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Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 8725

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Min Li

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Guest Editor

GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Interests: GNSS/LEO precise orbit determination; LEO navigation augmentation; GNSS atmosphere sounding
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are widely acknowledged and have been adopted as efficient systems that offer worldwide positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services. Over the past decade, extensive progress has been made in Beidou/GNSS development, including the development of GNSS satellite and signal modernization, signal-in-space range error improvement, observation bias characterization and modelling, satellite orbital dynamics refinement, and precise product generation. These progresses bring new opportunities and present challenges for Beidou/GNSS high-precision positioning and navigation. With more than 120 GNSS satellites in orbit, the international GNSS service (IGS) has disseminated multi-GNSS ambiguity-fixed products since 2018. Since 2019, the GHNSS service have also been responsible for conducting the third repro campaign and multi-GNSS orbit and clock combination experiment, which facilitate an improvement in the algorithm and methodology of multi-GNSS positioning and ambiguity resolution. Recently, BDS, Galileo and QZSS satellites have provided a built-in precise positioning service through new signals, such as the BDS-3 precise point positioning (PPP) service via a PPP-B2b signal, Galileo HAS service via E6-B, and QZSS CLAS service via L6, creating new approaches for real-time Beidou/GNSS applications. Furthermore, with raw GNSS observations becoming accessible from Android systems, Beidou/GNSS can also deliver real-time high-precision positioning for smartphones with low-cost GNSS chipsets, thus bringing new opportunities for mass market applications.

BDS/GNSS positioning and navigation has greatly improved in multiple aspects in recent years, such as multi-GNSS ambiguity resolution, receiver code bias modelling, and high-accuracy PPP-B2b and HAS services. The aim of this Special Issue is to address the advances and remaining technical challenges of BDS/GNSS high-precision positioning and navigation due to this progress.

The GNSS technique has been adopted as a geolocation tool for decades and has been widely applied in atmospheric remote sensing, including troposphere wet delay and ionosphere total electron content sounding. This Special Issue invites papers that cover the recent Beidou/GNSS advances in positioning and navigation, and it is within the scope of the journal to publish research papers on remote sensing applications topics.

This Special Issue will mainly cover advances in, and the remaining technical challenges of, BeiDou/GNSS high precision positioning and navigation. The suggested themes include, but are not limited to, observation bias modelling, new algorithms and methods of precise positioning, the application of PPP-B2b and HAS signals for real-time positioning, navigation and positioning of mobile devices, precise product generation strategies and methods, satellite orbit dynamics, integrated navigation with BeiDou/GNSS and other sensors/techniques, as well as Beidou/GNSS applications in geosciences.

Prof. Dr. Min Li
Guest Editor

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Keywords

BDS/GNSS positioning, navigation and timing (PNT)
precise point positioning (PPP)
real-time kinematic (RTK)
PPP with BDS-3 PPP-B2b, galileo HAS and QZSS CLAS signals
ambiguity resolution
BDS/GNSS high-precision navigation for android smartphones
integrated navigation
Beidou/GNSS applications in geosciences

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Precise Point Positioning during Outages of the PPP-B2b Service

by Yufei Chen, Xiaoming Wang, Kai Zhou, Jinglei Zhang, Cong Qiu, Haobo Li and Shiji Xin

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(3), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030784 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

The precise point positioning service on B2b signal (PPP-B2b) is a real-time decimeter-level positioning service provided by the BeiDou-3 Global Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3). The service provides users with high-precision orbit and clock corrections through geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, which means that the PPP-B2b service would be unusable if GEO satellites were blocked. In this study, the performance of PPP-B2b corrections and real-time positioning results during outages of the PPP-B2b service are comprehensively investigated. The results showed that PPP can achieve satisfactory accuracy during outages of the PPP-B2b service by extending the nominal validity of the received PPP-B2b corrections. After extending the PPP-B2b corrections for 10 min, for BDS-3 medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites, the mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of the extended orbit were 0.16 m, 0.26 m, and 0.23 m in the radial, along-, and cross-track directions, respectively. The accuracy of the BDS-3 inclined geostationary orbit (IGSO) satellites was slightly worse than that of the BDS-3 MEO satellites; for Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, the mean RMSE values of the extended orbit were 0.11 m, 0.45 m, and 0.33 m in the radial, along-, and cross-track directions, respectively. In terms of the extended clock, the mean standard deviation (STD) reached 0.17 ns, 0.20 ns, and 0.22 ns after 10 min for the BDS-3 MEO, BDS-3 IGSO, and GPS satellites, respectively. The positioning performance maintained with the extended corrections during the PPP-B2b service outage was evaluated based on five stations in and around China. Our experiments showed that, as long as the interruption time does not exceed 10 min, the real-time positioning with extended PPP-B2b corrections can achieve a comparable accuracy with that obtained following PPP-B2b correction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation)

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23 pages, 35978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation of Data-Related Factors on BDS-3 B1I + B2b Real-Time PPP/INS Tightly Coupled Integration

by Junyao Kan, Zhouzheng Gao, Qiaozhuang Xu, Ruohua Lan, Jie Lv and Cheng Yang

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(24), 6395; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246395 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Owing to the developments of satellite-based and network-based real-time satellite precise products, the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique has been applied far and wide, especially since the PPP-B2b service was provided by the third-generation BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3). However, satellite outages during dynamic application lead to significant degradation of the accuracy and continuity of PPP. A generally used method is integrating PPP with Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) to enhance positioning performance. Previous works on this topic are usually based on IMU data at a high sampling rate and are mostly implemented in post-processing mode. This paper will carry out a compressive assessment of the impacts of different types of precise satellite products (real-time products from the CAS, DLR, GFZ, WHU, and the final one from GFZ), Doppler observations, and different sampling rates of IMU data on the performance of the tightly coupled integration of the BDS-3 B1I/B2b and the Inertial Navigation System (INS). Results based on a group of on-board experimental data illustrate that (1) the positioning accuracy with products supplied by the CAS and WHU are roughly consistent with those using the final products; (2) the Doppler observations can effectively improve the accuracies of velocity, attitude, and vertical position at the initial epochs and during the reconvergence periods, but have invisible influences on the overall positioning, velocity, and attitude determination; and (3) the impact of IMU data interval on the performance of PPP/INS tightly coupled integration is insignificant when there are enough available satellites. However, the divergent speed of position is visibly affected by the IMU sampling rate during satellite outage periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation)

