamic materials testing; high-strain rate deformation; static and dynamic recrystallization; materials characterization; texture and anisotropy of materials; thermodynamics of materials; additive manufacturing of metallic materials
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Prof. Dr. Hao Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: phase transformation; advanced high strength steels; additive manufacturing; alloy design

Dr. Binhan Sun

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Guest Editor

1. Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Dusseldorf, Germany
2. School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Interests: advanced high-strength steels; phase transformation; deformation micromechanisms; damage and hydrogen embrittlement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The occurrence of static and dynamic recrystallization and phase transformation has been the backbone of manufacturing and metallurgical engineering in the past decade to maximize the mechanical properties of alloys during processing. Having an in-depth understanding and modelling of these complex metallurgical phenomena generated huge successes both in optimizing the properties of commercial alloys and in developing novel materials. However, despite significant progress in this area, the rise of sophisticated materials testing methods and characterization techniques has presented opportunities to further push the mechanical properties of alloys to their limit by controlling the microstructure.

This Special Issue of Metals invites experts from around the world to submit papers related to static and dynamic recrystallization and phase transformation, including transformation-induced plasticity, of various alloys such as but not limited to steels, nickel-based alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, and high-entropy alloys. Although these phenomena are common during deformation and cyclic heat treatment, papers related to other materials processing such as additive manufacturing are also welcome. This Issue is particularly interested in the microstructural analysis of alloys as well as the modelling of their behavior at room and high temperatures.

Prof. Clodualdo Aranas
Prof. Dr. Hao Chen
Dr. Binhan Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Static and dynamic recrystallization
Static and dynamic phase transformation
Thermomechanical processing
Hot deformation
Transformation-induced plasticity
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium phases
Alloy development
Microstructural evolution
Materials characterization

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 10485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Aging Process on the Strain Rate Sensitivity in V-Containing TWIP Steel

by Shaoheng Sun and Zhiyong Xue

Metals 2021, 11(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010126 - 10 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

The dynamic tensile behavior of the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with the vanadium carbide is investigated at different strain rates of 10⁻⁴, 10⁻³, 10⁻² and 0.05 s⁻¹. Microstructure characterization, carried out using back scatter electron diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), shows a homogeneous face center cubic structured matrix with uniformly dispersed vanadium carbide. The vanadium carbide is controlled by the aging temperature and time. The best comprehensive mechanical properties are achieved when the tested steel is aged at 550 °C for 5 h. With the increase of strain rate, the tensile strength and work hardening rate decrease, and the tested material shows negative strain rate sensitivity. This would be due to an increase in stacking fault energy caused by temperature rise by adiabatic heating, which must suppress the formation of twinning. On the other hand, the strain rate sensitivity is affected by dynamic strain aging (DSA). With the increase of strain rate, the DSA weakens, which causes negative strain rate sensitivity. The tensile strength and strain rate sensitivity value both increase first and then decrease with the increase of vanadium carbide size. This is because the tensile strength is mainly affected by the vanadium carbide. In addition to the vanadium carbide, the strain rate sensitivity is also affected by the amount of solute atom (V and C) during the dynamic strain aging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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18 pages, 6335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Hot Isostatic Pressed 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

by Kanwal Chadha, Yuan Tian, John G. Spray and Clodualdo Aranas

Metals 2020, 10(6), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060753 - 5 Jun 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3931

Abstract

In this work, the microstructural features and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured 316L stainless steel have been determined. Three types of samples were characterized: (i) as printed (AP), (ii) annealing heat treated (AHT), and (iii) hot isostatic pressed and annealing heat treated (HIP + AHT). Microstructural analysis reveals that the AP sample formed melt pool boundaries with nano-scale cellular structures. These structures disappeared after annealing heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing. The AP and AHT samples have similar grain morphologies; however, the latter has a lower dislocation density and contains precipitates. Conversely, the HIP + AHT sample displays polygon-shaped grains with twin structures; a completely different morphology compared to the first two samples. Optical micrography reveals that the application of hot isostatic pressing reduces the porosity generated after laser processing. The tensile strengths of all the samples are comparable (about 600 MPa); however, the elongation of the HIP + AHT sample (48%) was superior to that of other two samples. The enhanced ductility of the HIP + AHT sample, however, resulted in lower yield strength. Based on these findings, annealing heat treatment after hot isostatic pressing was found to improve the ductility of as-printed 316L stainless steel by as much as 130%, without sacrificing tensile strength, but the sample may have a reduced (40%) yield strength. The tensile strength determined here has been shown to be higher than that of the hot isostatic pressed, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel available from the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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12 pages, 1455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Physics-Based Mean-Field Model for Ferrite Recovery and Recrystallization

