16 pages, 339 KiB  
Review
Let Food Be Thy Medicine—Its Role in Crohn’s Disease
by Judith Wellens, Séverine Vermeire and João Sabino *
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030832 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11514
Abstract
The food we eat is thought to play a role in both the increasing incidence as well as the course of Crohn’s disease. What to eat and what to avoid is an increasingly important question for both patients and physicians. Restrictive diets are [...] Read more.
The food we eat is thought to play a role in both the increasing incidence as well as the course of Crohn’s disease. What to eat and what to avoid is an increasingly important question for both patients and physicians. Restrictive diets are widely adopted by patients and carry the risk of inducing or worsening malnutrition, without any guarantees on anti-inflammatory potential. Nevertheless, exploration of novel therapies to improve long-term management of the disease is desperately needed and the widespread use of exclusive enteral nutrition in the induction of paediatric Crohn’s disease makes us wonder if a similar approach would be beneficial in adult patients. This narrative review discusses the current clinical evidence on whole food diets in achieving symptomatic and inflammatory control in Crohn’s disease and identifies knowledge gaps with areas for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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15 pages, 311 KiB  
Article
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene Polymorphism and Infant’s Anthropometry at Birth
by Sofía Aguilar-Lacasaña 1,2,*,†, Inmaculada López-Flores 2,3,*,†, Beatriz González-Alzaga 3,4,5, María José Giménez-Asensio 3,6, F. David Carmona 2, Antonio F. Hernández 3,7, María Felicidad López Gallego 8, Desirée Romero-Molina 3,9,*,† and Marina Lacasaña 3,4,10,*,†
1 Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
3 Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
4 Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), 18011 Granada, Spain
5 Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, Cuesta del Observatorio, 4, 18011 Granada, Spain
6 Andalusian Public Foundation for the Biosanitary Research of Eastern Andalusia-Alejandro Otero (FIBAO), Licinio de la Fuente Building, Dr. Azpitarte, 4, 18012 Granada, Spain
7 Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida de la Investigación, 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
8 Gynecology and Obstetrics Care Unit, Poniente Hospital, Ctra. de Almerimar, 04700 El Ejido-Almería, Spain
9 Statistics and Operations Research Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
10 CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030831 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3836
Abstract
Identification of causal factors that influence fetal growth and anthropometry at birth is of great importance as they provide information about increased risk of disease throughout life. The association between maternal genetic polymorphism MTHFR(677)C>T and anthropometry at birth has been widely studied because [...] Read more.
Identification of causal factors that influence fetal growth and anthropometry at birth is of great importance as they provide information about increased risk of disease throughout life. The association between maternal genetic polymorphism MTHFR(677)C>T and anthropometry at birth has been widely studied because of its key role in the one-carbon cycle. MTHFR(677) CT and TT genotypes have been associated with a greater risk of low birth weight, especially in case of deficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy. This study aimed to analyze the association between the maternal MTHFR(677)C>T genetic polymorphism and anthropometry at birth in a population with adequate folate consumption. We included 694 mother–newborn pairs from a prospective population-based birth cohort in Spain, in the Genetics, Early life enviroNmental Exposures and Infant Development in Andalusia (GENEIDA) project. Women were genotyped for MTHFR(677)C>T SNP by Q-PCR using TaqMan© probes. Relevant maternal and newborn information was obtained from structured questionnaires and medical records. Results showed that maternal MTHFR(677)C>T genotype was associated with newborn anthropometry. Genotypes CT or CT/TT showed statistically significant associations with increased or decreased risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) based on weight and height, depending on the newborn’s sex, as well as with SGA in premature neonates. The relationships between this maternal genotype and anthropometry at birth remained despite an adequate maternal folate intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Folate Intake on Health Outcomes in Pregnancy)
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17 pages, 691 KiB  
Review
Role of Vitamin D in the Metabolic Syndrome
by Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez 1,2, Víctor J. Costela-Ruiz 1,2, Enrique García-Recio 1,2, Elvira De Luna-Bertos 1,2, Concepción Ruiz 1,2,3,* and Rebeca Illescas-Montes 1,2
1 Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
2 Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
3 Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030830 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 114 | Viewed by 14798
Abstract
The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has risen in developed countries over the past few years in association with lifestyle changes and an increase in unhealthy habits. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is clinically defined [...] Read more.
