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Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions
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Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 33719

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jerker Jarsjö

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Guest Editor
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: hydrology; water resources; substance transport; land use change; climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sergey Chalov

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Geography, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Interests: hydrology; sediment transport and sediment quality; contaminants fluxes; ecohydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Josefin Thorslund Eriksson

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Guest Editor
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: water scarcity; water quality; freshwater salinisation; irrigation; water use; salinity; conjunctive use
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zorigto Namsaraev

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Guest Editor
Department of Biotechnology and Bioenergy, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
Interests: microbial ecology; photosynthetic microorganisms; algae; eutrophication

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The water-borne transport and ultimate fate of pollutants and nutrients that are released over various spatial scales (from point sources to diffuse sources) and temporal scales (from pulse inputs to cumulative inputs), can be altered to different degrees depending on the local to regional manifestations of global hydro-climatic change. Such manifestations include changes in average runoff and its spatio-temporal variability (e.g., magnitude and timing of hydrological events and seasonality), as well as changes in (ground)water levels, flow paths and suface water/groundwater interactions. The climate sensitivity of substances may additionally depend on substance-specific intrinsic properties (physical and geochemical) and ambient conditions along the transport pathways. This Special Issue welomes contributions on key challenges in a wide spectrum of complex problems related pollutant/nutrient transport under hydroclimatic change at different scales. Important aspects include, but are not limited to (changes in):

  • Water and/or sediment discharge patterns, impacting e.g., mobilization, concentration, and mass flows (suspended, dissolved and total) of pollutants and nutrients.
  • Soil moisture, infiltration rates, and leaching conditions, impacting pollutant/nutrient transport through, and retention in, the unsaturated zone.
  • Groundwater levels, impacting processes in riparian zones, as well as groundwater occurrence, transport pathways, and geochemical conditions (pH, oxygen level) in the upper soil layers, which are commonly more permeable and pollutant/nutrient-loaded.
  • Permafrost extent (thaw), ground frost, and snow accumulation/melt patterns, impacting (sub)surface flowpaths.
  • Dissolved and total organic carbon (DOC/TOC) levels, impacting e.g., the transport of metals in dissolved (bioavailable) form.
  • Hydrological and biogeochemical conditions in recipient lakes, wetlands, and river deltas, impacting pollutant/nutrient storage and degradation.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jerker Jarsjö
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sergey Chalov
Dr. Josefin Thorslund
Dr. Zorigto Namsaraev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hydroclimatic change
  • Pollutant and nutrient transport
  • Sediment transport
  • Surface water
  • Groundwater
  • Wetlands
  • River deltas
  • Permafrost thaw
  • Extreme events
  • Water quality change