by Sébastien Y.P. Allain, Marc Moreno, Mathias Lamari, Hatem Zurob, Julien Teixeira and Frédéric Bonnet

Metals 2020, 10(5), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050622 - 11 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2392

Abstract

An original mean field model for the nucleation and the growth of new recrystallized grains during annealing treatments of deformed, low-carbon ferritic steels is proposed in this paper. The model was calibrated on two steels extensively studied in the literature under both isothermal annealing and continuous heating schedules. It permits one to predict not only recrystallization kinetics but also advanced microstructural features (such as dislocation density, dislocation cell size and grain size) during complex heat treatments. Once calibrated, the model was applied to the case of a third ferrite/pearlite steel and was shown to accurately capture the effect of cold-rolling ratio on the recrystallization kinetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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17 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Static Recrystallization Kinetics and the Evolution of Austenite Grain Size by Dynamic Recrystallization Refinement of an Eutectoid Steel

by Cesar Facusseh, Armando Salinas, Alfredo Flores and Gerardo Altamirano

Metals 2019, 9(12), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121289 - 29 Nov 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3992

Abstract

Interrupted and continuous hot compression tests were performed for eutectoid steel over the temperature range of 850 to 1050 °C and while using strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 s⁻¹. The interrupted tests were carried out to characterize the kinetics of static recrystallization(SRX) and determinate the interpass time conditions that are required for initiation and propagation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), while considering that the material does not contain microalloying elements additions for the recrystallization delay. Continuous testing was used to investigate the evolution of the austenite grain size that results from DRX. The results indicate that carbon content accelerates the SRX rate. This effect was observed when the retardation of recrystallization due to a decrease in deformation temperature from 1050 to 850 °C was only about one order of magnitude. The expected decelerate effect on the SRX rate when the initial grain size increases from 86 to 387 µm was not significant for this material. Although the strain parameter has a strong influence on SRX rate, in contrast to a lesser degree of strain rate, both of the effects are nearly independent of the chemical composition. The calculated maximum interpass times that are compatible with DRCR (Dynamic Recrystallization Controlled Rolling), for relatively low strain rates, suggest that the onset and maintaining of the DRX is possible. However, while using the empirical equations that were developed in the present work to estimate the maximum times for high strain rates, such as those observed in the wire and rod mills, indicate that the DRX start is feasible, but maintaining this mechanism for 5% softening in each pass after peak strain is not possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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18 pages, 6993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Texture Evolution and Anisotropy of Plastic Flow in Hot Compression of Extruded ZK60-T5 Magnesium Alloy Plate

by Chalasani Dharmendra, Mukesh Kumar Jain, Yellapregada Venkata Rama Krishna Prasad and Kamineni Pitcheswara Rao

Metals 2019, 9(11), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111170 - 30 Oct 2019

Viewed by 3128

Abstract

The texture evolution during hot compression of extruded ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy plate loaded along the extrusion direction (ED) and the normal direction (ND) has been examined with the help of pole figures obtained on specimens deformed in the ranges of 200 °C to 500 °C and 0.0003 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹. The results are interpreted in terms of the operating slip systems and mechanisms identified based on processing maps developed for the above two initial specimen orientations. The processing map for the initial ED orientation exhibited three domains. In Domains 1 and 3, first-order pyramidal slip {10

