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Metals
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Design of High-Entropy Alloys
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Design of High-Entropy Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Entropic Alloys and Meta-Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 36401

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sergey V. Zherebtsov

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Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Belgorod State University,85 Pobeda str, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
Interests: deformation; grain refinement; phase transformation; titanium alloys; high-entropy alloys; interphase boundaries; grain boundaries; twinning, mechanical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nikita Stepanov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lab. of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod State University, 85 Pobeda str, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
Interests: high entropy alloys; alloy design; thermomechanical processing; microstructure; mechanical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High entropy alloys (HEAs) and related complex, concentrated alloys (CCAs) have resulted from new approaches to alloy design, which emerged 16 years ago. These approaches change the established paradigm of alloy development when small amounts of alloying elements add to a single principle element. Instead, HEAs/CCAs suggest the usage of multiple (at least 3–5) principle elements taken in close to equiatomic proportions with the possible presence of minor components. Due to such a complex chemical composition, the alloys can have unique structures and properties, not readily available in conventional alloys. For example, some HEAs/CCAs demonstrate remarkable strength at elevated temperatures, which makes them promising candidates for Ni-based superalloy replacement, or an unprecedented combination of strength, ductility, and toughness at cryogenic conditions. HEAs/CCAs are often considered as promising structural materials; however, they can also offer interesting functional properties. Moreover, in addition to alloys, high entropy ceramics and coatings have recently emerged and already demonstrated remarkable properties.

With the above-mentioned scope of the field, the new Special Issue on the Design of High Entropy Alloys welcomes submissions on a variety of different topics. Works on fundamental aspects like phase formation and transformations, strengthening and deformation mechanisms, as well as diffusion are welcome equally with more application-driven research focused on properties. Both theoretical and experimental contributions are welcome; works that will combine both approaches are especially appreciated. Investigations of functional properties of HEAs and non-metallic high-entropy materials are also eagerly anticipated. We hope that the paper published in the Special Issue will advance our understanding of composition–structure–properties relationships in HEAs and related materials and contribute to the design of new materials with unprecedented properties for future applications.

Prof. Dr. Sergey V. Zherebtsov
Dr. Nikita Stepanov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • High Entropy Alloys
  • High Entropy Materials
  • Alloy Design
  • Composition-Structure-Properties Relationships
  • Mechanical Properties

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 192 KiB  
Editorial
Design of High-Entropy Alloys
by Nikita Stepanov and Sergey Zherebtsov
Metals 2022, 12(6), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061003 - 11 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1844
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and related complex, concentrated alloys (CCAs) have resulted from new approaches to alloy design, which emerged 18 years ago [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)

