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Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels
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Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 86533

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Andrea Di Schino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
Interests: steels; microstructure; properties; additive materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing.

The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

Prof. Dr. Andrea Di Schino
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Mechanical properties
  • Corrosion resistance
  • Microstructure
  • Recrystallization and grain growth
  • Stainless steels applications

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 178 KiB  
Editorial
Manufacturing and Applications of Stainless Steels
by Andrea Di Schino
Metals 2020, 10(3), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030327 - 01 Mar 2020
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 3781
Abstract
Stainless steels represent quite an interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, owing to their excellent qualities in terms of strength and ductility, combined with corrosion resistance [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 4438 KiB  
Article
Temperature Dependent Phase Transformation Kinetics of Reverted Austenite during Tempering in 13Cr Supermartensitic Stainless Steel
by Yiwei Zhang, Yuande Yin, Diankai Li, Ping Ma, Qingyun Liu, Xiaomin Yuan and Shengzhi Li
Metals 2019, 9(11), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111203 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2963
Abstract
The formation and growth kinetics of the reverted austenite during tempering in 13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel were investigated by a combination X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reverted austenite precipitated [...] Read more.
The formation and growth kinetics of the reverted austenite during tempering in 13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel were investigated by a combination X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reverted austenite precipitated at the martensite blocks, sub-blocks, laths and grain boundaries. The growth kinetics was established by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JAM) kinetics equation according to the volume fraction of the equilibrium reverted austenite at room temperature. The Avrami exponent value is 0.5, and the activation energy was estimated to be 369 kJ/mol, the kinetic model indicates that the mechanism of reverted austenite is diffusion-controlled and the growth of reverted austenite closely relies on the diffusion of the nickel (Ni) element. The experimental measured orientations of the reverted austenite are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, implying that the reverted austenite has the same orientation with the surrounding martensite, which meets the Kurdjumov–Sachs (K-S) orientation relationship. The orientation relationships minimize the strain energy of the phase transformation by reducing the crystallographic mismatch between phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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18 pages, 4259 KiB  
Article
Experimental Data Assessment and Fatigue Design Recommendation for Stainless-Steel Welded Joints
by Yang Peng, Jie Chen and Jun Dong
Metals 2019, 9(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070723 - 26 Jun 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3734
Abstract
Stainless steel possesses outstanding advantages such as good corrosion resistance and long service life. Stainless steel is one of the primary materials used for sustainable structures, and welding is one of the main connection modes of stainless-steel bridges and other structures. Therefore, fatigue [...] Read more.
Stainless steel possesses outstanding advantages such as good corrosion resistance and long service life. Stainless steel is one of the primary materials used for sustainable structures, and welding is one of the main connection modes of stainless-steel bridges and other structures. Therefore, fatigue damage at welded joints deserves attention. The existing fatigue design codes of stainless-steel structures mainly adopt the design philosophy of structural steel. In order to comprehensively review the published fatigue test data of welded joints in stainless steel, in this paper, the fatigue test data of representative welded joints of stainless steel were summarized comprehensively and the S–N curves of six representative stainless-steel welded joints were obtained by statistical evaluation. The comparison of the fatigue strength from existing design codes and fatigue test data was performed, and the results showed that the fatigue strength of welded joints of stainless steel was higher than that of structural-steel welded joints. The flexibility of regression analysis with and without a fixed negative inverse slope was discussed based on the scatter index. It was found that the fatigue test data of stainless-steel welded joints are more consistent with the S–N curve regressed by a free negative inverse slope. In this paper, a design proposal for the fatigue strength of representative welded joints of stainless steel is presented based on the S–N curve regressed by the free negative inverse slope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 3534 KiB  
Article
New Ferritic Stainless Steel for Service Temperatures up to 1050 °C Utilizing Intermetallic Phase Transformation
by Timo Juuti, Timo Manninen, Sampo Uusikallio, Jukka Kömi and David Porter
Metals 2019, 9(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9060664 - 07 Jun 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
A large number of thermodynamic simulations has been used to design a new Nb-Ti dual stabilized ferritic stainless steel with excellent creep resistance at 1050 °C through an optimal volume fraction of Laves (η) phase stabilized by the alloying elements Nb, Si and [...] Read more.
