Sustainability

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23 pages, 4706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DE-Based Design of an Intelligent and Conventional Hybrid Control System with IPFC for AGC of Interconnected Power System

by Solomon Feleke, Balamurali Pydi, Raavi Satish, Degarege Anteneh, Kareem M. AboRas, Hossam Kotb, Mohammed Alharbi and Mohamed Abuagreb

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5625; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075625 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1115

Abstract

In this study, a fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller (FPID) was adjusted using the differential evolution (DE) method to enhance the automated generation control (AGC) of a three-zone reheat-type power system. The objective function used in this study was an integral of the [...] Read more.

In this study, a fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller (FPID) was adjusted using the differential evolution (DE) method to enhance the automated generation control (AGC) of a three-zone reheat-type power system. The objective function used in this study was an integral of the time-weighted absolute error (ITAE). In the optimization, the gain control parameters of the proportional integral (PI), the integral (I), and FPID were optimized and compared to improve the limitations drawn by the controller over a few parameters. To demonstrate that FPID controllers with IPFC produce better and more accurate optimization results than integral and PI controllers optimized by DE, the interline power flow control (IPFC) of a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device with suitable connections and control parameter optimization was used. Also, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) PID with IPFC was compared with the proposed DEFPID + IPFC, and better results were achieved by using the DE technique. Similarly, to demonstrate the suggested technology’s strong control capacity, random load changes were applied to the system in various conditions, and it was demonstrated that the suggested control unit easily tolerated random load perturbations and returned the system to a stable functioning state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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17 pages, 6821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ant Colony Optimized Controller for Fast Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor

by Hani Albalawi, Sherif A. Zaid, Mohmed E. El-Shimy and Ahmed M. Kassem

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043740 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Induction motor (IM) drives have tremendous applications as high-performance drives in things such as mine winders, machine tools, electric vehicles, and elevators. Usually, IM drives controlled by direct torque control are preferred for these applications due to their fast torque control and simplicity [...] Read more.

Induction motor (IM) drives have tremendous applications as high-performance drives in things such as mine winders, machine tools, electric vehicles, and elevators. Usually, IM drives controlled by direct torque control are preferred for these applications due to their fast torque control and simplicity compared with IM drives with field-oriented control. Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used to control IM drives using DTC. Though these controllers are simple and provide excellent response for linear systems with constant set points, they perform poorly with variable set points and IM motor parameter uncertainties. Hence, many control techniques and optimization algorithms have been applied to improve IM drive performance. This paper proposes an IM drive controlled using direct torque control principles, but with the power converter operation optimized to give fast torque performance. The IM drive speed response is improved using an optimized fuzzy PID (FPID). The FPID optimization is accomplished by the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. All components of the IM drive with the optimized control system were simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The responses of the introduced drive using three different controllers—conventional PID, FPID, and optimized FPID—were compared. The simulation results indicate that the optimized FPID controller provided the best performance in terms of speed and torque. Additionally, the performance of the IM with the proposed optimized FPID under parameter uncertainties was studied. The simulation results indicated the robustness of the optimized FPID controller against parameter uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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28 pages, 12562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High Speed MPPT Control Utilizing a Hybrid PSO-PID Controller under Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Battery Chargers

by Galal Al-Muthanna, Shuhua Fang, Ibrahim AL-Wesabi, Khaled Ameur, Hossam Kotb, Kareem M. AboRas, Hassan Z. Al Garni and Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3578; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043578 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

Improving photovoltaic systems in terms of temporal responsiveness, lowering steady-state ripples, high efficiency, low complexity, and decreased tracking time under various circumstances is becoming increasingly important. A particle-swarm optimizer (PSO) is frequently used for maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. [...] Read more.

