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Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 14565

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cheng Shi

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Guest Editor

School of Vehicle and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Interests: rotary engine; hydrogen; combustion; emissions control; ignition; sustainability; vehicle engineering

Dr. Jinxin Yang

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Guest Editor

College of Energy and Power Engineering, Beijing Lab of New Energy Vehicles and Key Lab of Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: internal combustion engine; rotary engine; alternative fuel; combustion; emission
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Jianbing Gao

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: internal combustion engines; exhaust emission control; particles physic-chemical properties; alternative fuels; hydrogen combustion; opposed rotary piston engines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Peng Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
Interests: high-efficiency and clean technology of alternative fuels application; sustainable utilization of resources and renewable sources of energy; air pollution and regeneration methods of sustainable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

1) Two types of mechanisms—rotary and reciprocating pistons—have been investigated by engine designers to provide society with an efficient but economical mobile power source. The reciprocating piston engine became the dominant mechanism for internal combustion engines because of the simplicity of the combustion chamber sealing design. However, many problems still exist in the piston-crank design that limits the efficiency of this mechanism. Likewise, complications related to sealing the rotary mechanism (namely airtightness and durability) have hampered the rotary engine as a viable and economic power plant. With the development of new technologies, the attractiveness of the rotary engine’s advantages is making a comeback in the minds of many designers. In recent years, driven by the progressive electrification of the automotive powertrain, there have been new applications for the rotary engine also in the automotive industry. This engine concept also increases as a range extender, especially due to some specific advantages such as simplicity, compactness, lightweight, low vibration, and high efficiency. Therefore, the rotary engine has established itself to be a formidable contender for some of the markets currently served by reciprocating engines in vehicle engineering.

2) This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for researchers to share the latest advancements in mixture organization, combustion improvement, and emissions control of all rotary engine types and their sustainability in vehicle engineering.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

Zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels for rotary engines;
Flow phenomena and mixture preparation in the rotor chamber;
Amelioration of combustion process for rotary engines;
Pollutant emission control for rotary engines;
Reaction kinetic mechanism available for rotary engines;
Advanced testing technologies and modeling methods for rotary engines;
Application of the rotary engine as a range-extender for electric vehicles;
Sustainability of rotary engines in the automotive industry;
The latest advancements and research frontiers in rotary engines.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Cheng Shi
Dr. Jinxin Yang
Dr. Jianbing Gao
Dr. Peng Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

renewable energy
fuel
rotary engine
hydrogen
combustion
emissions control
sustainability
range extender
hybrid electric vehicle
unmanned aerial vehicle

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 5817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Explainable Prediction Model for Aerodynamic Noise of an Engine Turbocharger Compressor Using an Ensemble Learning and Shapley Additive Explanations Approach

by Rong Huang, Jimin Ni, Pengli Qiao, Qiwei Wang, Xiuyong Shi and Qi Yin

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813405 - 7 Sep 2023

Viewed by 946

Abstract

In the fields of environment and transportation, the aerodynamic noise emissions emitted from heavy-duty diesel engine turbocharger compressors are of great harm to the environment and human health, which needs to be addressed urgently. However, for the study of compressor aerodynamic noise, particularly at the full operating range, experimental or numerical simulation methods are costly or long-period, which do not match engineering requirements. To fill this gap, a method based on ensemble learning is proposed to predict aerodynamic noise. In this study, 10,773 datasets were collected to establish and normalize an aerodynamic noise dataset. Four ensemble learning algorithms (random forest, extreme gradient boosting, categorical boosting (CatBoost) and light gradient boosting machine) were applied to establish the mapping functions between the total sound pressure level (SPL) of the aerodynamic noise and the speed, mass flow rate, pressure ratio and frequency of the compressor. The results showed that, among the four models, the CatBoost model had the best prediction performance with a correlation coefficient and root mean square error of 0.984798 and 0.000628, respectively. In addition, the error between the predicted total SPL and the observed value was the smallest, at only 0.37%. Therefore, the method based on the CatBoost algorithm to predict aerodynamic noise is proposed. For different operating points of the compressor, the CatBoost model had high prediction accuracy. The noise contour cloud in the predicted MAP from the CatBoost model was better at characterizing the variation in the total SPL. The maximum and minimum total SPLs were 122.53 dB and 115.42 dB, respectively. To further interpret the model, an analysis conducted by applying the Shapley Additive Explanation algorithm showed that frequency significantly affected the SPL, while the speed, mass flow rate and pressure ratio had little effect on the SPL. Therefore, the proposed method based on the CatBoost algorithm could well predict aerodynamic noise emissions from a turbocharger compressor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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31 pages, 17445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Mechanism Study of Aerodynamic Noise Emission Characteristics from a Turbocharger Compressor of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Based on Full Operating Range

by Rong Huang, Jimin Ni, Qiwei Wang, Xiuyong Shi and Qi Yin

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411300 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 931

