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Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 35338

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shuvashis Dey

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Guest Editor

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Interests: microwave devices and antennas; metamaterial and terahertz devices; UHF RFID-based sensing; chipless RFID-based tag and sensor; microwave sensors for biomedical applications; smart sensing materials; wearable antennas for healthcare applications; Internet of Things (IoT); machine learning

Prof. Dr. Benjamin D. Braaten

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Interests: phased array antennas; conformal antennas; antenna designs for RFID; electromagnetic interference (EMI); computational electromagnetics; antennas in complex radiation environments; metamaterial-based antenna designs and electromagnetic source transformations

Dr. Dipankar Mitra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Computer Science and Computer Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin- La Crosse, WI, USA
Interests: Transformation optics/electromagnetics; electromagnetic source transformations; metamaterials; 3D-printed flexible and wearable electronics and antennas; phased array antennas; antennas in complex radiation environments; engineered materials for applications in antennas and Internet of Things (IoT) devices; RF-embedded systems for IoT devices and UAVs/UASs; and wearable sensors for bio-medical applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The evolution of mobile broadband is ensured by adopting a unified and more capable radio interface termed as 5G new radio (NR). Along with the existing frequency spectrum of 4G long-term evolution (LTE), the 5G NR global standard has specified certain frequency ranges in the mmWave bands. However, to provide ubiquitous connectivity for a wide range of applications, this standard will enable the adoption of an adaptive bandwidth with a high degree of spectrum flexibility. Therefore, the 5G communication system needs to cater for an extremely high bandwidth, starting from below 1 GHz to 100 GHz, based on different deployments. This instigates the demand for low-cost and compact antennas that can cover a broad bandwidth. To achieve a greater network capacity, 5G will make use of the massive MIMO technology. This technology equips the base stations (5G macro cells) with arrays of a very large number of antennas and thereby forms the advanced antenna systems (AAS). AAS enables the simultaneous transmission of data to multiple users through separate beams and it takes advantage of metamaterials. The precise geometry and arrangement of metamaterials enable smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves and essentially enables the metamaterial devices to be controlled independently to achieve desirable EM characteristics, such as the direction of propagation and reflection.

The increased spectrum availability makes the 5G radio technology a key Internet of Things (IoT) enabler by supporting the high traffic growth and growing demand for high-bandwidth connectivity. IoT makes extensive use of sensor technologies in order to empower any application under its realm. To gain better industrial traction, ideally, the sensors used in IoT should have the ability to identify and locate items. Radio frequency identification (RFID)-based sensors can be a potential solution in this regard. The pervasive coverage, low latency and high-speed connectivity of 5G allows a substantial number of IoT devices to communicate with each other seamlessly. This eventually enables a wide range of industrial applications to take advantage of such a groundbreaking technology. For example, 5G is poised to play a significant role in driving industrial automation. It will also support the use cases like smart homes, precision agriculture, transport infrastructure such as connected cars and traffic control, the health monitoring of public infrastructure such as bridges, wearables and many others.

The objective of this Special Issue is to present research activities in the domain of metamaterials, antenna and RFID-based sensor design and development for 5G and IoT applications. We invite scientists and engineers to contribute original research articles that discuss issues including, but not limited to:

Smart antennas and beamforming for 5G
Metamaterials based antennas and meta-surfaces for 5G and beyond
RFID in 5G
Broadband antennas
Antennas for future IoTs, vehicular communications, satellite communications
Antennas for UAVs/UASs
Antennas for wireless sensing
Millimeter-wave and microwave antennas for future wireless systems
Sensors and antennas for chipless RFID
Smart sensing materials
UHF RFID based tags and sensors for IoT
New materials, technologies and concepts for 5G antennas
Next generation base station antennas
Flexible antennas and sensors
Electromagnetic source transformations

Dr. Shuvashis Dey
Prof. Dr. Benjamin D. Braaten
Dr. Dipankar Mitra
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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13 pages, 6213 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Dual-Band Antenna on 3D-Printed Substrate for 2.4/5.8 GHz ISM-Band Applications

by Karen N. Olan-Nuñez and Roberto S. Murphy-Arteaga

Electronics 2023, 12(11), 2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112368 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1166

