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Processes
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Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels
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Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2024 | Viewed by 12264

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jianbing Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: internal combustion engines; exhaust emission control; particles physic-chemical properties; alternative fuels; hydrogen combustion; opposed rotary piston engines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Guohong Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Interests: alternative fuels for internal combustion engines; engine spray and combustion diagnostics; advanced engine combustion technologies; novel engines technologies; engine waste heat recovery
Prof. Dr. Thanos Megaritis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
Interests: combustion and emissions control; fuel treatment (incl. fuel reforming for hydrogen generation); alternative fuels; exhaust gas after-treatment
Prof. Dr. Rui Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
Interests: electro-chemistry including: PEM fuel cells, degradation, electrochemistry impedance spectrum (EIS), water polymer electrolysis; thermo-science including: combustion kinetics, engine downsize, alternative fuels, fuel catalytic reforming; fluid-dynamics including: multi-phase multi-dimensional mass and heat transfer, gas diffusion; and system engineering including: avionic environmental control system (ECS); water and thermal management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Large amounts of fossil fuels are consumed by internal combustion engines annually, leading to severe problems for the environment and human health, such as global warming and respiratory diseases. Applications of alternative fuels to internal combustion engines have attracted much attention, leading to decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and exhaust pollutants, as well as easing the dependency on fossil fuels; additionally, many alternative fuels present excellent performance for internal combustion engine applications.

This Special Issue aims to highlight a broad field of alternative fuels applications to any types of internal combustion engines, such as conventional reciprocating engines, free piston engines, and opposed rotary piston engines. This topic covers the combustion analysis and advanced combustion technologies, emissions formations and control measures for internal combustion engines fuelled with alternative fuels. Recent research from both experiments and simulations are welcome, and the types of submission to be considered for publication include research articles, reviews, communications, and concept papers.

Prof. Dr. Jianbing Gao
Dr. Guohong Tian
Prof. Dr. Thanos Megaritis
Prof. Dr. Rui Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internal combustion engines
  • advanced combustion technology
  • exhaust emission control
  • alternative fuels
  • dual fuel combustion

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6815 KiB  
Article
Optical Study on the Effects of Methane Equivalence Ratio and Diesel Injection Mass on Diesel-Ignited Methane Combustion Process
by Jiangping Tian, Zechuan Cui, Ge Xiao, Yang Wang, Shuo Yin and Deyuan Shu
Processes 2023, 11(12), 3383; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123383 - 6 Dec 2023
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Pilot diesel ignition is an effective approach for achieving efficient and clean combustion of natural gas. In this study, a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) was constructed for examining diesel-ignited premixed methane combustion. The effects of the methane equivalence ratio and pilot [...] Read more.
Pilot diesel ignition is an effective approach for achieving efficient and clean combustion of natural gas. In this study, a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) was constructed for examining diesel-ignited premixed methane combustion. The effects of the methane equivalence ratio and pilot diesel mass on the combustion process of diesel-ignited premixed methane gas were investigated. The results show that the combustion process can be divided into two stages: diesel dominance and premixed methane combustion. An increase in the methane equivalence ratio inhibits diesel combustion, leading to delayed CA10 and OH radical generation. However, it enhances premixed methane flame propagation and improves the heat release rate, resulting in a shorter combustion duration. An increase in the pilot diesel mass contributes to a larger flame area and higher OH generation intensity in the ignition region; however, too large a diesel mass inhibits methane flame propagation towards the diesel nozzle due to an extended injection duration. In conclusion, a larger pilot diesel mass can achieve better overall combustion performance, but excessive amounts may be counterproductive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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22 pages, 4453 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Ignition Timing on the Emission and Combustion Characteristics for a Hydrogen-Fuelled ORP Engine at Lean-Burn Conditions
by Junfeng Huang, Jianbing Gao, Ce Yang, Guohong Tian and Chaochen Ma
Processes 2022, 10(8), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081534 - 5 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2572
Abstract
The application of hydrogen fuel in ORP engines makes the engine power density much higher than that of a reciprocating engine. This paper investigated the impacts of combustion characteristics, energy loss, and NOx emissions of a hydrogen-fuelled ORP engine by ignition timing [...] Read more.