Abstract

Heavy-duty diesel engines equipped with turbochargers is an effective way to alleviate energy shortage and reduce gas emissions, but their compressor aerodynamic noise emissions have become an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Therefore, to study the aerodynamic noise emission characteristics of a compressor during the full operating range, experimental and numerical simulation methods were used to analyze the aerodynamic noise emissions. The results showed that aerodynamic noise’s total sound pressure level (SPL) increased with increased speed under the test conditions. At low speeds, the total SPL of aerodynamic noise was affected by the mass flow of the compressor more obviously. The maximum difference of aerodynamic noise total SPL was 1.55 dB at 60,000 r/min under different mass flows. At the same speed, the compressor could achieve lower aerodynamic noise emissions by operating in the high-efficiency region (middle mass flows). In the compressor aerodynamic noises, the blade passing frequency (BPF) noise played a dominant role. The transient acoustic-vibration spectral characteristics and fluctuation pressure analysis indicated that BPF and its harmonic frequency noises were mainly caused by the unsteady fluctuation pressure. As the speed increased, the BPF noise contributed more to the total SPL of the aerodynamic noise, and its percentage was up to 75.35%. The novelty of this study was the analysis of the relationship between compressor aerodynamic noise and internal flow characteristics at full operating conditions. It provided a theoretical basis for reducing the heavy-duty diesel engine turbocharger compressor aerodynamic noise emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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19 pages, 3417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a N-Butanol Combined Injection SI Engine

by Weiwei Shang, Xiumin Yu, Kehao Miao, Zezhou Guo, Huiying Liu and Xiaoxue Xing

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129696 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 865

Abstract

Using n-butanol as an alternative fuel can effectively alleviate the increasingly prominent problems of fossil resource depletion and environmental pollution. Combined injection technology can effectively improve engine combustion and emission characteristics while applying combined injection technology to n-butanol engines has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study adopted butanol port injection plus butanol direct injection mode. The engine test bench studied the combustion and emission performance under different direct injection ratios (NDIr) and excess air ratios (λ). Results show that with increasing NDIr, the engine torque (Ttq), peak in-cylinder pressure (Pmax), peak in-cylinder temperature (Tmax), and the maximum rate of heat release (dQmax), all rise first and then drop, reaching the maximum value at NDIr = 20%. The θ0-90 and COV_IMEP decrease first and then increase as NDIr increases. NDIr = 20% is considered the best injection ratio to obtain the optimal combustion performance. NDIr has little affected on CO emission, and the NDIr corresponding to the lowest HC emissions are concentrated at 40% to 60%, especially at lean burn conditions. NOx emissions increase with increasing NDIr, especially at N20DI, but not by much at NDIr of 40–80%. With the increase in NDIr, the number of nucleation mode particles, accumulation mode particles, and total particle decrease first and then increase. Therefore, the n-butanol combined injection mode with the appropriate NDIr can effectively optimize SI engines’ combustion and emission performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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15 pages, 6477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Direct Injection on Combustion and Emissions in a Combined Fuel Injection—Spark-Ignition Engine

by Zhen Shang, Yao Sun, Xiumin Yu, Ling He and Luquan Ren

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118448 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1433

Abstract

To utilize the high efficiency of gasoline direct injection (GDI) and solve the high particulate number (PN) issue, hydrogen-rich syngas has been adopted as a favorable sustainable fuel. This paper compares and analyzes the effects of the injection configurations (GDI, gasoline port injection combined with GDI (PGDI), and gasoline port injection combined with hydrogen-rich syngas direct injection (PSDI)) and fuel properties on combustion and emissions in a spark-ignition engine. The operational points were fixed at 1800 rpm with a 15% throttle position, and the excess air ratio was 1.1. The conclusions show that PSDI gained the highest maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at the MBT point, and the maximum BTE for GDI was only 94% of that for PSDI. PSDI’s CoV_IMEP decreased by 22% compared with GDI’s CoV_IMEP. CO and HC emissions were reduced by approximately 78% and 60% from GDI to PSDI among all the spark timings, respectively, while PSDI emitted the highest NO_X emissions. As for particulate emissions, PSDI emitted the highest nucleation-mode PN, while GDI emitted the lowest. However, the accumulation-mode PN emitted from PSDI was approximately 52% of that from PGDI and 5% of that from GDI. This study demonstrates the benefits of PSDI for sustainability in vehicle engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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15 pages, 5881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Migration Learning Method Based on Adaptive Batch Normalization Improved Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis

by Xueyi Li, Tianyu Yu, Daiyou Li, Xiangkai Wang, Cheng Shi, Zhijie Xie and Xiangwei Kong