Abstract

In this paper, we present a dual-band antenna working at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The design is based on two radiating rectangular slots with one upper Split Ring Resonator (SRR) to enhance the radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz, one Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), and three Split Rings (SR) to improve the input reflection coefficient. The dual-band antenna covers the 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands. The total size of the proposed antenna is 31 × 70 × 70 mm³. The proposed antenna was manufactured and tested. The attained gain is better than 7.5 dBi, and 6.5 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The measured gain and input reflection coefficient have good correlation with the simulated results, covering the ISM bands around 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The performance of the proposed antenna is remarkable and suitable for applications where the size is not a severe limitation, such as sensors, LPWAN/WLAN modules, health care devices, base stations, IoT, and control applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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17 pages, 10679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Profile Meander Line Multiband Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Applications with SAR Analysis

by Tania Islam and Sayan Roy

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061416 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

In this work, we propose a novel multiband meander line antenna that can operate at three different frequency bands and offer suitable performance for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The net geometry of the antenna is 36 × 30 × 1.524 mm [...] Read more.

^{3}

. The proposed low-profile antenna is analytically modeled and designed in full wave ANSYS HFSS using Rogers TMM4 as the substrate, followed by in-lab prototyping. The designed antenna resonates at 4.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz and maintains positive gain, efficiency, and acceptable specific absorption rates at each resonant band. The effectiveness of the antenna for WBAN applications is demonstrated using an in-lab manufactured phantom. The fabrication process of the phantom is described, and dielectric characterization of the phantom mimicking different human tissue layers is presented. Considering results with and without human body phantoms available in the full wave ANSYS HFSS tool, a comparative analysis between simulated and measured antenna parameters concludes this work. Both the simulated and measured results show good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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14 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonuniform Transmission Line Model for Electromagnetic Radiation in Free Space

by Gaobiao Xiao and Mengxia Hu

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061355 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1309

Abstract

An equivalent nonuniform transmission line model for electromagnetic radiation in free space is developed. By properly defining a voltage and a current associated with the transverse component of the mode fields, a kind of telegrapher’s equation is derived for each spherical harmonic mode in frequency domain. Based on the equivalent distribution inductance and capacitance, the local characteristic impedance and phase velocity are derived. For each spherical mode, a cutoff spherical surface and an associated cutoff radius are introduced to separate the space into an evanescent region and a propagating region. A spherical mode field decays approximately exponentially in the evanescent region and experience local reflection in the propagating region. The proposed model may provide an intuitive illustration for the radiation process in free space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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13 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Wideband Slotted Antenna Array with Low Profile and Low Sidelobe

by Haoyun Yuan, Jinkai Li, Zhibo Zhao, Zeyu Wang, Matteo Bruno Lodi, Giovanni Gugliandolo, Nicola Donato, Giovanni Crupi, Liming Si and Xiue Bao

Electronics 2023, 12(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020278 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2323

Abstract

In this paper, a novel multi-layered waveguide-fed slotted cavity antenna array operating in the K-band (i.e., 18–27 GHz) is presented. The antenna is composed of 64 (8 × 8) groups of 2 × 2 subarrays with low profile, and fed by a 1–64 ways waveguide corporate-feed-network. In order to obtain a low sidelobe level (SLL), the Chebyshev power distribution is introduced into the feeding network to accurately taper the power distribution among the subarrays. To realize the amplitude-tapering network, a simple T-junction, which can provide equal phase but unequal power, is used. The antenna array is analyzed and validated by using the finite element method (FEM). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna array can achieve a broad bandwidth of 21.9%, and a good gain as

29.1

dBi. Additionally, the first SLL can be as small as −

28.3

dB and −20 dB in the E-plane and the H-plane, respectively. The overall size of the slotted cavity antenna array is 169.6 × 169.6 ×

7.23

mm³. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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19 pages, 11819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer for the Internet of Things

by Tasin Nusrat, Sayan Roy, Abbas Ali Lotfi-Neyestanak and Sima Noghanian

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010207 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3668

Abstract

A complete end-to-end far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) is proposed and studied in this paper for the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) at the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band of 2.4 GHz. The radiative WPT has achieved a remarkable attraction [...] Read more.

