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3 pages, 161 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics

by Vlassios Hrissanthou

Water 2022, 14(19), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193018 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

River engineering is one of the most important subjects in hydraulic engineering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

Research

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15 pages, 9915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Turbulent Flow Structures in Developing and Fully-Developed Flows under the Impact of Downward Seepage

by Anurag Sharma, Bimlesh Kumar and Giuseppe Oliveto

Water 2022, 14(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030500 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

This work experimentally investigates the turbulent flow characteristics of developing and fully-developed flows over a rough bed channel that is subjected to downward seepage. Instantaneous 3D velocities were collected using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the developing and fully-developed flow regions, along [...] Read more.

This work experimentally investigates the turbulent flow characteristics of developing and fully-developed flows over a rough bed channel that is subjected to downward seepage. Instantaneous 3D velocities were collected using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the developing and fully-developed flow regions, along the channel centerline, to analyze different turbulent statistics. Observations revealed that the streamwise and vertical velocities were higher in developing flows, whereas the Reynolds shear stresses, and turbulence intensities, were smaller. The downward seepage would affect the velocity distributions and flow depth in both the developing and fully-developed regions. Therefore, new equations to represent the distribution of the turbulence intensities were proposed, and a comparison with the current literature is provided. The investigation of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensors concludes that the degree of anisotropy in fully-developed flows is lower than for developing flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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21 pages, 32853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Bed Configurations in Mixed Bedrock-Alluvial in Uniformly Curved Channels

by Mamy Rija Andriamboavonjy, Tomoya Terakado and Norihiro Izumi

Water 2022, 14(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030397 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1802

Abstract

River courses are rarely straight. Rather, they tend to be meandering. Incision meandering is one of the most common types of meandering discussed in river engineering. The availability of abrasive tools, coverage thickness, appropriate flow velocity, channel geometry, and flow level play a [...] Read more.

River courses are rarely straight. Rather, they tend to be meandering. Incision meandering is one of the most common types of meandering discussed in river engineering. The availability of abrasive tools, coverage thickness, appropriate flow velocity, channel geometry, and flow level play a role in the natural phenomenon of bedrock incisions. Any minor change in those parameters, whether internal or external, can significantly impact the bedrock incision. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the bedrock incision under sediment bedload transport along curved channels by varying flow speed with the other parameters kept constant. In this study, a bedrock incision was simulated in an annular flume. Two cases were considered, each with different rotation speeds of the cover lid, using plaster as the bedrock and sediment incision tools. In both cases, sediment motion was the bedload transport. It was found that the sediment deposited along the inner wall differed according to the rotation speed. A uniform transverse slope was found for a rotation speed of 48 RPM and moving bedforms were found for a rotation speed of 40 RPM. The bedrock incision resulted in the formation of the inner channel along the centerline of the flume, which grew more quickly toward the inner wall under the bedforms than under the uniform transverse slope. These findings suggest that the type of bedform has a more significant impact on bedrock incisions than rotation speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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18 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Extending the Applicability of the Meyer–Peter and Müller Bed Load Transport Formula

by Epaminondas Sidiropoulos, Konstantinos Vantas, Vlassios Hrissanthou and Thomas Papalaskaris

Water 2021, 13(20), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202817 - 11 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

The present paper deals with the applicability of the Meyer–Peter and Müller (MPM) bed load transport formula. The performance of the formula is examined on data collected in a particular location of Nestos River in Thrace, Greece, in comparison to a proposed Εnhanced [...] Read more.

The present paper deals with the applicability of the Meyer–Peter and Müller (MPM) bed load transport formula. The performance of the formula is examined on data collected in a particular location of Nestos River in Thrace, Greece, in comparison to a proposed Εnhanced MPM (EMPM) formula and to two typical machine learning methods, namely Random Forests (RF) and Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR). The EMPM contains new adjustment parameters allowing calibration. The EMPM clearly outperforms MPM and, also, it turns out to be quite competitive in comparison to the machine learning schemes. Calibrations are repeated with suitably smoothed measurement data and, in this case, EMPM outperforms MPM, RF and GPR. Data smoothing for the present problem is discussed in view of a special nearest neighbor smoothing process, which is introduced in combination with nonlinear regression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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19 pages, 6698 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Investigation of Local Scouring around Hydrodynamic and Circular Pile Groups under the Influence of River Material Harvesting Pits

by Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Maryam Sattariyan, Babak Alinejad, Mahdi Majedi Asl and Silvia Di Francesco

Water 2021, 13(16), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162192 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3185

Abstract

Mining activities can endanger the stability of hydraulic structures. Numerical modeling of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular bridge pile groups, due to the action of clear water conditions via non-cohesive sediment, was performed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, a large [...] Read more.

