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Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2021) | Viewed by 36624

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Prof. Dr. Julio Galvez

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1. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
2. Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Interests: polyphenols; antioxidant; immune response; microbiota; probiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alba Rodriguez-Nogales

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Digestive Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, ibs.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
Interests: polyphenols; antioxidant; immune response; microbiota; probiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a major public health problem. Currently, it has been reported that it affects 25% of the world population, with increasing prevalence for the past 50 years. MetS is associated with several cardiometabolic conditions, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Moreover, MetS is characterized by a low grade chronic metabolic inflammation in multiple organs which share a common etiology: obesity, and more specifically abdominal (visceral) obesity. Additionally, different studies have reported the key role that gut microbiota plays in the development of obesity, obesity-associated inflammation, and insulin resistance through diverse mechanisms. In fact, obesity has been associated with an altered intestinal microbiota composition and function, termed as dysbiosis, together with an impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. This situation can facilitate bacterial translocation into the host and subsequently systemic endotoxemia, thus promoting obesity-associated metabolic inflammation.

At present, it is unclear whether MetS can be treated in and of itself. Thus, the tendency is to treat the individual components of MetS, with the overall goals of reducing the risk for or preventing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Nevertheless, treating obesity through weight loss is established to have a beneficial impact on all the other components of MetS, including excessive adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. There are several drugs available for the management of obesity, but most of them have limited effectiveness and significant side effects. For this reason, effective and safe novel strategies are required, including nutritional approaches. Of note, most recent investigations have shown the potentially positive effect of different plant extracts, probiotics or prebiotics on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in obesity, including modulation of the inflammatory response and enhancement of the intestinal barrier function, together with a beneficial impact on dysbiosis.

This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management”, welcomes the submission of manuscripts either describing original research or reviewing the scientific literature, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The proposed manuscripts should cover the effects of dietary approaches on MetS, focused on the precise mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects, especially those related with the generation of metabolites and/or their impact on gut microbiota composition.

Prof. Dr. Julio Galvez
Dr. Alba Rodriguez-Nogales
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Obesity
Polyphenols
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
Gut microbiota

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Supplementation with Benzylamine Delays the Onset of Diabetes in Obese and Diabetic db-/- Mice

by Zsuzsa Iffiú-Soltesz, Estelle Wanecq, László Tóthfalusi, Éva Szökő and Christian Carpéné

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2622; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082622 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2448

Abstract

Substrates of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) exert insulin-like actions in adipocytes. One of them, benzylamine (Bza) exhibits antihyperglycemic properties in several rodent models of diabetes. To further study the antidiabetic potential of this naturally occurring amine, a model of severe type 2 diabetes, the obese db-/- mouse, was subjected to oral Bza administration. To this end, db-/- mice and their lean littermates were treated at 4 weeks of age by adding 0.5% Bza in drinking water for seven weeks. Body mass, fat content, blood glucose and urinary glucose output were followed while adipocyte insulin responsiveness and gene expression were checked at the end of supplementation, together with aorta nitrites. Bza supplementation delayed the appearance of hyperglycemia, abolished polydypsia and glycosuria in obese/diabetic mice without any detectable effect in lean control, except for a reduction in food intake observed in both genotypes. The improvement of glucose homeostasis was observed in db-/- mice at the expense of increased fat deposition, especially in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SCWAT), without sign of worsened inflammation or insulin responsiveness and with lowered circulating triglycerides and uric acid, while NO bioavailability was increased in aorta. The higher capacity of SSAO in oxidizing Bza in SCWAT, found in the obese mice, was unaltered by Bza supplementation and likely involved in the activation of glucose utilization by adipocytes. We propose that Bza oxidation in tissues, which produces hydrogen peroxide mainly in SCWAT, facilitates insulin-independent glucose utilization. Bza could be considered as a potential agent for dietary supplementation aiming at preventing diabetic complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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18 pages, 4048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allium-Derived Compound Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO) Attenuates Metabolic Alterations in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet through Its Anti-Inflammatory and Prebiotic Properties

by Teresa Vezza, José Garrido-Mesa, Patricia Diez-Echave, Laura Hidalgo-García, Antonio J. Ruiz-Malagón, Federico García, Manuel Sánchez, Marta Toral, Miguel Romero, Juan Duarte, Enrique Guillamón, Alberto Baños Arjona, Rocío Moron, Julio Galvez, Alba Rodríguez-Nogales and María Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082595 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4129