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17 pages, 4902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

WTM: The Site-Wise Empirical Wuhan University Tropospheric Model

by Yaozong Zhou, Yidong Lou, Weixing Zhang, Peida Wu, Jingna Bai and Zhenyi Zhang

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(20), 5182; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205182 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

The tropospheric model is the key model in space geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). In this paper, we established the site-wise empirical Wuhan University Tropospheric Model (WTM) by using 10-year (2011–2020) monthly mean and 5-year (2016–2020) hourly ERA5 reanalysis data, where the Zenith Path Delay (ZPD), mapping function, and horizontal gradient as well as meteorological parameters are provided at 1583 specific space geodetic stations with additionally considering the diurnal and semi-diurnal variations. The mapping function and horizontal gradient from the WTM model were evaluated at 524 globally distributed GNSS stations during the year 2020 and compared with the latest grid-wise (1° × 1°) Global Pressure and Temperature 3 (GPT3) model. The significant improvements of the WTM model to the GPT3 model were found at the stations with terrain relief, and the maximal mapping function and horizontal gradient accuracy improvements reached 12.8 and 14.71 mm. The ZPD and mapping functions from the two models were also validated at 31 Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations spanning the year 2020 by BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The significant vertical coordinate and ZTD difference biases between the PPP schemes adopted by the two models were also found, and the largest biases reached −1.78 and 0.87 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation)

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18 pages, 4693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Wheat Height Based on Multi-GNSS Reflected Signals

by Mingming Sui, Kun Chen and Fei Shen

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(19), 4955; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194955 - 4 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite System interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR), a new and inexpensive technique, has become available to the broader scientific community for detecting surface environmental information, such as soil moisture, snow depth and vegetation growth. However, there have been limited experiments focusing on the potential of crop height retrieval, especially the performance evaluation of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) with other GNSS. Accuracy and reliability are challenging to achieve with traditional methods utilizing a single GNSS, and few measured verification data. In this study, an improved method that includes segmentation processing and multi-GNSS fusion is proposed based on GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS multi-frequency data. Furthermore, experiments were carried out on a farmland in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China. The results show that the height retrievals from four GNSS were in good agreement with the in situ observations during the whole growth cycle of the wheat after overwintering. Meanwhile, the retrievals based on the proposed method exhibited greater correspondence than the single frequency results, the correlation coefficient was increased and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was reduced, respectively. Therefore, this study illustrates the feasibility of the proposed method to precisely estimate wheat height and its potential for use in the early warning of wheat lodging based on GNSS-IR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation)

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21 pages, 35860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of GPS/BDS Broadcast Ionospheric Models in Standard Point Positioning during 2021 Strong Geomagnetic Storms

by Qiang Li, Xing Su, Yan Xu, Hongyang Ma, Zhimin Liu, Jianhui Cui and Tao Geng

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(17), 4424; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174424 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

The broadcast ionospheric model is one of the main methods for eliminating ionospheric delay errors for the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) single-frequency users. GPS Klobuchar model (GPSK8) is the widely used broadcast ionospheric model for GPS, while BDS usually implements the BDS Klobuchar model (BDSK8) and BeiDou Global Broadcast Ionospheric Delay Correction Model (BDGIM). Geomagnetic storms may cause interference within the ionosphere and near-Earth space, compromising the accuracy of ionospheric models and adversely affecting the navigation satellite systems. This paper analyzes the static Standard Point Positioning (SPP) accuracy of GPS and BDS by implementing the broadcast ionospheric models and then investigates the impact of strong geomagnetic storms occurring in 2021 on positioning accuracy. The results show that the global 3D positioning accuracy (95%) of GPS + GPSK8, BDS + BDSK8, and BDS + BDGIM are 3.92 m, 4.63 m, and 3.50 m respectively. BDS has a better positioning accuracy in the northern hemisphere than that of the southern hemisphere, while the opposite is valid for GPS. In the mid-latitude region of the northern hemisphere, BDS + BDSK8 and BDS + BDGIM have similar positioning accuracy and are both better than GPS + GPSK8. The positioning accuracy after applying those three broadcast ionospheric models shows the superior performances of winter and summer over spring and autumn (based on the northern hemisphere seasons). With the exception of during winter, nighttime accuracy is better than that of daytime. The strong geomagnetic storm that occurred on the day of year (DOY) 132, 2021 has an impact on the positioning accuracy for only a small number of stations; however, the global average positioning accuracy is not significantly affected. The strong geomagnetic storms that occurred in DOY 307 and DOY 308 have a significant impact on the positioning accuracy of dozens of stations, and the global average positioning accuracy is affected to a certain extent, with some stations experiencing a serious loss of accuracy. Decreased degrees in positioning accuracy is proportional to the intensity of the geomagnetic storm. Of the 33 IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations worldwide, those located in the low and mid-latitudes are more significantly affected by the geomagnetic storms compared with higher latitudes. Evident fluctuations of the positioning errors existed during the strong geomagnetic storms, with an increase in extreme values, particularly in the up direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beidou/GNSS High Precision Positioning and Navigation)

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