Improving photovoltaic systems in terms of temporal responsiveness, lowering steady-state ripples, high efficiency, low complexity, and decreased tracking time under various circumstances is becoming increasingly important. A particle-swarm optimizer (PSO) is frequently used for maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. However, during partial-shadowing circumstances (PSCs), this technique has three major drawbacks. The first problem is that it slowly converges toward the maximum power point (MPP). The second issue is that the PSO is a time-invariant optimizer; therefore, when there is a time-variable shadow pattern (SP), it adheres to the first global peak instead of following the dynamic global peak (GP). The third problem is the high oscillation around the steady state. Therefore, this article proposes a hybrid PSO-PID algorithm for solving the PSO’s three challenges described above and improving the PV system’s performance under uniform irradiance and PSCs. The PID is designed to work with the PSO algorithm to observe the maximum voltage that is calculated by subtracting from the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter and sending the variation to a PID controller, which reduces the error percentage obtained by conventional PSO and increases system efficiency by providing the precise converter-duty cycle value. The proposed hybrid PSO-PID approach is compared with a conventional PSO and bat algorithms (BAs) to show its superiority, which has the highest tracking efficiency (99.97%), the lowest power ripples (5.9 W), and the fastest response time (0.002 s). The three aforementioned issues can be successfully solved using the hybrid PSO-PID technique; it also offers good performance with shorter times and faster convergence to the dynamic GP. The results show that the developed PID is useful in enhancing the conventional PSO algorithm and solar-system performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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15 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Multiport Hybrid Wave Energy System for Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Applications

by Wei Yu, Ruiyang Ma, Darui Xu, Lei Huang and Shixiang Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032175 - 24 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1451

Abstract

Direct drive wave energy converters (DDWECs) have gradually become the mainstream of wave energy converters (WECs). In order to make better use of wave energy, energy storage devices and other renewable energy sources are often used to suppress power fluctuation in DDWECs. However, [...] Read more.

Direct drive wave energy converters (DDWECs) have gradually become the mainstream of wave energy converters (WECs). In order to make better use of wave energy, energy storage devices and other renewable energy sources are often used to suppress power fluctuation in DDWECs. However, the addition of other energy sources will increase the complexity of the converter system and the number of power switches. Considering the flexibility of nine-switch converters (NSCs), this paper proposes a novel nine-switch grid-connected/off-grid multiport hybrid wave energy system (HWES). First, the system structure and modulation principle are described. Then, a model for a generator, a grid and energy storage are built, including a control strategy of each part. Finally, a simulation for the grid-connected/off-grid application and an experiment on the off-grid HWES are carried out. The results show that the multiport wave energy system can achieve the objective of stable and reliable power transmission by reducing power devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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14 pages, 7427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Dual Stator Permanent Magnet Machine Based on Field Modulation Theory

by Ziyang Ding, Chao He, Chunmei Feng and Jianfei Yang

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010281 - 24 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Increasing industrial development puts forward high requirements for the performances of stator permanent magnet (PM) machines, such as torque density and efficiency. The paper proposes a new dual stator PM machine based on field modulation theory (DSPMM), which employs the intermediate rotor participating [...] Read more.

Increasing industrial development puts forward high requirements for the performances of stator permanent magnet (PM) machines, such as torque density and efficiency. The paper proposes a new dual stator PM machine based on field modulation theory (DSPMM), which employs the intermediate rotor participating in the electromechanical energy conversion of the internal and external machine. The proposed machine has the advantages of high torque density and high efficiency and solves the problem of insufficient space utilization of a single stator machine. The evolution process and working principle of the proposed DSPMM are studied. The flux-switching-type PM (FSPM) and the flux-reversal-type PM (FRPM) are employed in the proposed DSPMM, which forms four representative machines. For a fair comparison, the proposed machines employ identical key parameters, i.e., PM volume, the outer radius of the outer stator, and active airgap length. Based on finite element analysis (FEA), the electromagnetic performances of the four representative DSPMM under no-load and rated load, and different copper consumption conditions are analyzed and compared. The calculated results show that the proposed DSPMM with inner FSPM stator and outer FRPM stator can provide high output torque, low torque ripple, high power factor, and high efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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15 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shore Power Optimal Scheduling Based on Gridding of Hybrid Energy Supply System

by Dunzhu Xia, Jiali He, Fuhai Chi, Zhenlan Dou, Zhongguang Yang and Cheng Liu

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16250; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316250 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1391

Abstract

In order to reduce the environmental pollution near the port and save the cost of power supply, it is necessary to use shore power technology to power the ships that dock. This paper studies a power distribution strategy based on hybrid energy supply [...] Read more.