A large number of thermodynamic simulations has been used to design a new Nb-Ti dual stabilized ferritic stainless steel with excellent creep resistance at 1050 °C through an optimal volume fraction of Laves (η) phase stabilized by the alloying elements Nb, Si and Mo. By raising the dissolution temperature of the phase, which also corresponds to the onset of rapid grain growth, the steel will better maintain the mechanical properties at higher service temperature. Laves phase precipitates can also improve creep resistance through precipitation strengthening and grain boundary pinning depending on the dominant creep mechanism. Sag tests at high temperatures for the designed steel showed significantly better results compared to other ferritic stainless steels typically used in high temperature applications at present. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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20 pages, 5303 KiB  
Article
On the Evaluation of Surface Fatigue Strength of a Stainless-Steel Aeronautical Component
by Filippo Cianetti, Moreno Ciotti, Massimiliano Palmieri and Guido Zucca
Metals 2019, 9(4), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9040455 - 17 Apr 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
In this paper, a novel method for the evaluation of the surface fatigue strength of a stainless-steel component is proposed. The use of stainless steel is necessary indeed, whenever a component has to work in a particularly aggressive environment that may cause an [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel method for the evaluation of the surface fatigue strength of a stainless-steel component is proposed. The use of stainless steel is necessary indeed, whenever a component has to work in a particularly aggressive environment that may cause an oxidation of the component itself. One of the major problems that affect stainless-steel components is the possible wear of the antioxidant film that reduces the antioxidant properties of the component itself. One of the main causes that can lead to wear is related to the surface corrosion that occurs every time two evolving bodies are forced to work against each other. If the antioxidant film is affected by surface fatigue problems, such as pitting or spalling, the antioxidant capacities of this type of steel may be lost. In this context, it is, therefore, necessary to verify, at least, by calculation that no corrosion problems exist. The method proposed in this activity is a hybrid method, numerical-theoretical, which allows to estimate the surface fatigue strength in a very short time without having to resort to finite element models that often are so complex to be in contrast with industrial purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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8 pages, 5811 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Hot Deformation Behaviour of a Novel Zr-Alloyed High-Boron Steel
by Alexey Prosviryakov, Baptiste Mondoloni, Alexander Churyumov and Andrey Pozdniakov
Metals 2019, 9(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020218 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3031
Abstract
A novel corrosion-resistant steel with high boron content is investigated in this paper. Three stages during crystallisation of the steel are revealed. The positive influence of Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties after hot deformation is shown. The Zr-alloyed steel demonstrates [...] Read more.
A novel corrosion-resistant steel with high boron content is investigated in this paper. Three stages during crystallisation of the steel are revealed. The positive influence of Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties after hot deformation is shown. The Zr-alloyed steel demonstrates hot deformation without fracturing in the temperature range of 1273–1423 K, and in the strain rate range of 0.1–10 s−1, despite the high volume of brittle borides. The processes of ferrite recrystallisation and boride structure fragmentation occur during hot deformation, promoting the appearance of a peak on stress–strain curves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 5495 KiB  
Article
Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Stainless Steel by Addition of CaSi
by Hongying Du, Andrey Karasev, Olle Sundqvist and Pär G. Jönsson
Metals 2019, 9(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010074 - 12 Jan 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3978
Abstract
The focus of this study involved comparative investigations of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel bars without and with Ca treatments. The inclusions were extracted by using electrolytic extraction (EE). After that, the characteristics of the inclusions, such as morphology, size, number, and [...] Read more.