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3970 KiB  
Article
River Water Quality of the Selenga-Baikal Basin: Part II—Metal Partitioning under Different Hydroclimatic Conditions
by Nikolay Kasimov, Galina Shinkareva, Mikhail Lychagin, Sergey Chalov, Margarita Pashkina, Josefin Thorslund and Jerker Jarsjö
Water 2020, 12(9), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092392 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3440
Abstract
The partitioning of metals and metalloids between their dissolved and suspended forms in river systems largely governs their mobility and bioavailability. However, most of the existing knowledge about catchment-scale metal partitioning in river systems is based on a limited number of observation points, [...] Read more.
The partitioning of metals and metalloids between their dissolved and suspended forms in river systems largely governs their mobility and bioavailability. However, most of the existing knowledge about catchment-scale metal partitioning in river systems is based on a limited number of observation points, which is not sufficient to characterize the complexity of large river systems. Here we present an extensive field-based dataset, composed of multi-year data from over 100 monitoring locations distributed over the large, transboundary Selenga River basin (of Russia and Mongolia), sampled during different hydrological seasons. The aim is to investigate on the basin scale, the influence of different hydroclimatic conditions on metal partitioning and transport. Our results showed that the investigated metals exhibited a wide range of different behaviors. Some metals were mostly found in the dissolved form (84–96% of Mo, U, B, and Sb on an average), whereas many others predominantly existed in suspension (66–87% of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Co, and Bi). Nevertheless, our results also showed a consistently increasing share of metals in dissolved form as the metals were transported to the downstream parts of the basin, closer to the Lake Baikal. Under high discharge conditions (including floods), metal transport by suspended particulate matter was significantly greater (about 2–6 times). However, since high and low water conditions could prevail simultaneously at a given point of time within the large river basin, e.g., as a result of on-going flood propagation, snap-shot observations of metal partitioning demonstrated contrasting patterns with domination of both particulate and dissolved phases in different parts of the basin. Such heterogeneity of metal partitioning is likely to be found in many large river systems. These results point out the importance of looking into different hydroclimatic conditions across space and time, both for management purposes and contaminant modeling efforts at the basin scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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25 pages, 4896 KiB  
Article
River Water Quality of the Selenga-Baikal Basin: Part I—Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Dissolved and Suspended Metals
by Nikolay Kasimov, Galina Shinkareva, Mikhail Lychagin, Natalia Kosheleva, Sergey Chalov, Margarita Pashkina, Josefin Thorslund and Jerker Jarsjö
Water 2020, 12(8), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082137 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4426
Abstract
Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body on Earth, once famous for its pristine conditions. However, the lake and its drainage basin with their unique ecosystems have in recent decades been subject to both climate warming above the world average and severe anthropogenic [...] Read more.
Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body on Earth, once famous for its pristine conditions. However, the lake and its drainage basin with their unique ecosystems have in recent decades been subject to both climate warming above the world average and severe anthropogenic pressures from mining and agriculture. Although previous studies have targeted various hydroclimatic, geochemical, and biological conditions of the Lake Baikal basin, the heterogeneous nature and large size of the basin leave considerable knowledge gaps regarding ongoing metal contamination of the basin’s suspended sediments and waters. To address these knowledge gaps, the main objectives of this study are to (i) determine regional background values for water and suspended sediment quality with respect to multiple metals (representing undisturbed conditions) and (ii) further evaluate spatio-temporal concentration patterns of these metals, including regions with heavy anthropogenic impacts. We synthesize data from extensive field measurements within the Selenga River basin performed between 2011 and 2016, covering over 100 sampling locations. Results show that although the background metal concentrations (of both dissolved and suspended metal forms) in the alkaline Selenga River waters were close to the world averages, metal concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude above the background values were seen for Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Mo, and Pb in regions subject to anthropogenic impacts (cities and the mining industry). Specifically, dissolved As levels within the Selenga River basin were 2–5 times higher than the world average and well above the global guideline value in several regions. Notable hotspots for anthropogenic impacts of Cd were particularly found in Zakamensk and Ulaanbaatar. Our results highlight clear anthropogenic impacts and large-scale spreading of several pollutants of concern, with risks even to downstream parts including the Selenga delta and Lake Baikal. We expect that these results will aid in increasing the understanding of large-scale metal transport processes, as well as for designing relevant measures to mitigate further spreading of metals to Lake Baikal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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15 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Does Salinity Affect the Distribution of the Artificial Radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in Water of the Saline Lakes? A Case of the Crimean Peninsula