The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has risen in developed countries over the past few years in association with lifestyle changes and an increase in unhealthy habits. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is clinically defined by a set of metabolic and vascular disorders. The objective of this study was to review scientific evidence on the relationship between MetS and vitamin D deficiency to support the development of prevention strategies and health education programs. An inverse relationship has been reported between plasma vitamin D concentrations and the features that define MetS, i.e., elevated serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin, and a high body mass index. Numerous studies have described the benefits of vitamin D supplementation to improve outcomes in individuals with MetS. Interventions to maintain optimal vitamin D concentrations are proposed as a preventive strategy against MetS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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16 pages, 804 KiB  
Article
Association between Chinese Dietary Guidelines Compliance Index for Pregnant Women and Risks of Pregnancy Complications in the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort
by Ye Ding 1,†, Fangping Xu 1,†, Chunrong Zhong 2, Lishu Tong 1, Fang Li 1, Qian Li 2, Renjuan Chen 2, Xuezhen Zhou 2, Xiating Li 2, Wenli Cui 2, Yu Zhang 2, Li Huang 2, Shangzhi Xu 2, Chaoqun Liu 2, Jiangyue Wu 2, Xi Chen 2, Qin Gao 2, Nianhong Yang 2 and Zhixu Wang 1,*
1 Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
2 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030829 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4396
Abstract
Background: Compliance with dietary guidelines among pregnant women can positively influence not only their own health but also the health of their babies. Measuring the compliance requires professional skills in nutrition and dietary counseling. In China, few simple and effective techniques assess dietary [...] Read more.
Background: Compliance with dietary guidelines among pregnant women can positively influence not only their own health but also the health of their babies. Measuring the compliance requires professional skills in nutrition and dietary counseling. In China, few simple and effective techniques assess dietary quality among pregnant women, especially in rural areas. We aimed to establish a new simple and effective assessment technique, the “Chinese Dietary Guidelines Compliance Index for Pregnant Women (CDGCI-PW)” and assess the association between maternal dietary compliance and risks of pregnancy complications. Methods: The CDGCI-PW consists of 13 main components which were based on the 2016 edition of the Chinese dietary guidelines for pregnant women. Each component was assigned a different score range, and the overall score ranged from 0 to 100 points. The Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort study (from September 2013 to May 2016) was a prospective cohort study designed to examine maternal dietary and lifestyle effects on the health of pregnant women and their offspring. The maternal diet during the second trimester was compared with the corresponding recommended intake of the Chinese balanced dietary pagoda for pregnant women to verify their compliance with dietary guidelines. The association between maternal dietary quality and risks of pregnancy complications was estimated by regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to identify the optimal cut-off values of CDGCI-PW for gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Results: Among the 2708 pregnant women, 1489 were eventually followed up. The mean CDGCI-PW score was 74.1 (standard deviation (SD) 7.5) in the second trimester. The majority of foods showed the following trend: the higher the CDGCI-PW score, the higher the proportion of pregnant women who reported food intake within the recommended range. Moreover, a higher maternal CDGCI-PW score was significantly associated with lower risks of gestational hypertension [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [(CI): 0.30 (0.20, 0.37)] and GDM [OR (95% CI): 0.38 (0.31, 0.48)]. The optimal CDGCI-PW cut-off value for gestational hypertension was ≥68.5 (sensitivity 82%; specificity: 61%; area under the ROC curve, AUC = 0.743), and the optimal CDGCI-PW cut-off score for GDM was ≥75.5 (sensitivity 43%; specificity: 81%; area under the ROC curve, AUC = 0.714). Conclusions: The CDGCI-PW is a simple and useful technique that assesses maternal diet quality during pregnancy, while adherence to the CDGCI-PW is associated with a lower risk of gestational hypertension and GDM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
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13 pages, 673 KiB  
Review
The Consequence of Excessive Consumption of Cow’s Milk: Protein-Losing Enteropathy with Anasarca in the Course of Iron Deficiency Anemia—Case Reports and a Literature Review
by Karolina Graczykowska 1,*, Joanna Kaczmarek 1, Dominika Wilczyńska 2, Ewa Łoś-Rycharska 2 and Aneta Krogulska 2
1 SRC Pediatrics, Allergology and Gastroenterology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
2 Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Gastroenterology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030828 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8810
Abstract
Cow’s milk is a key component of a child’s diet. While the consumption of even trace amounts can result in allergy to its proteins and/or hypolactasia, excessive cow’s milk consumption can result in numerous health complications, including iron deficiency, due to the diet [...] Read more.