Research

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13 pages, 14935 KiB  
Article
Novel Co-Cu-Based Immiscible Medium-Entropy Alloys with Promising Mechanical Properties
by Sujung Son, Jongun Moon, Hyeonseok Kwon, Peyman Asghari Rad, Hidemi Kato and Hyoung Seop Kim
Metals 2021, 11(2), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020238 - 1 Feb 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3604
Abstract
New AlxCo50−xCu50−xMnx (x = 2.5, 10, and 15 atomic %, at%) immiscible medium-entropy alloys (IMMEAs) were designed based on the cobalt-copper binary system. Aluminum, a strong B2 phase former, was added to enhance yield strength and [...] Read more.
New AlxCo50−xCu50−xMnx (x = 2.5, 10, and 15 atomic %, at%) immiscible medium-entropy alloys (IMMEAs) were designed based on the cobalt-copper binary system. Aluminum, a strong B2 phase former, was added to enhance yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, while manganese was added for additional solid solution strengthening. In this work, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the designed Al-Co-Cu-Mn system are examined. The alloys exhibit phase separation into dual face-centered cubic (FCC) phases due to the miscibility gap of the cobalt-copper binary system with the formation of CoAl-rich B2 phases. The hard B2 phases significantly contribute to the strength of the alloys, whereas the dual FCC phases contribute to elongation mitigating brittle fracture. Consequently, analysis of the Al-Co-Cu-Mn B2-strengthened IMMEAs suggest that the new alloy design methodology results in a good combination of strength and ductility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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15 pages, 6788 KiB  
Article
Friction Stir Welding of a TRIP Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 High Entropy Alloy
by Dmitry Shaysultanov, Kazimzhon Raimov, Nikita Stepanov and Sergey Zherebtsov
Metals 2021, 11(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010066 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2123
Abstract
The effect of friction stir welding parameters on the structure and properties of Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 high-entropy alloy welds was studied. Due to the development of the TRIP effect, the mechanical behaviour of this alloy was [...] Read more.
The effect of friction stir welding parameters on the structure and properties of Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 high-entropy alloy welds was studied. Due to the development of the TRIP effect, the mechanical behaviour of this alloy was associated with the γ fcc-to-ε hcp martensitic transformation. In the initial condition, the microstructure of the program alloy comprised equiaxed fcc grains and small fractions of the hcp ε-martensite (~5%) and M23C6 carbides (~4%). Friction stir welding of the program alloy resulted in recrystallization of the stir zone and a decrease in the fraction of the carbides to 1–2%; however, the percentage of the hcp phase remained at nearly the same level as that in the initial condition. Post-welding tests showed a considerable increase in the strength and microhardness of the welds both due to the recrystallization-induced decrease in grain size and martensitic transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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19 pages, 13912 KiB  
Article
Novel Multicomponent B2-Ordered Aluminides: Compositional Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Stability
by G. Mohan Muralikrishna, A. Carmel Mary Esther, K. Guruvidyathri, Philipp Watermeyer, Christian H. Liebscher, Kaustubh N. Kulkarni, Gerhard Wilde, Sergiy V. Divinski and B. S. Murty
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111411 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2591
Abstract
For the first time, multicomponent alloys belonging to a B2-ordered single phase were designed and fabricated by melting route. The design concept of high entropy alloys is applied to engineering the transition metal sublattice of binary B2 aluminide. The equiatomic substitution of transition [...] Read more.
For the first time, multicomponent alloys belonging to a B2-ordered single phase were designed and fabricated by melting route. The design concept of high entropy alloys is applied to engineering the transition metal sublattice of binary B2 aluminide. The equiatomic substitution of transition metal elements in the Ni sublattice of binary AlNi followed to produce Al(CoNi), Al(FeNi), Al(CoFe), Al(CoFeNi), Al(CoFeMnNi), and Al(CoCuFeMnNi) multicomponent alloys. CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach was used to predict the phases in these alloys. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the B2 ordering in the alloys. Thermal stability of the B2 phase in these alloys was demonstrated by prolonged heat treatments at 1373 K and 1073 K up to 200 h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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11 pages, 3934 KiB  
Article
High-Strength Behavior of the Al0.3CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy Single Crystals
by Irina V. Kireeva, Yuriy I. Chumlyakov, Zinaida V. Pobedennaya, Anna V. Vyrodova and Anastasia A. Saraeva
Metals 2020, 10(9), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091149 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2463
Abstract
The main disadvantage of fcc (face-centred cubic lattice) high-entropy alloys is the low stress level at the yield point (σ0.1) at a test temperature above room temperature. This restricts their practical application at high test temperatures from 773 K to [...] Read more.
The main disadvantage of fcc (face-centred cubic lattice) high-entropy alloys is the low stress level at the yield point (σ0.1) at a test temperature above room temperature. This restricts their practical application at high test temperatures from 773 K to 973 K. In this study, we found that a high stress level was reached at the yield point σ0.1 ≈ G/100–G/160 (G is the shear modulus) of the [001]- and [1¯44]-oriented crystals of the Co23.36Cr23.29Fe23.80Ni21.88Al7.67 (Al0.3CoCrFeNi) high-entropy alloy (HEA) within a wide temperature range of 77–973 K under tension, due to the occurrence, of nanotwins, multipoles, dislocations under plastic deformation at 77 K and the subsequent precipitation of ordered L12 and B2 particles. It was shown that grain boundaries are not formed and the samples remain in a single-crystal state after low-temperature deformation and subsequent ageing at 893 K for 50 h. Achieving a high-strength state in the Al0.3CoCrFeNi HEA single crystals induces the orientation dependence of the critical resolved shear stresses (τcr) at T ≥ 200 K (τcr[1¯44] > τcr[001]), which is absent in the initial single-phase crystals, weakens the temperature dependence of σ0.1 above 573 K, and reduces plasticity to 5–13% in the [1¯44] orientation and 15–20% in the [001] orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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Review