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8034; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108034 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

Sustainable development has become increasingly important as one of the key research directions for the future. In the field of rotating machinery, stable operation and sustainable performance are critical, focusing on the fault diagnosis of component bearings. However, traditional normalization methods are ineffective in target domain data due to the difference in data distribution between the source and target domains. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a bearing fault diagnosis method based on the adaptive batch normalization algorithm, which aims to enhance the generalization ability of the model in different data distributions and environments. The adaptive batch normalization algorithm improves the adaptability and generalization ability to better respond to changes in data distribution and the real-time requirements of practical applications. This algorithm replaces the statistical values in a BN with domain adaptive mean and variance statistics to minimize feature differences between two different domains. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in terms of performance and generalization ability, effectively solving the problems of data distribution changes and real-time requirements in bearing fault diagnosis. The research results indicate that the adaptive batch normalization algorithm is a feasible method to improve the accuracy and reliability of bearing fault diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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15 pages, 68839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Investigation of Combustion, Performance, and Emissions of a Diesel-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine

by Bo Zhang, Huaiyu Wang and Shuofeng Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3610; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043610 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

This paper aims to expose the effect of hydrogen on the combustion, performance, and emissions of a high-speed diesel engine. For this purpose, a three-dimensional dynamic simulation model was developed using a reasonable turbulence model, and a simplified reaction kinetic mechanism was chosen based on experimental data. The results show that in the hydrogen enrichment conditions, hydrogen causes complete combustion of diesel fuel and results in a 17.7% increase in work capacity. However, the increase in combustion temperature resulted in higher NOx emissions. In the hydrogen substitution condition, the combustion phases are significantly earlier with the increased hydrogen substitution ratio (HSR), which is not conducive to power output. However, when the HSR is 30%, the CO, soot, and THC reach near-zero emissions. The effect of the injection timing is also studied at an HSR of 90%. When delayed by 10°, IMEP improves by 3.4% compared with diesel mode and 2.4% compared with dual-fuel mode. The NOx is reduced by 53% compared with the original dual-fuel mode. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of hydrogen in rail transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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19 pages, 7661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of an Optimal Design Method for a High-Energy Ultrasonic Igniter Based on Multi-Objective Robustness Optimization

by Liming Di, Zhuogang Sun, Fuxiang Zhi, Tao Wan and Qixin Yang

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 1841; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031841 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

The current deterministic optimization design method ignores uncertainties in the material properties and potential machining error which could lead to unreliable or unstable designs. To improve the design efficiency and anti-jamming ability of a high-energy ultrasonic igniter, a Six Sigma multi-objective robustness optimization design method based on the response surface model and the design of the experiment has been proposed. In this paper, the initial structural dimensions of a high-energy ultrasonic igniter have been obtained by employing one-dimensional longitudinal vibration theory. The finite element simulation method of COMSOL Multiphysics software has been verified by the finite element simulation results of ANSYS Workbench software. The optimal igniter design has been achieved by using the proposed method, which is based on the finite element method, the Optimal Latin Hypercube Design method, Grey Relational Analysis, the response surface model, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, and the mean value method. Considering the influence of manufacturing errors on the igniter’s performance, the Six Sigma method was used to optimize the robustness of the igniter. The Eigenfrequency analysis and the vibration velocity ratio calculation were conducted to verify the design’s effectiveness. The results reveal that the longitudinal resonant frequency of the deterministic optimization scheme and the robustness optimization scheme are closer to the design’s target frequency. The relative error is less than 0.1%. Compared with the deterministic optimization scheme, the vibration velocity ratio of the robustness optimization scheme is 2.8, which is about 15.7% higher than that of the deterministic optimization scheme, and the quality level of the design targets is raised to above Six Sigma. The proposed method can provide an efficient and accurate optimal design for developing a new special piezoelectric transducer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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23 pages, 8996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating a New Method-Based Internal Joint Operation Law for Optimizing the Performance of a Turbocharger Compressor

by Rong Huang, Jimin Ni, Houchuan Fan, Xiuyong Shi and Qiwei Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020990 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1081