Abstract

Background: Propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) is an organosulfur compound from Allium spp. that has shown interesting antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects in different experimental models. In this sense, our aim was to evaluate its effect on an experimental model of obesity, focusing on inflammatory and metabolic markers and the gut microbiota. Methods and results: Mice were fed a high-fat diet and orally treated with different doses of PTSO (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. PTSO lessened the weight gain and improved the plasma markers associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms. PTSO also attenuated obesity-associated systemic inflammation, reducing the immune cell infiltration and, thus, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose and hepatic tissues (Il-1ẞ, Il-6, Tnf-α, Mcp-1, Jnk-1, Jnk-2, Leptin, Leptin R, Adiponectin, Ampk, Ppar-α, Ppar-γ, Glut-4 and Tlr-4) and improving the expression of different key elements for gut barrier integrity (Muc-2, Muc-3, Occludin, Zo-1 and Tff-3). Additionally, these effects were connected to a regulation of the gut microbiome, which was altered by the high-fat diet. Conclusion: Allium-derived PTSO can be considered a potential new tool for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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15 pages, 1842 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Microbial Status on Hepatic Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Is Diet-Dependent

by Karolin Weitkunat, Christopher A. Bishop, Maria Wittmüss, Tina Machate, Tina Schifelbein, Matthias B. Schulze and Susanne Klaus

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051546 - 4 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3336

Abstract

Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) are inversely associated with type-2-diabetes in epidemiological studies. They are considered as a biomarker for dairy intake because fermentation in ruminants yields high amounts of propionate, which is used as the primer for lipogenesis. Recently, we demonstrated endogenous OCFA synthesis from propionate in humans and mice, but how this is affected by microbial colonization is still unexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing microbiota complexity on hepatic lipid metabolism and OCFA levels in different dietary settings. Germ-free (GF), gnotobiotic (SIH, simplified human microbiota) or conventional (CONV) C3H/HeOuJ-mice were fed a CHOW or high-fat diet with inulin (HFI) to induce microbial fermentation. We found that hepatic lipogenesis was increased with increasing microbiota complexity, independently of diet. In contrast, OCFA formation was affected by diet as well as microbiota. On CHOW, hepatic OCFA and intestinal gluconeogenesis decreased with increasing microbiota complexity (GF > SIH > CONV), while cecal propionate showed a negative correlation with hepatic OCFA. On HFI, OCFA levels were highest in SIH and positively correlated with cecal propionate. The propionate content in the CHOW diet was 10 times higher than that of HFI. We conclude that bacterial propionate production affects hepatic OCFA formation, unless this effect is masked by dietary propionate intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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12 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Healthy Diet Rich in Calcium and Vitamin C Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Korean Adults from the KNHANES 2013–2017

by Sunmin Park, Kyungjin Kim, Byung-Kook Lee and Jaeouk Ahn

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041312 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3245

Abstract

The association between metabolic syndrome and eating patterns remains unclear. We hypothesized that Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) scores were related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in adults in a gender-dependent manner. We aimed to examine the hypothesis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-VI (2013–2017) data with a complex sample survey design. Adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals of KHEI scores and nutrient intake estimated by the 24-h recall were calculated according to MetS status after adjusting for age, residence area, region, education, obesity, income, drinking status, smoking status, marriage, and exercise. Adjusted odds ratios for MetS were measured according to KHEI quartiles using logistic regression analysis while controlling for covariates. MetS incidence was significantly higher in females than in males. Those who were older, less educated, earning less income, more obese, living in rural areas, drinking severely, non-exercising, and married had higher MetS incidence than those with the opposite state. Total KHEI scores of all components KHEI scores were lower for those with MetS (MetS group) than those without MetS (Non-MetS group) in both genders. For KHEI components, having breakfast and milk and fat intake had lower scores for the MetS group than for the Non-MetS group in women, whereas fruits and milk and milk product intake had lower scores for the MetS group in men. Nutrient intake influenced the MetS risk in females more than in males. Fat, calcium, and vitamin C intakes from 24-h recall were lower in the MetS group than in the Non-MetS group in women. KHEI scores had an inverse association with MetS risk by 0.98-fold in both genders after adjusting for covariates. In conclusion, a healthy diet that includes adequate calcium and vitamin C is associated with a lower the risk of MetS in both men and women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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18 pages, 4478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