2 \times 4

microstrip patch transmitter antenna array with a high gain and a narrow beamwidth is proposed that is rotated toward the IoT device using a small stepper motor. The performance of the rectifier in the receiving circuit was separately analyzed, and 17.54% efficiency was achieved with a load of 0.6 k

Ω

for the circuit, while the input power was 10 dBm. The overall system test was performed and the targeted result was investigated considering the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and an input radio frequency (RF) power of 5 dBm to 15 dBm at 2.4 GHz. The second approach uses a

1 \times 4

transmitter antenna array fed through a Butler matrix to provide four individual beams with a

{22.5}^{\circ}

angular separation, and

90^{\circ}

total angular coverage. The goal was to focus the power into four angular locations and to reduce the power waste in other directions. A mobile app was developed to control the direction of the beam. A system efficiency of as much as 19% was measured for an input RF power of 0 dBm and a resistive load of 62 k

Ω

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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15 pages, 4351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double-Split Rectangular Dual-Ring DNG Metamaterial for 5G Millimeter Wave Applications

by M. Jubaer Alam and Saeed I. Latif

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010174 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

This article presents the design and analysis of a low profile double-negative (DNG) metamaterial unit structure for 5G mmWave (millimeter wave) applications. The structure, comprised of double-slotted rectangular ring patches, experiences the peak current value near the magnetic resonance, causing the metamaterial to resonate at 28 GHz where it exhibits negative effective permittivity and permeability. The 3.05 mm × 2.85 mm compact structure is designed over a substrate Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 to attain better effective medium ratio (EMR) in the 5G frequency range (27.1–29.2 GHz). A rigorous parametric study is conducted to obtain the proposed design. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation software tools CST and HFSS are used to generate the scattering parameters for the analysis. The Nicolson–Ross–Wier method is used to observe the negative effective permittivity and permeability. In addition, different output quantities, e.g., surface current and electric and magnetic field distribution, are investigated. The structure is further tested with 1 × 2, 2 × 2, and 4 × 4 arrays, where the results show adequate agreement to be considered for 5G mmWave applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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18 pages, 17364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Thermochromic Properties of VO₂ for Reconfigurable Frequency Selection

by Qassim Abdullahi, Adrian Dzipalski, Clement Raguenes, Nelson Sepulveda, Gin Jose, Atif Shanim, George Goussetis, Duncan Hand and Dimitris E. Anagnostou

Electronics 2022, 11(24), 4099; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244099 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1393

Abstract

The thermochromic nature of vanadium dioxide (VO₂) has facilitated many promising applications for reconfigurable frequency selectivity. The phase-changing property of VO₂ was used to realise a reconfigurable frequency-selective surface (FSS) capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves for different functionalities. Diffractive optical elements (DOE) are used for diffracting laser beams to form conductive FSS images on the VO₂ wafer for frequency selectivity. The dipoles on the VO₂ wafer generate a stop band response of 12 dB and 10 dB for unit cells of the single dipole and double dipole at 3.5 GHz, respectively. A 10 GHz FSS array is projected by DOE on the 2-inch VO₂ wafer with a filtering effect of 13 dB at 9.5–10.5 GHz. This solution is used to design a radar cross-section (RCS) modification FSS with reflected waves of about 20 dB higher reflectivity in the backscattering direction than in the specular direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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24 pages, 3855 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Health Monitoring of Conveyor Belt Using UHF RFID and Multi-Class Neural Networks

by Fatema Tuz Zohra, Omar Salim, Hossein Masoumi, Nemai C. Karmakar and Shuvashis Dey

Electronics 2022, 11(22), 3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223737 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2381