by Natalia Mirzoeva, Nickolai Shadrin, Svetlana Arkhipova, Oksana Miroshnichenko, Natalia Kravchenko and Elena Anufriieva
Water 2020, 12(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020349 - 26 Jan 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4355
Abstract
In the framework of radioecological monitoring, the features of the distribution of the post-Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident artificial radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Crimean saline lakes were studied. Samples were collected from 12 Crimean lakes with a [...] Read more.
In the framework of radioecological monitoring, the features of the distribution of the post-Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident artificial radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Crimean saline lakes were studied. Samples were collected from 12 Crimean lakes with a salinity range from 2 to 400 g/L in 2014–2017. Concentration of 90Sr varied from 5.9 to 313.6 Bq/m3, and 137Cs from 0.8 to 106.7 Bq/m3. Closing of the North Crimean Canal resulted in a decrease in radionuclide concentration in the lakes. About 61% of the total variability of 90Sr and 33% of 137Cs in lake water can be explained by salinity changes. The salinity affects the behavior of radionuclides in water, mainly influencing their solubility, on isotope exchange between the solution and bottom sediments, and also, probably, through its influence on accumulation of isotopes by aquatic organisms. Salinity is not the alone factor determining the behavior of radionuclides in the lakes, it only acts by interacting with other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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14 pages, 1012 KiB  
Communication
Algal Bloom Occurrence and Effects in Russia
by Zorigto Namsaraev, Anna Melnikova, Anastasia Komova, Vasily Ivanov, Anastasia Rudenko and Evgenii Ivanov
Water 2020, 12(1), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010285 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7156
Abstract
Eutrophication caused by the entry of nutrients into a water body may lead to algal bloom. Russia possesses the world’s second highest supply of renewable freshwater resources and has faced the problem of eutrophication for many years. Nevertheless, as far as we know, [...] Read more.
Eutrophication caused by the entry of nutrients into a water body may lead to algal bloom. Russia possesses the world’s second highest supply of renewable freshwater resources and has faced the problem of eutrophication for many years. Nevertheless, as far as we know, no general analysis of Russia’s algal bloom situation has been before carried out. We have analyzed mass media and scientific reports about algal outbreaks from 2016 to 2018, which allowed us to determine the geographical distribution of algal blooms in Russia, as well as the major effects of eutrophication. As a result, we showed that algal blooms happened in all major climate zones and all federal districts. Cyanobacteria are the most frequently reported photosynthetic organisms comprising algal blooms in freshwater reservoirs located in the continental part of Russia and in the Baltic Sea. Dinoflagellate dominated blooms are more characteristic for the coastal parts of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The largest number of reports comes from the south of the European part of Russia. However, we did not find significant correlations between state statistics data on factors possibly affecting eutrophication (e.g., population, arable land area, fertilizers, livestock, air temperature, etc.) and the number of algal outbreaks in the regions. Mass media analysis showed that algal blooms attract considerable public attention in Russia, which requires the scientific community to actively participate in solving the problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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17 pages, 2982 KiB  
Article
Changes in Nutrient Concentrations of Two Streams in Western Lithuania with Focus on Shrinkage of Agriculture and Effect of Climate, Drainage Runoff and Soil Factors
by Angelija Bučienė, Arvydas Povilaitis, Valdas Langas, Martynas Bučas, Jolita Petkuvienė, Diana Vaičiūtė and Saulius Gužys
Water 2019, 11(8), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081590 - 31 Jul 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2941
Abstract
The causal relationship of changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the Akmena-Danė River and its largest tributary, the Eketė River, was analysed for the period 1999–2014. Results showed that the annual concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P significantly decreased [...] Read more.
The causal relationship of changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the Akmena-Danė River and its largest tributary, the Eketė River, was analysed for the period 1999–2014. Results showed that the annual concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P significantly decreased in the Eketė River over the research period. NH4-N also significantly decreased in the Akmena-Danė River. This was mostly due to the shrinkage of agriculture, i.e., the reduction in agricultural land area, total farm and animal numbers and other agricultural activities. The effect of other factors such as air temperature, precipitation rate, shift of precipitation maximum from warm to cold season, drainage runoff from the large tile-drained areas, soil types and the slight increase in forested land was also examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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18 pages, 983 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Self-Purification Capacity of Surface Waters in Lake Baikal Watershed