Cow’s milk is a key component of a child’s diet. While the consumption of even trace amounts can result in allergy to its proteins and/or hypolactasia, excessive cow’s milk consumption can result in numerous health complications, including iron deficiency, due to the diet being improperly balanced. Although the incidence of iron deficiency has declined, it remains the most widespread nutritional deficiency globally and the most common cause of anemia. One rare consequence of anemia caused by iron deficiency is protein-losing enteropathy; however, the mechanisms of its development are unclear. The following manuscript, based on a literature review, presents two rare cases of children, a 16-month-old boy and a 2.5-year-old girl, who developed severe microcytic anemia, enteropathy with hypoalbuminemia, and anasarca as a result of excessive cow’s milk consumption. It highlights the possible relationship between excessive consumption of cow’s milk in children and severe iron deficiency anemia with accompanying hypoalbuminemia; it may also result in serious clinical conditions, even in children that do not demonstrate food hypersensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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13 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1–6 Years from NHANES 2001–2016
by Ariana D.L. Bailey 1,*, Victor L. Fulgoni III 2, Neil Shah 1,3, Ashley C. Patterson 1, Fabiola Gutierrez-Orozco 1, Rebecca S. Mathews 4 and Kelly R. Walsh 1
1 Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
2 Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
3 Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
4 R Mathews & Associates, Hudson, OH 44236, USA
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030827 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8864
Abstract
The early years, between the ages of one and six, are a period of rapid physical, social and cognitive growth and a nutritionally adequate diet is an important factor for optimum development. We investigated the micronutrient adequacy and status of young US children [...] Read more.
The early years, between the ages of one and six, are a period of rapid physical, social and cognitive growth and a nutritionally adequate diet is an important factor for optimum development. We investigated the micronutrient adequacy and status of young US children aged 1–6 years (n = 9848) using 24-h dietary recall interviews completed by parents and caregivers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2016. data. The proportion of the sample not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) increased with increasing age and was most pronounced for calcium. Despite adequate iron intake, 7.4% and 2.5% had signs of iron deficiency and anemia based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels, with younger children and WIC participants at most risk and Non-Hispanic Black children the least. Vitamin B6 intake was adequate, but 6.4% had serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate deficiency. For vitamin E, 69% had intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), yet serum deficiency was only detected in 0.9%. Vitamin D intake was inadequate for 87%, but true deficiency may be overestimated. Mean DHA intake was 24 mg/d, well below expert recommendations of 70–100 mg/day. Iron and vitamin B6 deficiency and inadequate calcium, fiber, choline, potassium and DHA intakes are a concern for a significant percentage of young children. The discrepancy between nutrient intakes and serum deficiency levels needs to be further investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
10 pages, 1178 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Creatine Loading Improves Total Work and Repetitions to Failure but Not Load–Velocity Characteristics in Strength-Trained Men
by Joshua F. Feuerbacher 1, Valerian von Schöning 1, Judith Melcher 1, Hannah L. Notbohm 1, Nils Freitag 1,2 and Moritz Schumann 1,*
1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
2 Olympic Training Center Berlin, 13053 Berlin, Germany
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030826 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6521
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of a 7-day creatine (CRE) supplementation on the load–velocity profile and repeated sub-maximal bouts in the deep squat using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and mean propulsive power (MPP). Eleven strength-trained men (31.4 ± 5.4 years) supplemented 0.3 g·kg [...] Read more.