POCU1b, the n-Butanol Soluble Fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, Attenuates Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver, and Insulin Resistance via Inhibitions of Pancreatic Lipase, cAMP-Dependent PDE Activity, AMPK Activation, and SOCS-3 Suppression

by Junghyun Kim, Chan-Sik Kim, Kyuhyung Jo, Ik Soo Lee, Joo-Hwan Kim and Jin Sook Kim

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3612; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123612 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2490

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of the n-BuOH soluble fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati 80% ethanol extract (POCU1b) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and insulin resistance (IR) to find a safe and more effective agent. HPLC profiling of POCU1b identified seven marker compounds. POCU1b increased glycerol release, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, and inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Seven weeks of POCU1b treatment decreased body weight gain, weight and adipocyte size in fat tissues, serum lipids, and triglyceride and lipid droplets in the livers of HFD-fed rats. POCU1b improved blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and impaired insulin secretion in the pancreas. Further, POCU1b ameliorated adiponectin, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, increased AMPK and p-ACC expression, activated CPT-1 activity, and suppressed FAS mRNA, SOCS-3 protein expression, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. When compared with the Xenical^®-treated group, a positive group, the action of POCU1b on body weight was more effective than that of Xenical. POCU1b did not show side effects, such as oily spotting and loss of appetite. These results suggest that POCU1b possesses therapeutic or preventive potential for obesity, NAFL and IR via inhibitions of pancreatic lipase and cAMP-dependent PDE activity, AMPK activation, and SOCS-3 suppression, without oily spotting and loss of appetite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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25 pages, 3927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Effects of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) Aqueous Fruit Extract on the Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat/High-Fructose-Fed Swiss Mice

by Aline Carla Inada, Gabriela Torres Silva, Laleska Pâmela Rodrigues da Silva, Flávio Macedo Alves, Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú, Marcel Arakaki Asato, Wilson Hino Kato Junior, Joaquim Corsino, Patrícia de Oliveira Figueiredo, Fernanda Rodrigues Garcez, Walmir Silva Garcez, Renée de Nazaré Oliveira da Silva, Rosangela Aparecida dos Santos-Eichler, Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães, Karine de Cássia Freitas and Priscila Aiko Hiane

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113439 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3431

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of Morinda citrifolia fruit aqueous extract (AE) in high-fat/high-fructose-fed Swiss mice. The food intake, body weight, serum biochemical, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as histological analyses of the liver, pancreatic, and epididymal adipose tissue, were used to determine the biochemical and histological parameters. The chemical profile of the extract was determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC–DAD–MS), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the gene expressions involved in the lipid and glucose metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferative-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ), -α (PPAR-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), sterol regulatory binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), and fetuin-A. Seventeen compounds were tentatively identified, including iridoids, noniosides, and the flavonoid rutin. The higher dose of AE (AE 500 mg/kg) was demonstrated to improve the glucose tolerance; however, both doses did not have effects on the other metabolic and histological parameters. AE at 500 mg/kg downregulated the PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, and fetuin-A mRNA in the liver and upregulated the PPAR-α mRNA in white adipose tissue, suggesting that the hypoglycemic effects could be associated with the expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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13 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Supplementation with Low Doses of a Cod Protein Hydrolysate on Satiety Hormones and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

by Caroline Jensen, Hanna Fjeldheim Dale, Trygve Hausken, Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk, Ingeborg Brønstad, Gülen Arslan Lied and Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113421 - 8 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2741