Mining activities can endanger the stability of hydraulic structures. Numerical modeling of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular bridge pile groups, due to the action of clear water conditions via non-cohesive sediment, was performed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, a large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model, and a van Rijn sedimentary model with FLOW-3D software. The pile groups were positioned upstream and downstream of a sand mining pit. The results showed that the scour depth around the downstream pile group was greater than that of the upstream one. Using hydrodynamic piers reduced the scour depth upstream of all piers and the material harvesting pit. The maximum reduction in scour depth was observed in front of the fifth pier, with a 29% reduction in scour depth. Additionally, for all models, as the material harvesting pit was moved downstream, the downstream turbulence was enhanced and stronger flow reversal and horseshoe vortices were detected in from of the downstream pile group. The flow patterns around the pile group showed that the presence of hydrodynamic piers in the upstream pile group leads to a decrease in the maximum flow velocity, whereas, when such piers were positioned in the downstream pile group, the velocity increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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17 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sediment Transport and Water Flow Resistance in Alluvial River Channels: Modified Model of Transport of Non-Uniform Grain-Size Sediments

by Gennady Gladkov, Michał Habel, Zygmunt Babiński and Pakhom Belyakov

Water 2021, 13(15), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152038 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

The paper presents recommendations for using the results obtained in sediment transport simulation and modeling of channel deformations in rivers. This work relates to the issues of empirical modeling of the water flow characteristics in natural riverbeds with a movable bottom (alluvial channels) [...] Read more.

The paper presents recommendations for using the results obtained in sediment transport simulation and modeling of channel deformations in rivers. This work relates to the issues of empirical modeling of the water flow characteristics in natural riverbeds with a movable bottom (alluvial channels) which are extremely complex. The study shows that in the simulation of sediment transport and calculation of channel deformations in the rivers, it is expedient to use the calculation dependences of Chézy’s coefficient for assessing the roughness of the bottom sediment mixture, or the dependences of the form based on the field investigation data. Three models are most commonly used and based on the original formulas of Meyer-Peter and Müller (1948), Einstein (1950) and van Rijn (1984). This work deals with assessing the hydraulic resistance of the channel and improving the river sediment transport model in a simulation of riverbed transformation on the basis of previous research to verify it based on 296 field measurements on the Central-East European lowland rivers. The performed test calculations show that the modified van Rijn formula gives the best results from all the considered variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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20 pages, 8035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the 2D Numerical Simulations on Local Scour Hole around Spur Dikes

by Chung-Ta Liao, Keh-Chia Yeh, Yin-Chi Lan, Ren-Kai Jhong and Yafei Jia

Water 2021, 13(11), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111462 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2401

Abstract

Local scour is a common threat to structures such as bridge piers, abutments, and dikes that are constructed on natural rivers. To reduce the risk of foundation failure, the understanding of local scour phenomenon around hydraulic structures is important. The well-predicted scour depth [...] Read more.

Local scour is a common threat to structures such as bridge piers, abutments, and dikes that are constructed on natural rivers. To reduce the risk of foundation failure, the understanding of local scour phenomenon around hydraulic structures is important. The well-predicted scour depth can be used as a reference for structural foundation design and river management. Numerical simulation is relatively efficient at studying these issues. Currently, two-dimensional (2D) mobile-bed models are widely used for river engineering. However, a common 2D model is inadequate for solving the three-dimensional (3D) flow field and local scour phenomenon because of the depth-averaged hypothesis. This causes the predicted scour depth to often be underestimated. In this study, a repose angle formula and bed geometry adjustment mechanism are integrated into a 2D mobile-bed model to improve the numerical simulation of local scour holes around structures. Comparison of the calculated and measured bed variation data reveals that a numerical model involving the improvement technique can predict the geometry of a local scour hole around spur dikes with reasonable accuracy and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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25 pages, 9179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Influence of the Transition Section in the Middle of a Continuous Bend on the Correlation of Flow Movement in the Front and Back Bends

by Kanghe Zhang, Li Chen, Yuchen Li, Bowen Yu and Yule Wang

Water 2020, 12(11), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113213 - 17 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

There exists a correlation in the flow movement between the front and back bends of a continuous bend, and the change in the transition section configuration influences this correlation. In this paper, laboratory experiments were conducted to systematically measure the three-dimensional velocity in [...] Read more.