This study assessed the effects of a 7-day creatine (CRE) supplementation on the load–velocity profile and repeated sub-maximal bouts in the deep squat using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and mean propulsive power (MPP). Eleven strength-trained men (31.4 ± 5.4 years) supplemented 0.3 g·kg−1·d−1 CRE or a placebo (PLA, maltodextrin) for seven days in a randomized order, separated by a 30-day washout period. Prior to and after the supplementation, the subjects performed an incremental maximal strength (1RM) test, as well as 3 × 10 repetitions and a repetitions-to-failure test (RFT), all at 70% 1RM. Maximal strength remained statistically unaltered in CRE (p = 0.107) and PLA (p = 0.568). No statistical main effect for time (p = 0.780) or interaction (p = 0.737) was observed for the load–velocity profile. The number of repetitions during RFT remained statistically unaltered in both conditions (CRE: +16.8 ± 32.8%, p = 0.112; PLA: +8.2 ± 47.2%, p = 0.370), but the effect size was larger in creatine compared to placebo (g = 0.51 vs. g = 0.01). The total work during RFT increased following creatine supplementation (+23.1 ± 35.9%, p = 0.043, g = 0.70) but remained statistically unaltered in the placebo condition (+15.0 ± 60.8%, p = 0.801, g = 0.08; between conditions: p = 0.410, g = 0.25). We showed that CRE loading over seven days did not affect load–velocity characteristics but may have increased total work and power output during submaximal deep squat protocols, as was indicated by moderate effect sizes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
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34 pages, 1144 KiB  
Review
Understanding the Enablers and Barriers to Appropriate Infants and Young Child Feeding Practices in India: A Systematic Review
by Mansi Vijaybhai Dhami 1,*, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 1,2, Blessing Jaka Akombi-Inyang 3,4, Raphael Torome 2, Kingsley Emwinyore Agho 1,5,6 and on behalf of the Global Maternal and Child Health Research Collaboration (GloMACH) †
1 Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia
2 Barmera Medical Clinic (Lake Bonney Private Medical Clinic), Barmera, SA 5345, Australia
3 School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
4 School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia
5 School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia
6 African Vision Research Institute (AVRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
† Membership of the Global Maternal and Child Health Research Collaboration (GloMACH) is provided in the Acknowledgments.
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030825 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5767
Abstract
Despite efforts to promote infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, there is no collective review of evidence on IYCF enablers and barriers in India. This review was conducted using 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Six computerized [...] Read more.
Despite efforts to promote infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, there is no collective review of evidence on IYCF enablers and barriers in India. This review was conducted using 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Six computerized bibliographic databases, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE, were searched for published studies on factors associated with IYCF practices in India from 1 January 1993, to 30 April 2020. IYCF practices examined were early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year, introduction to solid semi-solid or soft foods, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, minimum acceptable diet, continued breastfeeding at two years, predominant breastfeeding, and bottle feeding. In total, 6968 articles were retrieved, and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. The common enablers of IYCF were higher maternal socioeconomic status (SES) and more frequent antenatal care visits (ANC) (≥3). Common barriers to IYCF practices were low SES and less frequent ANC. The review showed that the factors associated with IYCF practices in India are largely modifiable and multi-factorial. Improving IYCF practices would require the adoption of both facilities- and community-based policy interventions at the subnational and national levels in India. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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24 pages, 2911 KiB  
Article
Fish Hydrolysate Supplementation Containing n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Peptides Prevents LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation
by Mathilde Chataigner 1,2, Marie Martin 1, Céline Lucas 3, Veronique Pallet 1, Sophie Layé 1, Alexis Mehaignerie 2, Elodie Bouvret 2, Anne-Laure Dinel 1,3,† and Corinne Joffre 1,*,†
1 Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
2 Abyss Ingredients, 56850 Caudan, France
3 NutriBrain Research and Technology Transfer, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030824 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4020
Abstract
Neuroinflammation constitutes a normal part of the brain immune response orchestrated by microglial cells. However, a sustained and uncontrolled production of proinflammatory factors together with microglial activation contribute to the onset of a chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive as [...] Read more.
Neuroinflammation constitutes a normal part of the brain immune response orchestrated by microglial cells. However, a sustained and uncontrolled production of proinflammatory factors together with microglial activation contribute to the onset of a chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive as well as behavioral impairments. Hence, limiting brain inflammatory response and improving the resolution of inflammation could be particularly of interest to prevent these alterations. Dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and low molecular weight peptides are good candidates because of their immunomodulatory and proresolutive properties. These compounds are present in a fish hydrolysate derived from marine-derived byproducts. In this study, we compared the effect of an 18-day supplementation with this fish hydrolysate to a supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mice. In response to peripherally injected LPS, the fish hydrolysate supplementation decreased the hippocampal mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-1β (p = 0.0008) and TNF-α (p < 0.0001), whereas the DHA supplementation reduced only the expression of IL-6 (p = 0.004). This decline in proinflammatory cytokine expressions was associated with an increase in the protein expression of IκB (p = 0.014 and p = 0.0054 as compared to the DHA supplementation and control groups, respectively) and to a modulation of microglial activation markers in the hippocampus. The beneficial effects of the fish hydrolysate could be due in part to the switch of the hippocampal oxylipin profile towards a more anti-inflammatory profile as compared to the DHA supplementation. Thus, the valorization of fish byproducts seems very attractive to prevent and counteract neuroinflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products, Micronutrient and Nutraceuticals to Improve Mood Disorders and Enhance Cognitive Function)
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35 pages, 1929 KiB  
Review
How Changes in the Nutritional Landscape Shape Gut Immunometabolism
by Jian Tan 1,2, Duan Ni 1,2, Rosilene V. Ribeiro 1,3, Gabriela V. Pinget 1,2 and Laurence Macia 1,2,*
1 The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
2 School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
3 School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030823 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7355
Abstract
Cell survival, proliferation and function are energy-demanding processes, fuelled by different metabolic pathways. Immune cells like any other cells will adapt their energy production to their function with specific metabolic pathways characteristic of resting, inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cells. This concept of immunometabolism is [...] Read more.
