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Open AccessEditorial Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation

by Enrico Andreoli

C 2017, 3(2), 16; doi:10.3390/c3020016

Received: 3 May 2017 / Revised: 15 May 2017 / Accepted: 15 May 2017 / Published: 19 May 2017

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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

Research

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Open AccessArticle More Energy-Efficient CO₂ Capture from IGCC GE Flue Gases

by Rakpong Peampermpool, Chii Jyh Teh, Moses Tade, Abdul Qader and Ahmed Barifcani

C 2017, 3(1), 7; doi:10.3390/c3010007

Received: 31 October 2016 / Revised: 24 February 2017 / Accepted: 24 February 2017 / Published: 13 March 2017

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Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are one of the main reasons for the increase in greenhouse gasses in the earth’s atmosphere and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is known as an effective method to reduce CO₂ emissions on a larger scale,

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Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are one of the main reasons for the increase in greenhouse gasses in the earth’s atmosphere and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is known as an effective method to reduce CO₂ emissions on a larger scale, such as for fossil energy utilization systems. In this paper, the feasibility of capturing CO₂ using cryogenic liquefaction and improving the capture rate by expansion will be discussed. The main aim was to design an energy-saving scheme for an IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) power plant with CO₂ cryogenic liquefaction capture. The experimental results provided by the authors, using the feed gas specification of a 740 MW IGCC General Electric (GE) combustion power plant, demonstrated that using an orifice for further expanding the vent gas after cryogenic capture from 57 bar to 24 bar gave an experimentally observed capture rate up to 65%. The energy-saving scheme can improve the overall CO₂ capture rate, and hence save energy. The capture process has also been simulated using Aspen HYSYS simulation software to evaluate its energy penalty. The results show that a 92% overall capture rate can be achieved by using an orifice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessCommunication CO₂ Adsorption by para-Nitroaniline Sulfuric Acid-Derived Porous Carbon Foam

by Enrico Andreoli and Andrew R. Barron

C 2016, 2(4), 25; doi:10.3390/c2040025

Received: 25 November 2016 / Revised: 14 December 2016 / Accepted: 16 December 2016 / Published: 21 December 2016

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Abstract

The expansion product from the sulfuric acid dehydration of para-nitroaniline has been characterized and studied for CO₂ adsorption. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of the foam indicates that both N and S contents (15 and 9 wt%, respectively) are comparable

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The expansion product from the sulfuric acid dehydration of para-nitroaniline has been characterized and studied for CO₂ adsorption. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of the foam indicates that both N and S contents (15 and 9 wt%, respectively) are comparable to those separately reported for nitrogen- or sulfur-containing porous carbon materials. The analysis of the XPS signals of C1s, O1s, N1s, and S2p reveals the presence of a large number of functional groups and chemical species. The CO₂ adsorption capacity of the foam is 7.9 wt% (1.79 mmol/g) at 24.5 °C and 1 atm in 30 min, while the integral molar heat of adsorption is 113.6 kJ/mol, indicative of the fact that chemical reactions characteristic of amine sorbents are observed for this type of carbon foam. The kinetics of adsorption is of pseudo-first-order with an extrapolated activation energy of 18.3 kJ/mol comparable to that of amine-modified nanocarbons. The richness in functionalities of H₂SO₄-expanded foams represents a valuable and further pursuable approach to porous carbons alternative to KOH-derived activated carbons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle Thermochemistry of a Biomimetic and Rubisco-Inspired CO₂ Capture System from Air

by Andrew Muelleman, Joseph Schell, Spencer Glazer and Rainer Glaser

C 2016, 2(3), 18; doi:10.3390/c2030018

Received: 1 May 2016 / Revised: 28 May 2016 / Accepted: 21 June 2016 / Published: 1 July 2016

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Abstract

In theoretical studies of chemical reactions the reaction thermochemistry is usually reported for the stoichiometric reaction at standard conditions (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°). We describe the computation of the equilibrium concentrations of the CO₂-adducts for the

