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Toxics
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Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II
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Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Pollution and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 8163

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Swapna Upadhyay

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IMM: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: acute and chronic lung disease (COPD); outdoor (particles and gaseous agents) and indoor (biomass smoke) air pollutants; occupational chemical exposure; e-cigarette exposure; AOP for respiratory disease: advanced in vitro lung mucosa model to human translational approaches
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The air we breathe has important consequences on our health and development. The respiratory system is a primary target of air pollution-mediated health effects. Ambient air pollution is an established cause of morbidity and mortality—like tobacco smoke. Even more than passive smoking, air pollution is not a lifestyle choice, but ubiquitous involuntary environmental exposure, which can affect the entire population, from womb to death. The enormous burden of disease due to air pollution is increasingly being considered by governments and institutions around the globe as a major public health concern. Respirable particulate matter (PM) has been regarded as a “criteria air pollutant”, along with carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, fine- and ultra-fine particulate matters, diesel/biodiesel particles, metal particles (lead, palladium, etc.), nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. Globally, >8 million premature deaths are related to outdoor and indoor air-pollution. Low- and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) bear the maximum brunt of air pollution-related adverse health effects. The source of air pollution in LMICs is two pronged—outdoor and indoor air pollution. Rapid urbanization and industrialization, on the one hand (urban), with a lack of clean energy sources, leading to the use of biomass fuel for cooking and heating purposes (rural), happens simultaneously. A substantial body of epidemiological evidence indicates the association of chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to ambient PM exposure. It is estimated that approximately 50% of COPD cases, the fourth leading cause of death globally, can be attributed to non-tobacco-related causes. It is plausible that the mechanism of air pollution-related COPD may be different from tobacco-smoke-mediated COPD. Thus, environmental and occupational causes COPD warrant more attention. Although several works of epidemiological evidence showing the association between exposure to air pollutants and various respiratory impairments do exist. However, details of the molecular mechanism leading to the onset of chronic respiratory (e.g., COPD) diseases remain unclear or under explored.

Therefore, in this Special Issue of Toxics will cover the most recent research on air pollution related respiratory diseases, namely:

  • Respiratory toxicity following exposure to air pollutants.
  • Outdoor and indoor air quality monitoring: special focus on LMIC.
  • Gender perspective air pollution (indoor and outdoor) mediated respiratory adverse outcome pathways.
  • Acute and repeated exposure to ambient gaseous and particulate matters using advanced/physiologically-relevant in vitro models.
  • Air pollutant and molecular pathogenesis for COPD onset: in vivo to human study.
  • Impact of air pollution on the lung microbiome.

Dr. Swapna Upadhyay
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • air pollutants
  • respiratory diseases
  • indoor and outdoor air pollution
  • respiratory diseases and AOP
  • air pollution and COPD