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterised by metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Altered levels of circulating ghrelin, several adipokines and inflammatory markers secreted from adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, are observed in overweight and obese individuals. We assessed the effect of supplementation with low doses of a cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) on fasting and postprandial levels of acylated ghrelin, as well as fasting levels of adiponectin, leptin and inflammatory markers in subjects with MetS. A multicentre, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design was conducted. Subjects received a daily supplement of CPH (4 g protein, n = 15) or placebo (0 g protein, n = 15). We observed no effect on fasting or postprandial levels of acylated ghrelin, fasting levels of adiponectin (p = 0.089) or leptin (p = 0.967) after supplementation with CPH, compared to placebo. Overall, our study showed that 8 weeks supplementation with a low dose of CPH in subjects with MetS had no effect on satiety hormones or most of the inflammatory markers, but the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were statistically significantly different in the CPH-group compared to placebo group. The robustness and clinical relevance of these findings should be explored in future studies with a larger sample size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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13 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Iron Intake and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: Significance of Iron Intake and the Ratio between Iron Intake and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake

by Kyuho Kim, YoonJu Song, Tae Jung Oh, Sung Hee Choi and Hak Chul Jang

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113365 - 1 Nov 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6223

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association of iron and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This cross-sectional study included 147 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed using three-day food records. DPN was diagnosed on the basis of a Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument—Physical Examination score ≥2.5. Adjusted for total energy intake, iron intake was significantly higher in individuals with DPN than in those without DPN (10.9 ± 4.0 mg vs. 9.9 ± 3.6 mg, p = 0.041). In addition, the iron/PUFA ratio was significantly higher in individuals with DPN (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4, p = 0.005). Logistic regression analyses showed that iron intake (odds ratio (OR): 1.152; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.012, 1.311) and iron/PUFA ratio (OR: 2.283; 95% CI: 1.066, 4.887) were associated with DPN after adjustment for total energy intake, sex, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes duration, estimated glomerular filtration rate, glycated hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking. In conclusion, high dietary iron intake and an elevated iron/PUFA ratio were associated with the presence of DPN. The present study suggests the importance of the dietary pattern of iron and PUFA intake in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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15 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation with Low Doses of a Cod Protein Hydrolysate on Glucose Regulation and Lipid Metabolism in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

by Caroline Jensen, Hanna Fjeldheim Dale, Trygve Hausken, Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk, Ingeborg Brønstad, Gülen Arslan Lied and Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071991 - 4 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3297

Abstract

The risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increased in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and hydrolyzed fish protein may have favorable effects on metabolic health. Here, we investigated the effect of 8 weeks supplementation with 4 g of cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) on glucose metabolism, lipid profile and body composition in individuals with MetS in a double-blind, randomized intervention study with a parallel-group design. Subjects received a daily supplement of CPH (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15). Primary outcomes were serum fasting and postprandial glucose levels. Secondary outcomes were fasting and postprandial insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), fasting lipid concentrations and body composition. No difference was observed between CPH and placebo for insulin, glucose or GLP-1 after 8 weeks intervention. Fasting triacylglycerol decreased in both the CPH group and placebo group, with no change between groups. Fasting total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly within both groups from baseline to study end, but no difference was observed between the two groups. In conclusion, supplementing with a low dose of CPH in subjects with MetS for 8 weeks had no effect on fasting or postprandial levels of insulin, glucose or GLP-1, lipid profile or body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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16 pages, 706 KiB

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What Was First, Obesity or Inflammatory Bowel Disease? What Does the Gut Microbiota Have to Do with It?

by Sara Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, Aneta Sokal and Rafał Filip

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103073 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3946

Abstract

A sedentary lifestyle and inadequate nutrition often leads to disturbances in intestinal homeostasis, which may predispose people to excess body weight and metabolic syndrome. Obesity is frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), similar to the general population. Obesity may exert a negative effect on the course of IBD as well as reduce the response to treatment. Moreover, it may also be an additional risk factor for vein thromboembolism during the flare. In both obesity and IBD, it is of great importance to implement proper dietary ingredients that exert desirable effect on gut microbiota. The key to reducing body mass index (BMI) and alleviating the course of IBD is preserving healthy intestinal microflora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Management)

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