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In theoretical studies of chemical reactions the reaction thermochemistry is usually reported for the stoichiometric reaction at standard conditions (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°). We describe the computation of the equilibrium concentrations of the CO₂-adducts for the general capture reaction CO₂ + Capture System ⇆ CO₂-adduct (GCR) and the rubisco-type capture reaction CO₂ + Capture System ⇆ CO₂-adduct + H₂O (RCR) with consideration of the reaction CO₂(g) ⇆ CO₂(aq) via Henry’s law. The resulting equations are evaluated and graphically illustrated as a function of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and as a function of temperature. The equations were applied to the thermochemistry of small molecule rubisco-model reactions and series of additional model reactions to illustrate the range of the Gibbs free enthalpy for the effective reversible capture and of the reaction entropy for economic CO₂ release at elevated temperature. A favorable capture of free enthalpy is of course a design necessity, but not all exergonic reactions are suitable CO₂ capture systems. Successful CO₂ capture systems must allow for effective release as well, and this feature is controlled by the reaction entropy. The principle of using a two-pronged capture system to ensure a large negative capture entropy is explained and highlighted in the graphical abstract. It is hoped that the presentation of the numerical examples provides useful guidelines for the design of more efficient capture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessCommunication Two Blind Mice: It Is Time for Greater Collaboration between Engineers and Social Scientists around the RDD & D of Industrial Technologies

by Christopher R. Jones and Allan R. Jones

C 2016, 2(2), 16; doi:10.3390/c2020016

Received: 26 April 2016 / Revised: 27 May 2016 / Accepted: 15 June 2016 / Published: 21 June 2016

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Abstract

Within this short communication article, we consider the value that closer and earlier collaboration between engineers and social scientists could offer the research, development, demonstration and deployment (RDD & D) of industrial technologies. We consider perspectives taken from both the social sciences and

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Within this short communication article, we consider the value that closer and earlier collaboration between engineers and social scientists could offer the research, development, demonstration and deployment (RDD & D) of industrial technologies. We consider perspectives taken from both the social sciences and engineering in order to highlight the prejudices and misunderstandings that currently limit the extent and quality of such collaboration. It is reasoned that the complex engineering challenges of the future demand a move towards greater interdisciplinarity. Current successful approaches towards fostering interdisciplinarity within the Carbon Dioxide Utilisation (CDU) research community are then used to illustrate the benefits of employing a more holistic approach to the design and introduction of new industrial technologies. It is our hope that this article will catalyse similar collaborative research efforts within other sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle Calculating the Emissions Impacts of Waste Electronics Recycling in Ontario, Canada

by Calvin Lakhan

C 2016, 2(2), 11; doi:10.3390/c2020011

Received: 3 February 2016 / Revised: 1 April 2016 / Accepted: 5 April 2016 / Published: 11 April 2016

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Abstract

This study highlights the economic and environmental challenges of recycling in Ontario, specifically examining the effect of attempting to increase the emissions target for the province’s Waste Electronics (WEEE) program. The findings from the cost model analysis found that Ontario’s Electronic Stewardship program

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This study highlights the economic and environmental challenges of recycling in Ontario, specifically examining the effect of attempting to increase the emissions target for the province’s Waste Electronics (WEEE) program. The findings from the cost model analysis found that Ontario’s Electronic Stewardship program reduces overall carbon emissions by approximately 205 thousand tonnes every year. This study also found that targeting specific materials for recovery could result in a scenario where the province could improve emissions offsets while reducing material management costs. Under our modeled scenario, as the tonnes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) avoided increases, the system cost per tonne of GHG avoided initially declines. However, after avoiding 215 thousand tonnes of GHGs (the optimal point), the system cost/tonne GHG avoided increases. To achieve an emissions target in excess of 215 thousand tonnes, the province will have to have to start recycling higher cost difficult to recycle materials (display monitors, computer peripherals, etc.). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessCommunication Is the Formation of Poly-CO₂ Stabilized by Lewis Base Moieties in N- and S-Doped Porous Carbon?

by Saunab Ghosh and Andrew R. Barron

C 2016, 2(1), 5; doi:10.3390/c2010005

Received: 8 January 2016 / Revised: 19 January 2016 / Accepted: 5 February 2016 / Published: 15 February 2016

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Abstract

The polymerization of CO₂ by Lewis basic moieties has been recently proposed to account for the high adsorption ability of N and S-doped porous carbon materials formed from the pyrolysis of sulfur or nitrogen containing polymers in the presence of KOH. Ab