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1018 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Exposure Effect of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, Ozone and Cold Temperature on Emergency Room Visits for Asthma Patients
by Chun-Gu Cheng, Shang-Yih Yen, Chih-Chun Hsiao, Yen-Yue Lin, Yin-Han Chang, Yu-Hsuan Chen and Chun-An Cheng
Toxics 2023, 11(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020094 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
(1) Background: The acute effects of ozone, cold temperature and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in size related to asthma attacks are well known worldwide. The adverse effects of ozone and cold temperature on asthma morbidity in Taiwan are [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The acute effects of ozone, cold temperature and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in size related to asthma attacks are well known worldwide. The adverse effects of ozone and cold temperature on asthma morbidity in Taiwan are still inconclusive. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included patients who had asthma emergency room visits (ERVs) from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 in a regional hospital in Taiwan. The short-term negative effects were estimated using Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models (DLNMs) for the relative risks (RRs) of asthma ERVs associated with PM2.5, ozone and cold temperature exposures within 5 days. (3) Results: There was a significant association between a 10 ppm increase in PM2.5 exposure and asthma ERVs at a 2-day lag (RR 1.166, 95% confidence interval (C.I.): 1.051–1.294). There was a significant association between ozone and asthma ERVs at a 1-day lag (RR 1.179, 95% C.I.: 1.034–1.345). The ambient temperature in cold weather compared with the temperature of minimum asthma ERV showed an RR of 1.214, 95% C.I.: 1.009–1.252 at a 1-day lag. (4) Conclusions: This study provides evidence that short-term exposure to fine suspended particulates, ozone and inverse temperature is associated with asthma exacerbation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II)
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19 pages, 4174 KiB  
Article
Construction of an In Vitro Air–Liquid Interface Exposure System to Assess the Toxicological Impact of Gas and Particle Phase of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
by Stephanie Binder, Narges Rastak, Erwin Karg, Anja Huber, Evelyn Kuhn, George C. Dragan, Christian Monsé, Dietmar Breuer, Sebastiano Di Bucchianico, Mathilde N. Delaval, Sebastian Oeder, Martin Sklorz and Ralf Zimmermann
Toxics 2022, 10(12), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120730 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2687
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and industrialization render continuous human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) inevitable. Occupational monitoring and safety implementations consider the inhalation exposure of SVOCs as critically relevant. Due to the inherent properties of SVOCs as gas/particle mixtures, risk assessment strategies should consider [...] Read more.
Anthropogenic activities and industrialization render continuous human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) inevitable. Occupational monitoring and safety implementations consider the inhalation exposure of SVOCs as critically relevant. Due to the inherent properties of SVOCs as gas/particle mixtures, risk assessment strategies should consider particle size-segregated SVOC association and the relevance of released gas phase fractions. We constructed an in vitro air–liquid interface (ALI) exposure system to study the distinct toxic effects of the gas and particle phases of the model SVOC dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and genotoxic effects were measured by the alkaline and enzyme versions of the comet assay. Deposited doses were assessed by model calculations and chemical analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The novel ALI exposure system was successfully implemented and revealed the distinct genotoxic effects of the gas and particle phases of DBP. The empirical measurements of cellular deposition and the model calculations of the DBP particle phase were concordant.The model SVOC DBP showed that inferred oxidative DNA damage may be attributed to particle-related effects. While pure gas phase exposure may follow a distinct mechanism of genotoxicity, the contribution of the gas phase to total aerosol was comparably low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II)
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17 pages, 5095 KiB  
Article
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Induced by Smoking and Air Pollution: Correlation with Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
by Ioana Buculei, Mona Elisabeta Dobrin, Daniela Matei, Ilie Onu, Cristina Vicol, Ionel Bogdan Cioroiu, Marius Niculaua, Daniel Andrei Iordan, Andrei Cernomaz and Antigona Carmen Trofor
Toxics 2022, 10(11), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110681 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1847
Abstract
Oxidative stress is induced by tobacco smoking and is also associated with exposure to air pollution, which are two of the most important risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to correlate tobacco use and exposure [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress is induced by tobacco smoking and is also associated with exposure to air pollution, which are two of the most important risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to correlate tobacco use and exposure to air pollution with oxidative stress markers useful in clinical practice in patients with COPD. A total of 102 patients were included and the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), malondialdehyde, uric acid and number of packs-years (PY) were determined. Also, six different ratios were used to assess the source of exposure. The results obtained in this study show an admission of pollutants according to smoking status (former smokers/smoker/non-smokers) quantified in average total concentrations for the group of patients with COPD of 4.12 ng/mL, 6.76 ng/mL, 6.04 ng/mL. The six ratios used show that in COPD, the content of PAHs in the blood could be a result of diesel emissions and fuel combustion. Uric acid levels were lower in the smoker group of COPD patients (mean = 5.21 mg/dL), which indicates that oxidative stress is intensified with each cigarette smoked. Additionally, high concentrations of malondialdehyde were quantified for smoking patients diagnosed with COPD (mean = 2.72 µmol/L) compared to former smokers (mean = 2.43 µmol/L) and non-smoking (mean = 2.32 µmol/L) patients, which is another indicator of the implication of smoking in oxidative stress in COPD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II)
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13 pages, 1556 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Analyses of the Effects of Various Types of Air Pollutants on Hospital Visits by Asthma Patients
by Soyeon Lee, Hyeeun Ku, Changwan Hyun and Minhyeok Lee
Toxics 2022, 10(11), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110644 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder defined by airway inflammation, chest pains, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing that affects an estimated 300 million individuals globally. Although various studies have shown an association between air pollution and asthma, few studies have used statistical and [...] Read more.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder defined by airway inflammation, chest pains, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing that affects an estimated 300 million individuals globally. Although various studies have shown an association between air pollution and asthma, few studies have used statistical and machine learning algorithms to investigate the effect of each individual air pollutant on asthma. The purpose of this research was to assess the association between air pollutants and the frequency of hospital visits by asthma patients using three analysis methods: linear correlation analyses were performed by Pearson correlation coefficients, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest (RF) models were used for machine learning-based analyses to investigate the effect of air pollutants. This research studied asthma patients using the hospital visit database in Seoul, South Korea, collected between 2013 and 2017. The data set included outpatient hospital visits (n = 17,787,982), hospital admissions (n = 215,696), and emergency department visits (n = 85,482). The daily atmospheric environmental information from 2013 to 2017 at 25 locations in Seoul was evaluated. The three analysis models revealed that NO2 was the most significant pollutant on average in outpatient hospital visits by asthma patients. For example, NO2 had the greatest impact on outpatient hospital visits, resulting in a positive association (r=0.331). In hospital admissions of asthma patients, CO was the most significant pollutant on average. It was observed that CO exhibited the most positive association with hospital admissions (I = 3.329). Additionally, a significant time lag was found between both NO2 and CO and outpatient hospital visits and hospital admissions of asthma patients in the linear correlation analysis. In particular, NO2 and CO were shown to increase hospital admissions at lag 4 in the linear correlation analysis. This study provides evidence that PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 are associated with the frequency of hospital visits by asthma patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Respiratory Health II)
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