Abstract

A well-matched relationship between the compressor and turbine plays an important role in improving turbocharger and engine performance. However, in the matching of turbocharger and engine, the internal operation relationship between compressor and turbine is not considered comprehensively. In order to fill this gap, this paper proposed the internal joint operation law (IJOL) method based on the internal operating characteristics of the compressor and turbine using a combination of experimental and simulation methods. On this basis, the optimization method of the compressor was proposed. Firstly, according to the basic conditions of turbocharger, the compressor power consumption and the turbine effective power at a fixed speed were solved. Secondly, the power consumption curve of the compressor and the effective power curve of the turbine were coupled to obtain the power balance point of the turbocharger. Then, the internal joint operating point was solved and coupled to obtain the IJOL method. Finally, the IJOL method was used to optimize the blade number and the blade tip profile of the compressor. The simulation results showed that for the blade number, the 8-blade compressor had the best overall performance. For the blade tip profile, compared with the original compressor, the surge performance of the impeller inlet diameter reduced by 3.12% was better than that of the original compressor. In addition, in order to compare this to engine performance with different compressor structures, a 1D engine model was constructed using GT-Power. The simulation results showed that the maximum torque of the engine corresponding to the impeller designed by the IJOL method was 4.2% higher than that of the original engine, and the minimum brake specific fuel consumption was 3.1% lower. Therefore, compared with the traditional method, the IJOL method was reasonable and practical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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14 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Taper Intake Port on the Combustion Characteristics of a Small-Scale Rotary Engine

by Run Zou, Yi Zhang, Jinxiang Liu, Wei Yang, Yangang Zhang, Feng Li and Cheng Shi

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15809; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315809 - 28 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1261

Abstract

Taper intake ports are effective in improving the charging efficiency of small-scale rotary engines (REs), but it is unclear how their structural parameters affect the in-cylinder flow field and combustion characteristics. For this reason, the effects of the diameter-length ratio (D/L) of an intake port on the in-cylinder flow field and combustion characteristics of a small-scale RE were numerically investigated by utilizing a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The results showed that the in-cylinder pressure of the RE did not follow a simple single-directional trend with the D/L of the intake port, but it was divided into three levels, where the peak in-cylinder pressure was at its maximum at the D/L of 0.6 and at its minimum at the D/L of 0.8. The gas flows in the intake port with different values of the D/L were all unidirectional, and they made a difference in the vortexes formed on the leading side of the combustion chamber of the RE, which was the main factor affecting the in-cylinder combustion performance. The vortexes formed on the leading side of the combustion chamber with D/L = 0.6 were maintained for a long period of time, thus promoting the propagation of flame and advancing the center of gravity of combustion. So, the heat release rate and combustion efficiency in the cylinder were increased at the price of a larger increment in nitrogen oxide formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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21 pages, 6553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Encoder–Decoder-Based Velocity Prediction Modelling for Passenger Vehicles Coupled with Driving Pattern Recognition

by Diming Lou, Yinghua Zhao, Liang Fang, Yuanzhi Tang and Caihua Zhuang

Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10629; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710629 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1311

Abstract

To improve the performance of predictive energy management strategies for hybrid passenger vehicles, this paper proposes an Encoder–Decoder (ED)-based velocity prediction modelling system coupled with driving pattern recognition. Firstly, the driving pattern recognition (DPR) model is established by a K-means clustering algorithm and validated on test data; the driving patterns can be identified as urban, suburban, and highway. Then, by introducing the encoder–decoder structure, a DPR-ED model is designed, which enables the simultaneous input of multiple temporal features to further improve the prediction accuracy and stability. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the DPR-ED model on the validation set is 1.028 m/s for the long-time sequence prediction, which is 6.6% better than that of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. When the two models are applied to the test dataset, the proportion with a low error of 0.1~0.3 m/s is improved by 4% and the large-error proportion is filtered by the DPR-ED model. The DPR-ED model performs 5.2% better than the MLP model with respect to the average prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, the variance is decreased by 15.6%. This novel framework enables the processing of long-time sequences with multiple input dimensions, which improves the prediction accuracy under complicated driving patterns and enhances the generalization-related performance and robustness of the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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18 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Evaluation Method for Turbocharger Turbine Based on Joint Operation Curve

by Sheng Yin, Jimin Ni, Houchuan Fan, Xiuyong Shi and Rong Huang

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 9952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169952 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1296

Abstract

Turbochargers have evolved with the advancement of engine technology. In this study, we pro-posed a concept of joint operation, based on the operating characteristics of the compressor and turbine. Furthermore, a turbine evaluation method was proposed based on this concept, and an optimization application study of the turbine impeller blade number and turbine casing was con-ducted and verified. The results showed that the performance evaluation method based on the joint point could predict the optimization trend of turbine performance more accurately, the turbine output power optimized based on our new method evidently had advantages over the original turbine, and the joint point showed better overall performance. The original single-entry turbine could be optimized into a 9-blade twin-entry turbine having better response characteristics. The maximum torque of the optimized engine was 5.4% higher than that of the original engine, and the minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 2.1%. In the low and medium speed operating region, engine torque was increased by up to 3.2% and BSFC was reduced by up to 1.1% compared to the turbine optimized by conventional methods. Hence, the optimization effect of our new method was proven. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Rotary Engines and Sustainability in Vehicle Engineering)

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