\bar{1}

l} <11

\bar{2}

0> occurs, while in Domain 2, second-order pyramidal slip {11

\bar{2}

2} <11

\bar{2}

3> occurs. The pole figures obtained on specimens deformed in Domains 1 and 3 are strikingly similar, indicating that the operating slip system controls the texture evolution. Compression in Domains 1 and 3 nearly randomizes the intense basal texture in the as-received specimens, while a new texture is generated in Domain 2 with basal poles at 45° to ND or transverse direction (TD). This new texture will promote basal slip when loaded in a transverse direction. When loaded in the normal direction (ND), the processing map exhibited four domains. In Domains 1 and 4, {10

\bar{1}

l} <11

\bar{2}

3> slip occurs, while {11

\bar{2}

2} <11

\bar{2}

3> slip occurs in Domains 2 and 3. The pole figures obtained from specimens deformed in Domains 1 and 4 have similar features, while those deformed in Domains 2 and 3 exhibited similar features to one another, confirming that the operating slip systems control the texture development since they are the same in each pair. The compression along ND produces strong basal textures with the basal planes normal to the ED. The texture gets intensified with increased temperature of deformation and causes strong anisotropy in mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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16 pages, 9734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strain-Induced Ferrite Formation During Steckel Mill Simulations with Varying Roughing Pass Schedules

by Henry B. Palhano, Clodualdo Aranas, Jr., Samuel F. Rodrigues, Eden S. Silva, Gedeon S. Reis, Edson Jansen P. Miranda, Jr., Fulvio Siciliano and John J. Jonas

Metals 2019, 9(8), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080814 - 24 Jul 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

It has been previously demonstrated that austenite may undergo partial dynamic transformation (DT) during the plate rolling process. Austenite dynamically transforms into unstable ferrite during hot deformation even at very high temperatures. In this work, the plate rolling simulations, with emphasis on Steckel mill operations, through torsion testing under isothermal conditions were performed on an X70 steel. Four different roughing schedules were tested followed by five finishing passes with pass strains of 0.3 applied at 900 °C. The roughing schedules had zero, one, two and three roughing passes at a temperature of 1100 °C, strain of 0.4 and strain rate of 1 s⁻¹. The stress–strain curves as well as the mean flow stress (MFS) behaviors indicated that both dynamic transformation (DT) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred during straining. The critical strains for the onset of DT and DRX were determined by means of the double differentiation method and the critical strain values decreased with the number of roughing and finishing strains from the first going to the last pass. It was observed that the volume fraction of the dynamically formed ferrite increased sharply during the finishing stage as the number of previous roughing passes increased, which can be attributed to higher strain accumulation. The results presented here indicate that improved models are needed to control the microstructure of the material during subsequent cooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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Review

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33 pages, 9032 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Microstructural Evolution and Modelling of Aluminium Alloys under Hot Forming Conditions

by Jiaxin Lv, Jing-Hua Zheng, Victoria A. Yardley, Zhusheng Shi and Jianguo Lin

Metals 2020, 10(11), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111516 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9013

Abstract

Microstructural evolution during hot forming of aluminium alloys plays a critical role in both the material flow behaviour during the deformation and the post-form mechanical properties in service. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the recrystallisation mechanisms, the interrelations between microstructures and macroscopic responses, and the associated modelling methods for aluminium alloys under hot forming conditions. Particular attention is focused on dynamic recrystallisation (DRX), which occurs during hot forming. The mechanisms, key features, and conditions of occurrence (forming temperature, strain rates, etc.) during hot forming for each type of DRX type are classified. The relationships between microstructures and macroscopic responses, including the flow behaviour, the post-form strength and ductility, are summarised based on existing experimental results. Most importantly, the associated modelling work, describing the recrystallisation and the viscoplastic behaviour under hot forming conditions, is grouped into four types, to enable a clear and concise understanding of the existing quantitative micro–macro interactions, which are particularly valuable for the future development of advanced physically based multi-scale modelling work for hot-forming processes in aluminium alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Static and Dynamic Recrystallization, and Phase Transformation in Metallic Materials)

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