The focus of this study involved comparative investigations of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel bars without and with Ca treatments. The inclusions were extracted by using electrolytic extraction (EE). After that, the characteristics of the inclusions, such as morphology, size, number, and composition, were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The following four types of inclusions were observed in 316L steels: (1) Elongated MnS (Type I), (2) MnS with hard oxide cores (Type II), (3) Undeformed irregular oxides (Type III), and (4) Elongated oxides with a hard oxide core (Type IV). In the reference sample, only a small amount of the Type III oxides (Al2O3–MgO–MnO–TiOx) existed. However, in Ca-treated 316L steel, about 46% of the observed inclusions were oxide inclusions (Types III and IV) correlated to gehlenite and to a mixture of gehlenite and anorthite, which are favorable for the machinability of steel. Furthermore, untransformed oxide cores (Al2O3–MgO–MnO) were also found in the inclusions of Type IV. The mechanism leading to different morphologies of oxide inclusions is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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17 pages, 9933 KiB  
Article
Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Cold Rolled Laser Welded UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel
by Claudio Gennari, Mattia Lago, Balint Bögre, Istvan Meszaros, Irene Calliari and Luca Pezzato
Metals 2018, 8(12), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121074 - 18 Dec 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4024
Abstract
The main goal of this work was to study the effect of plastic deformation on weldability of duplex stainless steel (DSS). It is well known that plastic deformation prior to thermal cycles can enhance secondary phase precipitation in DSS which can lead to [...] Read more.
The main goal of this work was to study the effect of plastic deformation on weldability of duplex stainless steel (DSS). It is well known that plastic deformation prior to thermal cycles can enhance secondary phase precipitation in DSS which can lead to significant change of the ferrite-austenite phase ratio. From this point of view one of the most important phase transformation in DSS is the eutectoid decomposition of ferrite. Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are a category of stainless steels which are employed in all kinds of applications where high strength and excellent corrosion resistance are both required. This favorable combination of properties is provided by their biphasic microstructure, consisting of ferrite and austenite in approximately equal volume fractions. Nevertheless, these materials may suffer from several microstructural transformations if they undergo heat treatments, welding processes or thermal cycles. These transformations modify the balanced phase ratio, compromising the corrosion and mechanical properties of the material. In this paper, the microstructural stability as a consequence of heat history due to welding processes has been investigated for a super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) UNS S32750. During this work, the effects of laser beam welding on cold rolled UNS S32750 SDSS have been investigated. Samples have been cold rolled at different thickness reduction (ε = 9.6%, 21.1%, 29.6%, 39.4%, 49.5%, and 60.3%) and then welded using Nd:YAG laser. Optical and electronical microscopy, eddy’s current tests, microhardness tests, and critical pitting temperature tests have been performed on the welded samples to analyze the microstructure, ferrite content, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Results show that laser welded joints had a strongly unbalanced microstructure, mostly consisting of ferritic phase (~60%). Ferrite content decreases with increasing distance from the middle of the joint. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) was almost undetectable and no defects or secondary phases have been observed. Both hardness and corrosion susceptibility of the joints increase. Plastic deformation had no effects on microstructure, hardness or corrosion resistance of the joints, but resulted in higher hardness of the base material. Cold rolling process instead, influences the corrosion resistance of the base material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 3373 KiB  
Article
Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in 304L Stainless Steel during the VOD Refining Process
by Xingrun Chen, Guoguang Cheng, Jingyu Li, Yuyang Hou, Jixiang Pan and Qiang Ruan
Metals 2018, 8(12), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121024 - 05 Dec 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3655
Abstract
The formation and characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in 304L stainless steel during the vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) refining process were investigated using industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The compositional characteristics indicated that two types of inclusions with different sizes (from 1 μm to [...] Read more.