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The polymerization of CO₂ by Lewis basic moieties has been recently proposed to account for the high adsorption ability of N and S-doped porous carbon materials formed from the pyrolysis of sulfur or nitrogen containing polymers in the presence of KOH. Ab initio calculations performed on the ideal CO₂ tetramer complex LB-(CO₂)₄ (LB = NH₃, H₂O, H₂S) showed no propensity for stabilization. A weak association is observed using Lewis acid species bound to oxygen (LA = H⁺, AlF₃, AlH₃, B₄O₆); however, the combination of a Lewis acid and base does allow for the formation of polymerized CO₂ (i.e., LB-C(O)O-[C(O)O]_n-C(O)O-LA). While the presence of acid moieties in porous carbon is well known, and borate species are experimentally observed in KOH activated porous carbon materials, the low stability of the oligomers calculated herein, is insufficient to explain the reported poly-CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessArticle Using Vegetation near CO₂ Mediated Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO₂-EOR) Activities for Monitoring Potential Emissions and Ecological Effects

by Xiongwen Chen and Kathleen A. Roberts

C 2015, 1(1), 95-111; doi:10.3390/c1010095

Received: 30 October 2015 / Revised: 8 December 2015 / Accepted: 14 December 2015 / Published: 19 December 2015

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Abstract

CO₂ mediated enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR) may lead to methods of CO₂ reduction in the atmosphere through carbon capture and storage (CCS); therefore, monitoring and verification methods are needed to ensure that CO₂-EOR and CCS activities are

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CO₂ mediated enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR) may lead to methods of CO₂ reduction in the atmosphere through carbon capture and storage (CCS); therefore, monitoring and verification methods are needed to ensure that CO₂-EOR and CCS activities are environmentally safe and effective. This study explored vegetation growth rate to determine potential ecological effects of emissions from CO₂-EOR activities. Plant relative growth rates (RGR) from plots within an oilfield and reference areas, before and after CO₂ breakthrough were used to assess CO₂-EOR activities impact surrounding vegetation. The trend for both areas was the decrease in RGR ratio during the study time; however, the decrease in RGR ratio was significantly less in the oilfield area compared to the reference area overall and by subcategories of pine, tree and shrub. Based on data from plant plots, RGR decreased in the reference and oilfield areas except one plot, which increased in RGR. Within the oilfield and reference areas, several species decreased significantly in RGR, but American olive increased in RGR. Vegetation monitoring could provide parameters related to the modeling potential effects of emissions on local ecosystems (species, groups and community) and serve as a necessary component to the monitoring and verification of CO₂-EOR and CCS projects. The challenge and limitations of vegetation monitoring were also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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Open AccessEssay The Role of Synthetic Fuels for a Carbon Neutral Economy

by Rui Namorado Rosa

C 2017, 3(2), 11; doi:10.3390/c3020011

Received: 8 December 2016 / Revised: 13 April 2017 / Accepted: 13 April 2017 / Published: 20 April 2017

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Abstract

Fossil fuels depletion and increasing environmental impacts arising from their use call for seeking growing supplies from renewable and nuclear primary energy sources. However, it is necessary to simultaneously attend to both the electrical power needs and the specificities of the transport and

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Fossil fuels depletion and increasing environmental impacts arising from their use call for seeking growing supplies from renewable and nuclear primary energy sources. However, it is necessary to simultaneously attend to both the electrical power needs and the specificities of the transport and industrial sector requirements. A major question posed by the shift away from traditional fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources lies in matching the power demand with the daily and seasonal oscillation and the intermittency of these natural energy fluxes. Huge energy storage requirements become necessary or otherwise the decline of the power factor of both the renewable and conventional generation would mean loss of resources. On the other hand, liquid and gaseous fuels, for which there is vast storage and distribution capacity available, appear essential to supply the transport sector for a very long time ahead, besides their domestic and industrial roles. Within this context, the present assessment suggests that proven technologies and sound tested principles are available to develop an integrated energy system, relying on synthetic fuels. These would incorporate carbon capture and utilization in a closed carbon cycle, progressively relying mostly on solar and/or nuclear primary sources, providing both electric power and gaseous/liquid hydrocarbon fuels, having ample storage capacity, and able to timely satisfy all forms of energy demand. The principles and means are already available to develop a carbon-neutral synthetic fuel economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation)

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