In order to reduce the environmental pollution near the port and save the cost of power supply, it is necessary to use shore power technology to power the ships that dock. This paper studies a power distribution strategy based on hybrid energy supply system. Through the establishment of wind power generation subsystem, photovoltaic power generation subsystem, and then combined with the national grid system to form a hybrid energy onshore power supply system, using the hybrid energy power supply system to power the ship. Without considering the power connection device, the whole shore power system was gridding processing. The objective function is established with the lowest cost of power supply system, and the grid node coefficient is calculated with different optimization algorithms to realize power distribution of port shore power supply system. The results showed that the power supply cost of the hybrid power supply system obtained by genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is lower than the traditional power supply cost, and the power distribution is realized according to the distribution node coefficient. It provides a theoretical basis and application reference for the optimization scheme of energy management combined with port power and distributed power supply and the construction and management of new shore power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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20 pages, 5525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Modeling and Simplification of a Thermal Model of a Planar Transformer Based on Internal Power Loss

by Zhan Shen, Bingxin Xu, Chenglei Liu, Cungang Hu, Bi Liu, Zhike Xu, Long Jin and Wu Chen

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11915; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911915 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

With the development of high-performance wide-band-gap devices and increasing converter frequency, planar transformers are widely used in high-frequency and high-power-density power conversions. Due to the skin effect and proximity effect, accurate thermal analysis and a simplified thermal model of planar transformers are needed [...] Read more.

With the development of high-performance wide-band-gap devices and increasing converter frequency, planar transformers are widely used in high-frequency and high-power-density power conversions. Due to the skin effect and proximity effect, accurate thermal analysis and a simplified thermal model of planar transformers are needed for quick thermal verification as well as system design. This paper proposes two thermal simplification models based on the planar transformer’s thermal impedance network. The internal power loss and thermal coupling between each component are first analyzed. Then, based on thermal radiation theory, the simplified thermal model of the planar transformer is presented. It only requires the input of the total power loss of the planar transformer to calculate the temperature rise, and it does not need the power loss of each component. Finally, the simulation and experimental verification are carried out on a MHz prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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14 pages, 4976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Control of Levitation Force and Torque of a Maglev Device for Water-Turbine Generator Set

by Jing Liu, Chongwang Xu, Jinnan Zhu, Lei Huang and Hongzhong Ma

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148742 - 18 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1601

Abstract

Hydropower generation is clean, pollution-free, and renewable, and has good social and economic benefits, so it is given priority for development throughout the world. The capacity of hydropower stations is increasing to 1000 MW from 700 MW. As the p value on the [...] Read more.

Hydropower generation is clean, pollution-free, and renewable, and has good social and economic benefits, so it is given priority for development throughout the world. The capacity of hydropower stations is increasing to 1000 MW from 700 MW. As the p value on the bearing reaches a new height, coupled with the original risk of easy damage, the thrust bearing faces new technical challenges. Maglev technology is studied and applied to a large vertical-shaft hydro-generator set to solve the bearing problem. The maglev device is designed, and the working principle is expounded, using active-control repulsive-suspension technology. The levitation-force addition and the torque cancellation are realized by controlling the frequency of the excitation power supply. The dynamic mathematical models of levitation force and torque are derived. Combined with the design and theoretical analysis, the vector-control strategy is developed and the simulation analysis is completed. According to the results, the controller is improved to enhance the response performance. Finally, a control experiment is carried out on the prototype, and the results verify the effectiveness of the design and control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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17 pages, 60574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Axial Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine for High-Speed Applications

by Hongbin Zhang, Zhike Xu, Chenglei Liu, Long Jin, Haitao Yu, Bingxin Xu and Shuhua Fang

Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7774; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137774 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Conventional high-speed flux-switching machines have either a high fundamental frequency or more even harmonics. This paper proposes a novel six-slot four-pole axial flux-switching permanent magnet machine for high-speed applications. The machine, consisting of two radially distributed stators and one rotor, can effectively eliminate [...] Read more.

Conventional high-speed flux-switching machines have either a high fundamental frequency or more even harmonics. This paper proposes a novel six-slot four-pole axial flux-switching permanent magnet machine for high-speed applications. The machine, consisting of two radially distributed stators and one rotor, can effectively eliminate even harmonics in the flux linkage. First, the structural parameters that affect the performance of the motor are determined by the equivalent magnetic circuit method, and the optimal structural parameters of the motor are obtained by simulation optimization. Then, through finite element analysis, the three-dimensional model of the proposed machine is built, and the static electromagnetic characteristics are analyzed, including magnetic field distribution, flux linkage, back-electromotive force, cogging torque, and efficiency. The simulation results show that the total harmonic distortion of the flux linkage and back-electromotive force waveforms of the proposed novel machine is 2.2% and 9.8% respectively. The cogging torque of the optimal model is only 9 N. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Sustainability in Electrical Engineering)

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