The formation and characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in 304L stainless steel during the vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) refining process were investigated using industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The compositional characteristics indicated that two types of inclusions with different sizes (from 1 μm to 30 μm) existed in 304L stainless steel during the VOD refining process, i.e., CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO external inclusions, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO endogenous inclusions. The calculation results obtained using the FactSage 7.1 software confirmed that the inclusions that were larger than 5 μm were mostly CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO; the similarity in composition to the slag indicated that these inclusions originated from the slag entrapment. The CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO inclusions that were smaller than 5 μm originated mainly from the oxidation reaction with Ca, Al, Mg, Si, and Mn. The changes in the inclusion composition resulting from changes in the Ca, Al, and O contents, and the temperature during the VOD refining process was larger for the smaller inclusions. Generating mechanisms for the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO inclusions in the 304L stainless steel were proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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22 pages, 4902 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Spectroscopy Investigation of Point Defect-Driven Phenomena in a Cr Martensitic Steel
by Alessandra Fava, Roberto Montanari and Alessandra Varone
Metals 2018, 8(11), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110870 - 24 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2264
Abstract
The paper presents and discusses results of mechanical spectroscopy (MS) tests carried out on a Cr martensitic steel. The study regards the following topics: (i) embrittlement induced by Cr segregation; (ii) interaction of hydrogen with C–Cr associates; (iii) nucleation of Cr carbides. The [...] Read more.
The paper presents and discusses results of mechanical spectroscopy (MS) tests carried out on a Cr martensitic steel. The study regards the following topics: (i) embrittlement induced by Cr segregation; (ii) interaction of hydrogen with C–Cr associates; (iii) nucleation of Cr carbides. The MS technique permitted characterising of the specific role played by point defects in the investigated phenomena: (i) Cr segregation depends on C–Cr associates distribution in as-quenched material, in particular, a slow cooling rate (~150 K/min) from austenitic field involves an unstable distribution, which leads to Cr concentration fluctuations after tempering at 973 K; (ii) hydrogen interacts with C–Cr associates, and the phenomenon hinders hydrogen attack (HA) because hydrogen atoms bound by C–Cr associates are not able to diffuse towards grain boundaries and dislocation where CH4 bubbles may nucleate, grow, and merge to form the typical HA cracks; (iii) C–Cr associates take part in the nucleation mechanism of Cr7C3 carbides, and specifically these carbides form by the aggregation of C–Cr associates with 1 Cr atom. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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10 pages, 3378 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of a Two-Stage Forming Process of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steels with Rapid Electrically Assisted Annealing
by Viet Tien Luu, Thi Anh Nguyet Nguyen, Sung-Tae Hong, Hye-Jin Jeong and Heung Nam Han
Metals 2018, 8(10), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8100815 - 11 Oct 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3351
Abstract
The post-annealing mechanical behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel (SUS316L) after electrically assisted (EA) annealing with a single pulse of electric current is experimentally investigated to evaluate the feasibility of a two-stage forming process of the selected SUS316L with rapid EA annealing. A [...] Read more.
The post-annealing mechanical behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel (SUS316L) after electrically assisted (EA) annealing with a single pulse of electric current is experimentally investigated to evaluate the feasibility of a two-stage forming process of the selected SUS316L with rapid EA annealing. A tensile specimen is deformed to a specific prestrain and then annealed by applying a single pulse of electric current with a short duration less than 1 s. Finally, the specimen is reloaded until fracture. The stress-strain curve during reloading shows that the flow stress of the SUS316L significantly decreases, which indicates the occurrence of EA annealing. The electric current also increases the maximum achievable elongation of the SUS316L during reloading. The stress-strain curve during reloading and the microstructural observation suggest that the effects of EA annealing on the post-annealing mechanical behavior and microstructure strongly depend on both the applied electric current density (electric current per unit cross-sectional area) and the given prestrain. The results of the present study suggest that the EA annealing technique could be effectively used to improve the formability of SUS316L when manufacturing complex parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

43 pages, 6971 KiB  
Review
Processing and Properties of Reversion-Treated Austenitic Stainless Steels
by Antti Järvenpää, Matias Jaskari, Anna Kisko and Pentti Karjalainen
Metals 2020, 10(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020281 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 9740
Abstract
Strength properties of annealed austenitic stainless steels are relatively low and therefore improvements are desired for constructional applications. The reversion of deformation induced martensite to fine-grained austenite has been found to be an efficient method to increase significantly the yield strength of metastable [...] Read more.