Cell survival, proliferation and function are energy-demanding processes, fuelled by different metabolic pathways. Immune cells like any other cells will adapt their energy production to their function with specific metabolic pathways characteristic of resting, inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cells. This concept of immunometabolism is revolutionising the field of immunology, opening the gates for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at altering immune responses through immune metabolic manipulations. The first part of this review will give an extensive overview on the metabolic pathways used by immune cells. Diet is a major source of energy, providing substrates to fuel these different metabolic pathways. Protein, lipid and carbohydrate composition as well as food additives can thus shape the immune response particularly in the gut, the first immune point of contact with food antigens and gastrointestinal tract pathogens. How diet composition might affect gut immunometabolism and its impact on diseases will also be discussed. Finally, the food ingested by the host is also a source of energy for the micro-organisms inhabiting the gut lumen particularly in the colon. The by-products released through the processing of specific nutrients by gut bacteria also influence immune cell activity and differentiation. How bacterial metabolites influence gut immunometabolism will be covered in the third part of this review. This notion of immunometabolism and immune function is recent and a deeper understanding of how lifestyle might influence gut immunometabolism is key to prevent or treat diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Gut Immunity)
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26 pages, 1019 KiB  
Article
‘An Apple a Day’?: Psychiatrists, Psychologists and Psychotherapists Report Poor Literacy for Nutritional Medicine: International Survey Spanning 52 Countries
by Sabrina Mörkl 1, Linda Stell 1, Diana V. Buhai 2, Melanie Schweinzer 3, Jolana Wagner-Skacel 3, Christian Vajda 3, Sonja Lackner 4, Susanne A. Bengesser 1,*, Theresa Lahousen 1, Annamaria Painold 1, Andreas Oberascher 5, Josef M. Tatschl 6, Matthäus Fellinger 7, Annabel Müller-Stierlin 8, Ana C. Serban 9, Joseph Ben-Sheetrit 10, Ana-Marija Vejnovic 11,12, Mary I. Butler 13, Vicent Balanzá-Martínez 14, Nikola Zaja 15, Polona Rus-Prelog 16, Robertas Strumila 17,18, Scott B. Teasdale 19, Eva Z. Reininghaus 1 and Sandra J. Holasek 4add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
2 Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3 Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
4 Otto Loewi Research Center (for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation), Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
5 Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Clinic for Psychiatry, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
6 Health Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
7 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
8 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, 89070 Ulm, Germany
9 Psychiatrist in Private Sector, Psychotherapist in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Independent Researcher, No 26-28 Dumitru Sergiu street, sector 1, 011026 Bucharest, Romania
10 Psychiatrist in private practice, 3HaNechoshet St., Tel-Aviv 6971068, Israel
11 Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
12 Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
13 Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12YT20 Cork, Ireland
14 Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, 46010 Valencia, Spain
15 University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
16 Center for Clinical Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, 1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia
17 Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
18 Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
19 School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030822 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9385
Abstract
Nutritional interventions have beneficial effects on certain psychiatric disorder symptomatology and common physical health comorbidities. However, studies evaluating nutritional literacy in mental health professionals (MHP) are scarce. This study aimed to assess the across 52 countries. Surveys were distributed via colleagues and professional [...] Read more.