Abstract

Conveyor belts in mining sites are prone to cracks, which leads to dramatic degradation of overall system performance and the breakdown of operation. Crack detection using radio frequency identification (RFID) sensing technology is recently proposed to provide robust and low-cost health monitoring systems for conveyor belts. The intelligent machine learning (ML) technique is one of the most promising solutions for crack detection and successful implementation within the IoT paradigm. This paper presents a conveyor belt structural health monitoring (SHM) model using ML and Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. The model is extensively tested, and the classification is conducted based on simulated data obtained from an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID sensor. Here, the sensor is laid on a belt, and the data are obtained at different crack orientations of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal cracks, for varying crack widths of 0.5 to 5 mm at 10 different locations on the sensor. The ML model is tested with different input features and training algorithms, and their performances are compared and analysed to identify the superior input feature and training algorithm. This method produces high accuracy in determining crack width, orientation, and location. The findings show that the proposed detection system based on ML modelling could detect cracks with 100% accuracy. The proposed system can also distinguish between vertical, horizontal, and diagonal cracks with an accuracy of 83.9%, and has a significant identification rate of 84.4% accuracy for detecting crack-width as narrow as 0.5 mm. Moreover, the model can predict the region of the crack with an accuracy of 95.5%. Overall, the results show that the proposed model is very robust and can perform SHM of conveyor belts with high accuracy for a range of parameters and classification scenarios. The method has huge industrial significance in coal mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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58 pages, 6326 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Comprehensive Study on Next-Generation Electromagnetics Devices and Techniques for Internet of Everything (IoE)

by Tasin Nusrat, Firas Slewa Dawod, Tania Islam, Pratik Kunkolienker, Sayan Roy, Md Mirazur Rahman, Susmita Ghosh, Shuvashis Dey, Dipankar Mitra and Benjamin D. Braaten

Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203341 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Evolution of mobile broadband is ensured by adopting a unified and more capable radio interface (RI). For ubiquitous connectivity among a wide variety of wireless applications, the RI enables the adoption of an adaptive bandwidth with high spectrum flexibility. To this end, the modern-day communication system needs to cater to extremely high bandwidth, starting from below 1 GHz to 100 GHz, based on different deployments. This instigates the creation of a platform called the Internet of Everything (IoE), which is based on the concept of all-round connectivity involving humans to different objects or things via sensors. In simple words, IoE is the intelligent connection of people, processes, data, and things. To enable seamless connectivity, IoE resorts to low-cost, compact, and flexible broadband antennas, RFID-based sensors, wearable electromagnetic (EM) structures, circuits, wireless body area networks (WBAN), and the integration of these complex elements and systems. IoE needs to ensure broader information dissemination via simultaneous transmission of data to multiple users through separate beams and to that end, it takes advantage of metamaterials. The precise geometry and arrangement of metamaterials enable smart properties capable of manipulating EM waves and essentially enable the metamaterial devices to be controlled independently to achieve desirable EM characteristics, such as the direction of propagation and reflection. This review paper presents a comprehensive study on next-generation EM devices and techniques, such as antennas and circuits for wearable and sub 6 GHz 5G applications, WBAN, wireless power transfer (WPT), the direction of arrival (DoA) of propagating waves, RFID based sensors for biomedical and healthcare applications, new techniques of metamaterials as well as transformation optics (TO) and its applications in designing complex media and arbitrary geometry conformal antennas and optical devices that will enable future IoE applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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13 pages, 6283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Slotted Antenna Array with Enhanced Radiation Characteristics for 5G 28 GHz Communications

by Ahmed A. Ibrahim, Hijab Zahra, Osama M. Dardeer, Niamat Hussain, Syed Muzahir Abbas and Mahmoud A. Abdelghany

Electronics 2022, 11(17), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172664 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