Strength properties of annealed austenitic stainless steels are relatively low and therefore improvements are desired for constructional applications. The reversion of deformation induced martensite to fine-grained austenite has been found to be an efficient method to increase significantly the yield strength of metastable austenitic stainless steels without impairing much their ductility. Research has been conducted during thirty years in many research groups so that the features of the reversion process and enhanced properties are reported in numerous papers. This review covers the main variables and phenomena during the reversion processing and lists the static and dynamic mechanical properties obtained in laboratory experiments, highlighting them to exceed those of temper rolled sheets. Moreover, formability, weldability and corrosion resistant aspects are discussed and finally the advantage of refined grain structure for medical applications is stated. The reversion process has been utilized industrially in a very limited extent, but apparently, it could provide a feasible processing route for strengthened austenitic stainless steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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27 pages, 7160 KiB  
Review
Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Stainless Steel Grades: A Review
by Chiara Zitelli, Paolo Folgarait and Andrea Di Schino
Metals 2019, 9(7), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070731 - 28 Jun 2019
Cited by 97 | Viewed by 11122
Abstract
In this paper, the capability of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) systems to process stainless steel alloys is reviewed. Several classes of stainless steels are analyzed (i.e., austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardening and duplex), showing the possibility of satisfactorily processing this class of materials [...] Read more.
In this paper, the capability of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) systems to process stainless steel alloys is reviewed. Several classes of stainless steels are analyzed (i.e., austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardening and duplex), showing the possibility of satisfactorily processing this class of materials and suggesting an enlargement of the list of alloys that can be manufactured, targeting different applications. In particular, it is reported that stainless steel alloys can be satisfactorily processed, and their mechanical performances allow them to be put into service. Porosities inside manufactured components are extremely low, and are comparable to conventionally processed materials. Mechanical performances are even higher than standard requirements. Micro surface roughness typical of the as-built material can act as a crack initiator, reducing the strength in both quasi-static and dynamic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 3402 KiB  
Review
Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure and Property Evolution by Surface Modification Processes
by Alisiya Biserova Tahchieva, Núria Llorca-Isern and José-María Cabrera
Metals 2019, 9(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030347 - 19 Mar 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5317
Abstract
The paper presents an overview of diffusion surface treatments, especially nitriding processes, applied to duplex and superduplex stainless steels in the last five years. Research has been done mainly to investigate different nitriding processes in order to optimize parameters for the most appropriate [...] Read more.
The paper presents an overview of diffusion surface treatments, especially nitriding processes, applied to duplex and superduplex stainless steels in the last five years. Research has been done mainly to investigate different nitriding processes in order to optimize parameters for the most appropriate procedure. The scope has been to improve mechanical and wear resistance without prejudice to the corrosion properties of the duplex and superduplex stainless steels. Our investigation also aimed to understand the effect of the nitriding layer on the precipitation of secondary phases after any heating step. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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24 pages, 13323 KiB  
Review
Repair and Reinforcement of Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel—A Review
by Marco Corradi, Adelaja Israel Osofero and Antonio Borri
Metals 2019, 9(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010106 - 21 Jan 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 20670
Abstract
Recent trends in the use of stainless steel profiles for repair and reinforcement of historic timber structures, after degradation due to biotic and non-biotic attacks, are discussed in this paper. These structural challenges can vary from inadequate load carrying capacity to complexities involved [...] Read more.
Recent trends in the use of stainless steel profiles for repair and reinforcement of historic timber structures, after degradation due to biotic and non-biotic attacks, are discussed in this paper. These structural challenges can vary from inadequate load carrying capacity to complexities involved with choice of repair materials and techniques. Given the recurring requirements of conservation authorities in terms of reversibility of interventions and compatibility between historic and new materials, an increase in the use of non-invasive reinforcement materials and reversible techniques was observed. Subsequently, engineers and researchers have increasingly employed stainless steel alloys in retrofitting historic timber structures. This paper therefore presents the state of the art in the use of stainless steel profiles in retrofitting timber structural elements within historic structures. It includes a review of the development of the retrofitting methods and existing experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of timber structures reinforced with stainless steel. Finally, it presents a number of case studies and draws conclusions on current trends and practices based on reported studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels)
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