Nutritional interventions have beneficial effects on certain psychiatric disorder symptomatology and common physical health comorbidities. However, studies evaluating nutritional literacy in mental health professionals (MHP) are scarce. This study aimed to assess the across 52 countries. Surveys were distributed via colleagues and professional societies. Data were collected regarding self-reported general nutrition knowledge, nutrition education, learning opportunities, and the tendency to recommend food supplements or prescribe specific diets in clinical practice. In total, 1056 subjects participated in the study: 354 psychiatrists, 511 psychologists, 44 psychotherapists, and 147 MHPs in-training. All participants believed the diet quality of individuals with mental disorders was poorer compared to the general population (p < 0.001). The majority of the psychiatrists (74.2%) and psychologists (66.3%) reported having no training in nutrition. Nevertheless, many of them used nutrition approaches, with 58.6% recommending supplements and 43.8% recommending specific diet strategies to their patients. Only 0.8% of participants rated their education regarding nutrition as ‘very good.’ Almost all (92.9%) stated they would like to expand their knowledge regarding ‘Nutritional Psychiatry.’ There is an urgent need to integrate nutrition education into MHP training, ideally in collaboration with nutrition experts to achieve best practice care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Lifestyle and Mood Disorders)
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15 pages, 2083 KiB  
Article
Plasma B Vitamers: Population Epidemiology and Parent-Child Concordance in Children and Adults
by Stephanie Andraos 1, Beatrix Jones 2, Clare Wall 3, Eric Thorstensen 1, Martin Kussmann 1,4, David Cameron-Smith 1,5, Katherine Lange 6,7, Susan Clifford 6,7, Richard Saffery 6,7, David Burgner 6,7,8, Melissa Wake 6,7 and Justin O’Sullivan 1,4,*
1 The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
2 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
3 Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
4 New Zealand National Science Challenge High-Value Nutrition, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
5 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
6 The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
7 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
8 Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030821 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3870
Abstract
Scope: B vitamers are co-enzymes involved in key physiological processes including energy production, one-carbon, and macronutrient metabolism. Studies profiling B vitamers simultaneously in parent–child dyads are scarce. Profiling B vitamers in parent–child dyads enables an insightful determination of gene–environment contributions to their circulating [...] Read more.
Scope: B vitamers are co-enzymes involved in key physiological processes including energy production, one-carbon, and macronutrient metabolism. Studies profiling B vitamers simultaneously in parent–child dyads are scarce. Profiling B vitamers in parent–child dyads enables an insightful determination of gene–environment contributions to their circulating concentrations. We aimed to characterise: (a) parent–child dyad concordance, (b) generation (children versus adults), (c) age (within the adult subgroup (age range 28–71 years)) and (d) sex differences in plasma B vitamer concentrations in the CheckPoint study of Australian children. Methods and Results: 1166 children (11 ± 0.5 years, 51% female) and 1324 parents (44 ± 5.1 years, 87% female) took part in a biomedical assessment of a population-derived longitudinal cohort study: The Growing Up in Australia’s Child Health CheckPoint. B vitamer levels were quantified by UHPLC/MS-MS. B vitamer levels were weakly concordant between parent–child pairs (10–31% of variability explained). All B vitamer concentrations exhibited generation-specificity, except for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid, and 4-pyridoxic acid were higher in male children, and those of pantothenic acid were higher in male adults compared to their female counterparts. Conclusion: Family, age, and sex contribute to variations in the concentrations of plasma B vitamers in Australian children and adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
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15 pages, 5134 KiB  
Article
Microbiota Changes in Fathers Consuming a High Prebiotic Fiber Diet Have Minimal Effects on Male and Female Offspring in Rats
by Faye Chleilat 1, Alana Schick 2 and Raylene A. Reimer 1,3,*
1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
2 International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
3 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030820 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2736
Abstract
Background: Consuming a diet high in prebiotic fiber has been associated with improved metabolic and gut microbial parameters intergenerationally, although studies have been limited to maternal intake with no studies examining this effect in a paternal model. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were [...] Read more.