This paper presents a 1 × 4 linear antenna array working at 28 GHz for 5G communication systems. The proposed array employs four rectangular slotted antenna elements fed by a 1 × 4 T-power divider. An artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) layer is placed below the array for increasing the radiation intensity and improving overall array gain. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed array with (|S₁₁| < −10 dB) is extended from 25.36 to 26.03 GHz (with a bandwidth of 0.67 GHz) and from 26.75 to 28.81 GHz (with a bandwidth of 2.06 GHz). The proposed array design exhibits a measured gain value that varies between 11.8 dBi and 13.1 dBi within the operating bands and reaches 13.1 dBi at 28 GHz. The proposed array achieves a radiation efficiency of 83.05%, and a front-to-back ratio ranging between 15 and 20 dB across the operating frequency band. The array is fabricated and tested with good matching between the simulated and tested outcomes. The improved performance of the array makes it a suitable candidate for 5G new radio (NR) communications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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18 pages, 7090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of a Dual-Layer Metasurface-Inspired Fractal Antenna with Dual-Polarized/-Modes for 4G/5G Applications

by Asutosh Mohanty, Bikash Ranjan Behera, Karu P. Esselle, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Abu Jahid and Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan

Electronics 2022, 11(15), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152371 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

In this research article, a dual-polarized compact bow-tie-shaped irregular fractal antenna with a dual metasurface (DMS) for directional radiation applications is designed using a dual-mode simple feeding mechanism. A short-circuited strip linked between the impedance transformation feed and the radiating patch activates the induced coupling modes, which are capacitive (C-mode) and inductive (L-mode), respectively. The C-mode antenna operates at 2.39–2.53 GHz, whereas the L-mode antenna operates at 2.88–4.49 GHz. It comprises a DMS positioned at 0.22

λ

_∘ from the antenna with 0.016

λ

_∘ separation and a 4 × 4 array of checkerboard type hole-injected tiny unit cells on each metasurface. A rectangular cavity-backed slot was employed as the ground plane to emulsify the reflected energy waves from the DMS, in order to start the coupling process with the boresight radiation, resulting in high gain and suppressed backward radiations. The gain in C-mode was 6.74 dBi, and the gain in L-mode was 7.7 dBi. For validation, a miniaturized metasurface antenna with the overall size of 0.32

λ

_∘ × 0.32

λ

_∘ × 0.22

λ

_∘ (where

λ

_∘ is the free-space wavelength at 2.45 GHz) was fabricated and measured. The measured outcomes highlight its potential for 4G/5G wireless applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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13 pages, 4560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Flexible and Low-Cost UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Blood Bag Traceability

by Mohamed El Khamlichi, Alejandro Alvarez-Melcon, Otman El Mrabet, Mohammed Ali Ennasar and Juan Hinojosa

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030439 - 1 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3035

Abstract

A new low-profile flexible RFID tag antenna operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) European band (865 MHz–868 MHz) is proposed for blood bag traceability. Its structure combines inductive and capacitive parts with nested slots allowing for the achieving of conjugate impedance matching with the IC-chip. The whole electrical parameters of the environment (substrate, bag, and blood) were considered for the design of the tag antenna. A good agreement was obtained between the measurements and electromagnetic simulations for the input impedance of the tag antenna in the UHF band. A reading range close to 2.5 m was experimentally obtained. Therefore, this tag antenna could be effective and useful in future RFID systems for blood bag monitoring, thus improving patient safety in healthcare infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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Review

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31 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives

by Keerthy Gopalakrishnan, Aakriti Adhikari, Namratha Pallipamu, Mansunderbir Singh, Tasin Nusrat, Sunil Gaddam, Poulami Samaddar, Anjali Rajagopal, Akhila Sai Sree Cherukuri, Anmol Yadav, Shreya Sai Manga, Devanshi N. Damani, Suganti Shivaram, Shuvashis Dey, Sayan Roy, Dipankar Mitra and Shivaram P. Arunachalam

Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051101 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8105

Abstract

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. An overview of recent developments in several areas of microwave applications in medicine, namely microwave imaging, dielectric spectroscopy for tissue classification, molecular diagnostics, telemetry, biohazard waste management, diagnostic pathology, biomedical sensor design, drug delivery, ablation treatment, and radiometry, are summarized. In this contribution, we outline the current literature regarding microwave applications and trends across the medical industry and how it sets a platform for creating AI-based microwave solutions for future advancements from both clinical and technical aspects to enhance patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antennas, RFID and Metamaterials for 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) Application Areas)

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