There exists a correlation in the flow movement between the front and back bends of a continuous bend, and the change in the transition section configuration influences this correlation. In this paper, laboratory experiments were conducted to systematically measure the three-dimensional velocity in a continuous bend with different width/depth ratios of the transition section. Based on this work, the flow movement characteristics of a continuous bend were analysed, including the circulation structure, circulation intensity and Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE). The flow movement correlation between the front and back bends of the continuous bend was also analysed. The influence of the width/depth ratio of the transition section on the correlation of the flow movement of the front and back bends and their relationship with discharge were explored. This research could help to elucidate the development and evolution laws of the continuous bend and provide theoretical support for flow movement, flood routing, sediment transport and riverbed evolution. It is found that in addition to the circulation structure and intensity, the TKE of the front and back bends of the continuous bend also shows a strong correlation. With increasing discharge, the correlation between the front and back bends increases, and the larger the discharge is, the greater the influence of the same amplitude of variation in the discharge on the correlation. At the same time, the larger the discharge is, the greater the influence of the same amplitude of variation in the width/depth ratio of the transition section on the correlation of the front and back bends. When the discharge is constant, the correlation between the front and back bends decreases with the decrease in the width/depth ratio of the transition section, and the smaller the width/depth ratio, the greater the influence of the same amplitude of variation in the width/depth ratio on the correlation. There is no linear relationship between the amplitudes of variation in both the discharge and width/depth ratio and the corresponding amplitude of variation in the correlation. With increasing discharge, the amplitude of variation in the correlation caused by the same amplitude of the variation in discharge slightly increases. However, there is an exponential relationship between the amplitude of variation in the width/depth ratio and the corresponding correlation. The influence of the width/depth ratio on the correlation is clearly greater than that of the discharge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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14 pages, 35723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Methods for Bed Shear Stress Estimation in Complex Flow Field of Bend

by Liyuan Zhang, Faxing Zhang, Ailing Cai, Zhaoming Song and Shilin Tong

Water 2020, 12(10), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102753 - 2 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Bed shear stress is closely related to sediment transport in rivers. Bed shear stress estimation is very difficult, especially for complex flow fields. In this study, complex flow field measurement experiments in a 60° bend with a groyne were performed. The feasibility and [...] Read more.

Bed shear stress is closely related to sediment transport in rivers. Bed shear stress estimation is very difficult, especially for complex flow fields. In this study, complex flow field measurement experiments in a 60° bend with a groyne were performed. The feasibility and reliability of bed shear stress estimations using the log-law method in a complex flow field were analyzed and compared with those associated with the Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), and TKE-w′ methods. The results show that the TKE, Reynolds, and log-law methods produced similar bed shear stress estimates, while the TKE-w′ method produced larger estimates than the other methods. The TKE-w′ method was found to be more suitable for bed shear stress estimation than the TKE method, but the value of its constant C₂ needed to be re-estimated. In a complex, strong, three-dimensional flow field, the height of the measurement point (relative or absolute) should be re-estimated when a single point measurement is used to estimate the bed shear stress. The results of this study provide guidance for experimental measurement of bed shear stress in a complex flow field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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15 pages, 5197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Strategy to Tackle a 2D Numerical Analysis of Non-Uniform Flow over Artificial Dune Regions: A Comparison with Bibliography Experimental Results

by Jungkyu Ahn, Jaelyong Lee and Sung Won Park

Water 2020, 12(9), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092331 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

Flow simulation over a dune requires the proper input of roughness coefficients. This study analyzed a numerical simulation of open-channel turbulent flow over two-dimensional fixed dunes to reveal the effect of roughness on the dune bottom, and to determine the optimized combination of [...] Read more.

Flow simulation over a dune requires the proper input of roughness coefficients. This study analyzed a numerical simulation of open-channel turbulent flow over two-dimensional fixed dunes to reveal the effect of roughness on the dune bottom, and to determine the optimized combination of the turbulence scheme and the roughness height formula. The most appropriate roughness values and turbulence models were applied using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models. Seven methods were chosen to estimate the bed roughness properties at the inlet boundary section. The results of all cases calculated with the OpenFOAM toolbox were compared with laboratory experimental data for model validation. The performances of all bed roughness variations were evaluated according to the stream-wise and depth-wise directions with nondimensional values. Consequently, it was revealed that the combination of bottom roughness length scale at the inlet boundary and the k-ω shear-stress transport (SST) model was the most suitable for the flow separation zone and turbulent properties near the channel bottom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics)

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