Background: Consuming a diet high in prebiotic fiber has been associated with improved metabolic and gut microbial parameters intergenerationally, although studies have been limited to maternal intake with no studies examining this effect in a paternal model. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to either (1) control or (2) oligofructose-supplemented diet for nine weeks and then mated. Offspring consumed control diet until 16 weeks of age. Bodyweight, body composition, glycemia, hepatic triglycerides, gastrointestinal hormones, and gut microbiota composition were measured in fathers and offspring. Results: Paternal energy intake was reduced, while satiety inducing peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) gut hormone was increased in prebiotic versus control fathers. Increased serum PYY persisted in female prebiotic adult offspring. Hepatic triglycerides were decreased in prebiotic fathers with a similar trend (p = 0.07) seen in female offspring. Gut microbial composition showed significantly reduced alpha diversity in prebiotic fathers at 9 and 12 weeks of age (p < 0.001), as well as concurrent differences in beta diversity (p < 0.001), characterized by differences in Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and particularly Bifidobacterium animalis. Female prebiotic offspring had higher alpha diversity at 3 and 9 weeks of age (p < 0.002) and differences in beta diversity at 15 weeks of age (p = 0.04). Increases in Bacteroidetes in female offspring and Christensenellaceae in male offspring were seen at nine weeks of age. Conclusions: Although paternal prebiotic intake before conception improves metabolic and microbiota outcomes in fathers, effects on offspring were limited with increased serum satiety hormone levels and changes to only select gut bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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12 pages, 1152 KiB  
Article
Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Weight Reduction in Behavioural Interventions—A Pooled Analysis
by Christina Holzapfel 1,*, Sabine Sag 2, Johanna Graf-Schindler 1, Marcus Fischer 2, Theresa Drabsch 1, Thomas Illig 3, Harald Grallert 4, Lynne Stecher 1, Christina Strack 2, Ian D. Caterson 5, Susan A. Jebb 6, Hans Hauner 1,7 and Andrea Baessler 2
1 Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
2 Clinic of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
3 Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
4 Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
5 Boden Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
6 Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
7 ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030819 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4042
Abstract
Knowledge of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and weight loss is limited. The aim was to analyse whether selected obesity-associated SNPs within the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), [...] Read more.
Knowledge of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and weight loss is limited. The aim was to analyse whether selected obesity-associated SNPs within the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), SEC16 homolog B (SEC16B), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene are associated with anthropometric changes during behavioural intervention for weight loss. genetic and anthropometric data from 576 individuals with overweight and obesity from four lifestyle interventions were obtained. A genetic predisposition score (GPS) was calculated. Our results show that study participants had a mean age of 48.2 ± 12.6 years and a mean baseline body mass index of 33.9 ± 6.4 kg/m2. Mean weight reduction after 12 months was −7.7 ± 10.9 kg. After 12 months of intervention, the MC4R SNPs rs571312 and rs17782313 were significantly associated with a greater decrease in body weight and BMI (p = 0.012, p = 0.011, respectively). The investigated SNPs within the other four genetic loci showed no statistically significant association with changes in anthropometric parameters. The GPS showed no statistically significant association with weight reduction. In conclusion there was no consistent evidence for statistically significant associations of SNPs with anthropometric changes during a behavioural intervention. It seems that other factors play a more significant in weight management than the investigated SNPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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18 pages, 1606 KiB  
Article
Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Milk of Gestational Diabetic Mothers
by Jolanta Lis-Kuberka 1,*,†, Marta Berghausen-Mazur 2,† and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz 1,*
1 Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
2 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030818 - 2 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3943
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of having a high-care newborn and has an impact on maternal wellbeing. This study aimed to assess the effect of GDM on the lactoferrin (LF), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and [...] Read more.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of having a high-care newborn and has an impact on maternal wellbeing. This study aimed to assess the effect of GDM on the lactoferrin (LF), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations in early colostrum, colostrum, and transitional milk samples of hyperglycemic (n = 53) and normoglycemic (n = 49) mothers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentrations of milk lactoferrin and SIgA, but not IgG and IgM, from hyperglycemic and normoglycemic mothers, showed a similar negative correlation with lactation from the first to the fifteenth day. Apart from early colostral IgG, there were no differences in concentrations of LF and immunoglobulins in milk from hyperglycemic and normoglycemic mothers. For hyperglycemia compensated by diet (GDM G1) or insulin treatment (GDM G2), slight differences were seen for LF and IgG, but not for SIgA and IgM, during an early stage of lactation only. Early colostral IgG and colostral LF of insulin-treated mothers were higher (10.01 ± 4.48 mg/L and 11.50 ± 0.58 g/L, respectively) than for diet-control diabetic mothers (7.65 ± 5.67 mg/L and 8.05 ± 1.38 g/L, respectively). GDM of mothers does not have a significant impact on immunological quality of early milk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Breastfeeding: Potential Benefits for Maternal and Offspring Health)
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