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23 pages, 3351 KiB  
Review
Structure and Properties of High-Entropy Nitride Coatings
by Vseslav Novikov, Nikita Stepanov, Sergey Zherebtsov and Gennady Salishchev
Metals 2022, 12(5), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050847 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4025
Abstract
The interest in nitride coatings based on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) has increased rapidly in the last decade. According to a number of papers, such high-entropy nitride (HEN) coatings have a single-phase structure and properties that significantly exceed those of simpler nitride systems. These [...] Read more.
The interest in nitride coatings based on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) has increased rapidly in the last decade. According to a number of papers, such high-entropy nitride (HEN) coatings have a single-phase structure and properties that significantly exceed those of simpler nitride systems. These properties include high hardness, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and thermal stability. It is believed that these distinctive properties are due to the high entropy of mixing, which increases with an increase in the number of elements in the composition. However, comparison with various binary and ternary systems shows that better properties are not typical of each HEA-based coating, and the effect of the number of elements competes with other factors that can make even more pronounced contributions to the structure and properties of the coating. Because of fragmentation of data on the structure and properties of high-entropy coatings, a unified concept of alloying is needed. This review compares the methods for obtaining HEN coatings, describes their structural features and analyzes the main properties, such as hardness, wear resistance and oxidation resistance, in order to establish an understanding of the influence of the number of elements and their role in the composition of coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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17 pages, 4644 KiB  
Review
Magnetron Sputtering High-Entropy Alloy Coatings: A Mini-Review
by Sai Krishna Padamata, Andrey Yasinskiy, Valentin Yanov and Gudrun Saevarsdottir
Metals 2022, 12(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020319 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6955
Abstract
Surface coatings can enhance the substrate material’s properties and increase its lifetime. HEA-based materials have been extensively investigated as coating materials due to their superior hardness, excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, effective diffusion barrier properties and wear resistance. Magnetron sputtering has been regarded [...] Read more.
Surface coatings can enhance the substrate material’s properties and increase its lifetime. HEA-based materials have been extensively investigated as coating materials due to their superior hardness, excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, effective diffusion barrier properties and wear resistance. Magnetron sputtering has been regarded as one of the most efficient methods for the deposition of HEA-based thin films. Metallic- and nitride-based HEA coatings can be easily deposited by introducing N2 gas along with the Ar in the reaction chamber. The parameters such as target composition, bias voltage, sputtering power and notably, gas flow ratio, influence the thin film’s morphology and mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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14 pages, 881 KiB  
Review
Review of Recent Research on AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy
by Marzena Tokarewicz and Małgorzata Grądzka-Dahlke
Metals 2021, 11(8), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081302 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 10711
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have gained significant interest in recent years because of their outstanding properties. The AlCoCrFeNi alloy is one of the most studied HEAs. The effect of the manufacturing methods and heat treatment on the properties of the high-entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy is [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have gained significant interest in recent years because of their outstanding properties. The AlCoCrFeNi alloy is one of the most studied HEAs. The effect of the manufacturing methods and heat treatment on the properties of the high-entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy is under intense scrutiny. The effect of varying component content on properties of the alloy is frequently analysed. Aluminium is most popular due to its impact on alloy microstructure and occurrence of phases. Research is also conducted on the influence of alloying additives, such as boron and titanium, on the properties of the AlCoCrFeNi alloy. High-entropy alloys also have excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. Excellent structural and functional properties make them suitable for application in the most demanding conditions. The research conducted on HEAs still provides a lot of new and valuable information on the properties and structures of these alloys. This article summarizes the most important information about HEAs, specifically the AlCoCrFeNi alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of High-Entropy Alloys)
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