The application of hydrogen fuel in ORP engines makes the engine power density much higher than that of a reciprocating engine. This paper investigated the impacts of combustion characteristics, energy loss, and NOx emissions of a hydrogen-fuelled ORP engine by ignition timing over various equivalence ratios using a simulation approach based on FLUENT code without considering experiments. The simulations were conducted under the equivalence ratio of 0.5~0.9 and ignition timing of −20.8~8.3° CA before top dead centre (TDC). The engine was operated under 1000 RPM and wide-open throttle condition which was around the maximum engine torque. The results indicated that significant early ignition of the ORP engine restrained the flame development in combustion chambers due to the special relative positions of ignition systems to combustion chambers. In-cylinder pressure evolutions were insensitive to early ignition. The start of combustion was the earliest over the ignition timing of −17.3° CA for individual equivalence ratios; the correlations of the combustion durations and equivalence ratios were dependent on the ignition timing. Combustion durations were less sensitive to equivalence ratios in the ignition timing range of −14.2~−11.1° CA before TDC. The minimum and maximum heat release rates were 15 J·(°CA)−1 and 22 J·(°CA)−1 over the equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 0.9, respectively. Indicated thermal efficiency was higher than 41% for early ignition scenarios, and it was significantly affected by late ignition. Energy loss by cylinder walls and exhaust was in the range of 10~16% and 42~58% of the total fuel energy, respectively. The impacts of equivalence ratios on NOx emission factors were affected by ignition timing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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22 pages, 9861 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Optimization of the Flue Gas Heat Recovery of a Marine Dual-Fuel Engine Based on RSM and GA
by Deyu Meng, Huibing Gan and Huaiyu Wang
Processes 2022, 10(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040674 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
Implementation of flue gas waste heat recovery is an effective way to improve the energy utilization of marine engines. This paper aims to model and optimize a marine four-stroke dual-fuel (DF) engine coupled with a flue gas waste heat recovery system. Firstly, the [...] Read more.
Implementation of flue gas waste heat recovery is an effective way to improve the energy utilization of marine engines. This paper aims to model and optimize a marine four-stroke dual-fuel (DF) engine coupled with a flue gas waste heat recovery system. Firstly, the DF engine and waste heat recovery system were respectively modeled in GT-Power and Simulink environments and verified with experimental data. Then, a regression model was built using the response surface method, with the intake temperature, compression ratio, and pilot fuel injection timing as input parameters and parametric analysis was performed. Finally, multi-objective optimization of the waste heat recovery system was performed using a genetic algorithm. The result showed that the optimal solution is obtained when the intake temperature is 306.18 K, the geometric compression ratio is 14.4, and the pilot fuel injection timing is −16.68 °CA after the top dead center. The corresponding brake-specific fuel consumption was 155.18 g/kWh, reduced by 3.24%, and the power was 8025.62 kW, increased by 0.32%. At the same time, 280.98 kW of flue gas waste heat generation was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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19 pages, 5590 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research of High-Pressure Methane Pulse Jet and Premixed Ignition Combustion Performance of a Direct Injection Injector
by Shenggang Guo, Yan Lei, Xiaofeng Wang, Tao Qiu, Bin Pang, Lei Shi and Xuehui An
Processes 2021, 9(11), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111977 - 5 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) technology benefits the engine with high efficiency and clean emissions, and the high-pressure gas fuel injection process causes crucial effects on the combustion. This study presents an optical experimental investigation on the high-pressure methane single-hole direct injection [...] Read more.
Natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) technology benefits the engine with high efficiency and clean emissions, and the high-pressure gas fuel injection process causes crucial effects on the combustion. This study presents an optical experimental investigation on the high-pressure methane single-hole direct injection and premixed ignition combustion based on a visualization cuboid constant volume bomb (CVB) test rig. The experimental results show that the methane jet process is divided into two stages. The methane gas jet travels at a faster speed during the unstable stage I than that during the stable stage II. The injection pressure causes more influence on both the jet penetration distance and the jet cone area during stage II. The methane jet premixed flame is a stable flame with a nearly spherical shape, and its equivalent radius linearly increases. The methane jet premixed flame area also increases while the flame stretch rate declines. The methane jet premixed flame velocity rises as both the standing time and equivalent ratio increase. The methane jet premixed flame is a partial premixed flame, and the peak of the methane jet premixed flame occurs at greater equivalence ratio ϕ, i.e., ϕ > 2. As the injection pressure rises, the jet premixed flame equivalent radius increases, and the flame velocity linearly increases. The higher the methane injection pressure, the faster the jet premixed flame velocity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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19 pages, 6948 KiB  
Article
Implementation and Parameter Analysis of the Knock Phenomenon of a Marine Dual-Fuel Engine Based on a Two-Zone Combustion Model
by Fang-kun Zou, Hong Zeng, Huai-yu Wang, Xin-xin Wang and Zhao-xin Xu
Processes 2021, 9(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040602 - 30 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
The stable working window of a dual-fuel engine is narrow, and it is prone to knock during operation. The occurrence of knock limits the load and torque output of a dual-fuel engine, and even causes engine damage in severe cases. The existing volumetric [...] Read more.
The stable working window of a dual-fuel engine is narrow, and it is prone to knock during operation. The occurrence of knock limits the load and torque output of a dual-fuel engine, and even causes engine damage in severe cases. The existing volumetric model of marine dual-fuel engine has little research on the related problems of knock simulation. In order to analyze the causes of knock phenomenon and the influence of operating parameter changes on knock, under the Matlab/Simulink simulation environment, a quasi-dimensional model was established with MAN 8L51/60DF dual-fuel engine as the prototype, and the model was calibrated using the bench data. The knock intensity index coefficient (KI) was used as the evaluation index of knock intensity. Three parameters, the intake air temperature, compression ratio, and natural gas intake, were selected as variables to simulate the engine. According to the analysis of the simulation results, the influence of the parameter changes on the occurrence of engine knock phenomenon and knock intensity could be further studied. The results showed that the combination of the KI model and the quasi-dimensional model could effectively and accurately predict the engine performance and knock trend. The change of gas inlet quality, compression ratio, and inlet temperature could promote the occurrence of detonation, the engine knock could be avoided by controlling the intake air temperature below 336 K, compression ratio not exceeding 15 or the intake volume of natural gas per cycle not exceeding 11.25 g/cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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17 pages, 7828 KiB  
Article
Potential Improvement in PM-NOX Trade-Off in a Compression Ignition Engine by n-Octanol Addition and Injection Pressure
by Qiwei Wang, Rong Huang, Jimin Ni and Qinqing Chen
Processes 2021, 9(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020310 - 7 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1742
Abstract
n-Octanol, as an oxygenated fuel, is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels, owing to advantages such as its low hygroscopic nature, high cetane number, and high energy content. However, the introduction of n-octanol leads to a higher viscosity [...] Read more.
n-Octanol, as an oxygenated fuel, is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels, owing to advantages such as its low hygroscopic nature, high cetane number, and high energy content. However, the introduction of n-octanol leads to a higher viscosity and latent heat of evaporation (LHOE), affecting the combustion and emission performances of compression ignition (CI) engines. This study sheds light on the effect of injection pressures (IPs, ranging from 60 to 160 MPa) on the combustion and emission performances of a turbocharged CI engine, in conjunction with n-octanol/diesel blends. According to the proportion of oxygen content, the test fuels contain pure diesel (N0), N2.5 (2.5% oxygen content in the blending fuels), and N5 (5% oxygen content in the blending fuels). The results indicate that the blending fuels have little influence on the in-cylinder pressure, ignition delay (ID), and CA50, but they improve the brake thermal efficiency (BTE). In terms of emissions, with the use of blending fuels, the levels of carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) decrease, whereas emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) slightly increase. With increasing IP, the ID, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), HC, CO, and soot decrease significantly, and the BTE and NOX increase. In addition, the combination of n-octanol and IP improves the trade-off between NOX and soot and reduces the CO emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels)
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