by Mikhail Yu. Semenov, Yuri M. Semenov, Anton V. Silaev and Larisa A. Begunova
Water 2019, 11(7), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071505 - 20 Jul 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7304
Abstract
The removal of trace metals (TM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mineral nitrogen (Nmin.), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the water of Lake Baikal and its tributaries was evaluated. The contaminant removal rate (CRR) and the contaminant removal capacity (CRC) were [...] Read more.
The removal of trace metals (TM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mineral nitrogen (Nmin.), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the water of Lake Baikal and its tributaries was evaluated. The contaminant removal rate (CRR) and the contaminant removal capacity (CRC) were used as water self-purification parameters. The CRR was calculated as the difference between contaminant mass flow rates at downstream and upstream gauging stations. The CRC was calculated as the quotient of the CRR and the change in water discharge between downstream and upstream gauging stations. Whether the CRR and CRC have positive or negative values depends on whether contaminant release or removal occurs in the water body. The CRR depends on the size of the water body. The lowest and the highest CRRs observed for Baikal were equal to −15 mg/s (PAHs) to −7327 g/s (DOC), whereas the highest PAH and DOC removal rates observed for Selenga River (the major Baikal tributary) in summer were equal to −9 mg/s and −3190 g/s correspondingly. The highest PAH and DOC removal rates observed for small tributaries were equal to 0.0004 mg/s and −0.7 g/s respectively. The amplitude of annual CRR oscillations depends on contaminant abundance. The highest amplitude was typical for most abundant contaminants such as Nmin. and DOC. In unpolluted sections of the Selenga River the highest rates of N and C removal (−85 g/s and −3190 g/s, respectively) were observed in summer and the lowest rates (4 g/s and 3869 g/s, respectively) were observed in the spring. The lowest amplitude was typical for PAHs and some low-abundance TM such as V and Ni. The highest summer rates of V and Ni removal were equal to −378 mg/s and −155 mg/s respectively, whereas lowest spring rates are equal to 296 mg/s and 220 mg/s. The intermediate CRR amplitudes were typical for most abundant TM such as Sr, Al, and Fe. The spatial CRR variability depends on water chemistry and the presence of pollution sources. The lowest (up to 38 g/s) rates of Nmin. removal was observed for polluted lower Selenga sections characterized by low water mineralization and high DOC concentrations. The highest rates (−85 g/s) were observed for unpolluted upper sections. Seepage loss from the river to groundwater was also recognized as an important means of contaminant removal. The CRC values depend mostly on water residence time. The DOC removing capacity value of Baikal (−26 g/m3) were lower than those of Selenga in summer (−35 g/m3) but higher than the CRCs of all tributaries during the other seasons (from 30 mg/m3 to −10 g/m3). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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14 pages, 4659 KiB  
Article
Scenarios of Nutrient-Related Solute Loading and Transport Fate from Different Land Catchments and Coasts into the Baltic Sea
by Yuanying Chen, Vladimir Cvetkovic and Georgia Destouni
Water 2019, 11(7), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071407 - 09 Jul 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3150
Abstract
This study uses controlled numerical experimentation to comparatively simulate and investigate solute transport and concentration responses and patterns in the Baltic Sea for various solute releases from the land through two different coastal cases. These cases are the Swedish Kalmar County coast and [...] Read more.
This study uses controlled numerical experimentation to comparatively simulate and investigate solute transport and concentration responses and patterns in the Baltic Sea for various solute releases from the land through two different coastal cases. These cases are the Swedish Kalmar County coast and the Polish coast of the Vistula River outlet. For equivalent solute releases, the coastal flow conditions and their interactions with main marine currents determine the local coastal solute spreading, while the overall spreading over the Baltic Sea is similar for the two coastal cases, despite their large local differences. For nutrient-proportional solute release scenarios, the highly-populated Vistula catchment yields much greater total, but smaller per-capita nutrient impacts, in the Baltic Sea than the Kalmar County catchment. To be as low as from the Vistula catchment, the per-capita nutrient contribution from Kalmar County would have to be reduced much more than required on average per Swedish inhabitant by the Baltic Sea Action Plan. This highlights an unfairness issue in the per-capita distribution of nutrient load allowance among the Baltic countries, which needs to be considered and handled in further research and international efforts aimed to combat the Baltic Sea eutrophication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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